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Tarusikirwa VL, Cuthbert RN, Mutamiswa R, Nyamukondiwa C. Context-dependent integrated stress resistance promotes a global invasive pest. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1790-1804. [PMID: 35290720 PMCID: PMC10084016 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In nature, insects concurrently face multiple environmental stressors, a scenario likely increasing with climate change. Integrated stress resistance (ISR) thus often improves fitness and could drive invasiveness, but how physiological mechanisms influence invasion has lacked examination. Here, we investigated cross-tolerance to abiotic stress factors which may influence range limits in the South American tomato pinworm-a global invader that is an ecologically and socially damaging crop pest. Specifically, we tested the effects of prior rapid cold- and heat-hardening (RCH and RHH), fasting, and desiccation on cold and heat tolerance traits, as well as starvation and desiccation survivability between T. absoluta life stages. Acclimation effects on critical thermal minima (CTmin ) and maxima (CTmax ) were inconsistent, showing significantly deleterious effects of RCH on adult CTmax and CTmin and, conversely, beneficial acclimation effects of RCH on larval CTmin . While no beneficial effects of desiccation acclimation were recorded for desiccation tolerance, fasted individuals had significantly higher survival in adults, whereas fasting negatively affected larval tolerances. Furthermore, fasted and desiccation acclimated adults had significantly higher starvation tolerance, showing strong evidence for cross-tolerance. Our results show context-dependent ISR traits that may promote T. absoluta fitness and competitiveness. Given the frequent overlapping occurrence of these divergent stressors, ISR reported here may thus partly elucidate the observed rapid global spread of T. absoluta into more stressful environments than expected. This information is vital in determining the underpinnings of multistressor responses, which are fundamental in forecasting species responses to changing environments and management responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimbai L. Tarusikirwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyBotswana International University of Science and TechnologyPalapyeBotswana
| | - Ross N. Cuthbert
- GEOMAR Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Ozeanforschung KielKielGermany
- School of Biological SciencesQueen's University BelfastNorthern IrelandUnited Kingdom
| | - Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of the Free StateBloemfonteinSouth Africa
- Tugwi‐Mukosi Multidisciplinary Research InstituteMidlands State UniversityGweruZimbabwe
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyBotswana International University of Science and TechnologyPalapyeBotswana
- Department of Zoology and EntomologyRhodes UniversityMakhandaSouth Africa
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2
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de Souza RB, Moreira-de-Sousa C, Ansoar-Rodríguez Y, Coelho MPM, de Souza CP, Bueno OC, Fontanetti CS. Histopatology and HSP70 analysis of the midgut of Rhinocricus padbergi (Diplopoda) in the evaluation of the toxicity of two new metallic-insecticides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3023-3033. [PMID: 31838689 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Millipedes are organisms of the edaphic fauna and have been used as bioindicators for the evaluation of pollutants in the environment, as they are in constant contact with the soil. This study used the millipede Rhinocricus padbergi as surrogate to evaluate the toxicity of two metallic-insecticides that has been developed for leaf-cutting ants management. Millipedes were exposed in terrariums containing different concentrations of the metallic-insecticides and, after periods of 21 and 90 days, three individuals from each terrarium were dissected in order to remove the midgut, the organ where absorption of nutrients and, consequently, toxic substances occurs. The toxic action of the metallic-insecticides was analyzed through qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of morphophysiological alterations and by quantitative analysis of the HSP70 stress protein. The results showed that the metallic-insecticides may increase HSP70 labeling, although not at all concentrations and periods of exposure. Histopathological alterations were not significant at any concentration, indicating that the cytoprotective action of HSP70 is able to prevent severe damage to the midgut. It is therefore suggested that the metallic-insecticides are not toxic to the species studied here as no toxicity was observed under the conditions tested. In addition, stress protein localization in midgut helps understand how morphophysiological processes can potentially be affected by pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael B de Souza
- Institute of Bioscience, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Odair Correa Bueno
- Institute of Bioscience, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmem S Fontanetti
- Institute of Bioscience, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Schweizer M, Triebskorn R, Köhler H. Snails in the sun: Strategies of terrestrial gastropods to cope with hot and dry conditions. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12940-12960. [PMID: 31788227 PMCID: PMC6875674 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial gastropods do not only inhabit humid and cool environments but also habitat in which hot and dry conditions prevail. Snail species that are able to cope with such climatic conditions are thus expected to having developed multifaceted strategies and mechanisms to ensure their survival and reproduction under heat and desiccation stress. This review paper aims to provide an integrative overview of the numerous adaptation strategies terrestrial snails have evolved to persist in hot and dry environments as well as their mutual interconnections and feedbacks, but also to outline research gaps and questions that remained unanswered. We extracted relevant information from more than 140 publications in order to show how biochemical, cellular, physiological, morphological, ecological, thermodynamic, and evolutionary parameters contribute to provide an overall picture of this classical example in stress ecology. These mechanisms range from behavioral and metabolic adaptations, including estivation, to the induction of chaperones and antioxidant enzymes, mucocyte and digestive gland cell responses and the modification and frequency of morphological features, particularly shell pigmentation. In this context, thermodynamic constraints call for processes of complex adaptation at varying levels of biological organization that are mutually interwoven. We were able to assemble extensive, mostly narrowly focused information from the literature into a web of network parameters, showing that future work on this subject requires multicausal thinking to account for the complexity of relationships involved in snails' adaptation to insolation, heat, and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Schweizer
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Steinbeis Transfer Center for Ecotoxicology and EcophysiologyRottenburgGermany
| | - Heinz‐R. Köhler
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
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van Gestel CAM, Loureiro S, Idar P. Terrestrial isopods as model organisms in soil ecotoxicology: a review. Zookeys 2018:127-162. [PMID: 30564034 PMCID: PMC6288250 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.801.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isopods play an important role in the decomposition of leaf litter and therefore are making a significant contribution to nutrient cycling and soil ecosystem services. As a consequence, isopods are relevant models in soil ecotoxicology, both in laboratory toxicity tests and in field monitoring and bioindication studies. This paper aims at reviewing the use of isopods as test organisms in soil ecotoxicology. It provides an overview of the use of isopods in laboratory toxicity tests, with special focus on comparing different exposure methods, test durations, and ecotoxicological endpoints. A brief overview of toxicity data suggests that chemicals are more toxic to isopods when exposed through soil compared to food. The potential of isopods to be used in bioindication and biomonitoring is discussed. Based on the overview of toxicity data and test methods, recommendations are given for the use of isopods in standardized laboratory toxicity tests as well as in situ monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Vrije University Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Susana Loureiro
- University of Aveiro, Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Primož Idar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
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5
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Augustyniak M, Tarnawska M, Babczyńska A, Kafel A, Zawisza-Raszka A, Adamek B, Płachetka-Bożek A. Cross tolerance in beet armyworm: long-term selection by cadmium broadens tolerance to other stressors. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:1408-1418. [PMID: 29058177 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Long lasting exposure of animals to stressing factor may lead to the selection of population able to cope with the stressor at lower cost than unexposed individuals. The aim of this study was to assess whether 130-generational selection of a beet armyworm to cadmium in food might have induced tolerance also to other stressors. The potential tolerance was assessed by means of unspecific stress markers: HSP70 concentration, DNA damage level, and energy budget indices in L5 larval instars of beet armyworm. The animals originated from Cd-exposed and control strains exposed additionally in a short-term experiment to high/low temperature or pesticide-spinosad. The application of the additional stressors caused, in general, an increase in the levels of studied parameters, in a strain-dependent manner. The most significant increase was found in HSP70 level in the individuals from the Cd-strain exposed to various spinosad concentration. Therefore, multigenerational contact with cadmium caused several changes that enable the insect to survive under a chronic stress, preparing the organism to the contact with an additional, new stressor. This relationship may be described as a sort of cross tolerance. This may, possibly, increase the probability of population survivorship and, at the same time, decrease the efficiency of pesticide-based plant protection efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augustyniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, Katowice, PL, 40-007, Poland.
| | - Monika Tarnawska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, Katowice, PL, 40-007, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Babczyńska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, Katowice, PL, 40-007, Poland
| | - Alina Kafel
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, Katowice, PL, 40-007, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zawisza-Raszka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, Katowice, PL, 40-007, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Adamek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, Katowice, PL, 40-007, Poland
| | - Anna Płachetka-Bożek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, Katowice, PL, 40-007, Poland
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6
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Bednarek A, Sawadro M, Babczyńska A. Modulation of the response to stress factors of Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae) spiders living in contaminated environments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 131:1-6. [PMID: 27162128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of industry has caused widespread pollution in the environment, which has a negative impact on living organisms. Spiders belong to the group of animals that can exist in these anthropogenically changed areas. This is probably due to the development of tolerance mechanisms in these organisms. The impact of long-term pollution on the development of the pre-adaptation to various stress factors in spiders is unknown. In this paper, we show that living in polluted areas affects the modulation of the response to other stress factors through changes in the Hsp70 level. We observed a positive reaction to heat shock in all of the experimental groups, which was expressed by an increase in Hsp70 synthesis compared to the control. The analysis of the protein level, which was a manifestation of the pre-adaptation, was dependent on the degree of pollution on the study sites, the sexes and the type of bioassay that was performed. Our results demonstrate the reaction of spiders living in contaminated areas to the presence of additional stressors. We anticipate our results will be another voice in the discussion on the use of Hsp70 as a stress biomarker in environmental biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Bednarek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, PL40007 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Marta Sawadro
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, PL40007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Babczyńska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, PL40007 Katowice, Poland
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7
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Haap T, Schwarz S, Köhler HR. Metallothionein and Hsp70 trade-off against one another in Daphnia magna cross-tolerance to cadmium and heat stress. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:112-119. [PMID: 26655655 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The association between the insensitivity of adapted ecotypes of invertebrates to environmental stress, such as heavy metal pollution, and overall low Hsp levels characterizing these organisms has been attracting attention in various studies. The present study seeks to induce and examine this phenomenon in Daphnia magna by multigenerational acclimation to cadmium in a controlled laboratory setting. In this experiment, interclonal variation was examined: two clones of D. magna that have previously been characterized to diverge regarding their cadmium resistance and levels of the stress protein Hsp70, were continuously exposed to a sublethal concentration of Cd over four generations to study the effects of acclimation on Hsp70, metallothionein (MT), reproduction and cross-tolerance to heat stress. The two clones differed in all the measured parameters in a characteristic way, clone T displaying Cd and heat resistance, lower Hsp70 levels and offspring numbers on the one hand and higher MT expression on the other hand, clone S the opposite for all these parameters. We observed only slight acclimation-induced changes in constitutive Hsp70 levels and reproductive output. The differences in MT expression between clones as well as between acclimated organisms and controls give evidence for MT accounting for the higher Cd tolerance of clone T. Overall high Hsp70 levels of clone S did not confer cross tolerance to heat stress, contrary to common expectations. Our results suggest a trade-off between the efforts to limit the proteotoxic symptoms of Cd toxicity by Hsp70 induction and those to sequester and detoxify Cd by means of MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Haap
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Simon Schwarz
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Troschinski S, Dieterich A, Krais S, Triebskorn R, Köhler HR. Antioxidant defence and stress protein induction following heat stress in the Mediterranean snail Xeropicta derbentina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 217:4399-405. [PMID: 25394630 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean snail Xeropicta derbentina (Pulmonata, Hygromiidae), being highly abundant in Southern France, has the need for efficient physiological adaptations to desiccation and over-heating posed by dry and hot environmental conditions. As a consequence of heat, oxidative stress manifests in these organisms, which, in turn, leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we focused on adaptations at the biochemical level by investigation of antioxidant defences and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) induction, both essential mechanisms of the heat stress response. We exposed snails to elevated temperature (25, 38, 40, 43 and 45°C) in the laboratory and measured the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), determined the Hsp70 level and quantified lipid peroxidation. In general, we found a high constitutive level of CAT activity in all treatments, which may be interpreted as a permanent protection against ROS, i.e. hydrogen peroxide. CAT and GPx showed temperature-dependent activity: CAT activity was significantly increased in response to high temperatures (43 and 45°C), whereas GPx exhibited a significantly increased activity at 40°C, probably in response to high levels of lipid peroxides that occurred in the 38°C treatment. Hsp70 showed a maximum induction at 40°C, followed by a decrease at higher temperatures. Our results reveal that X. derbentina possesses a set of efficient mechanisms to cope with the damaging effects of heat. Furthermore, we demonstrated that, besides the well-documented Hsp70 stress response, antioxidant defence plays a crucial role in the snails' competence to survive extreme temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Troschinski
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Dieterich
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Krais
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
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Di Lellis MA, Sereda S, Geißler A, Picot A, Arnold P, Lang S, Troschinski S, Dieterich A, Hauffe T, Capowiez Y, Mazzia C, Knigge T, Monsinjon T, Krais S, Wilke T, Triebskorn R, Köhler HR. Phenotypic diversity, population structure and stress protein-based capacitoring in populations of Xeropicta derbentina, a heat-tolerant land snail species. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:791-800. [PMID: 24609822 PMCID: PMC4389839 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The shell colour of many pulmonate land snail species is highly diverse. Besides a genetic basis, environmentally triggered epigenetic mechanisms including stress proteins as evolutionary capacitors are thought to influence such phenotypic diversity. In this study, we investigated the relationship of stress protein (Hsp70) levels with temperature stress tolerance, population structure and phenotypic diversity within and among different populations of a xerophilic Mediterranean snail species (Xeropicta derbentina). Hsp70 levels varied considerably among populations, and were significantly associated with shell colour diversity: individuals in populations exhibiting low diversity expressed higher Hsp70 levels both constitutively and under heat stress than those of phenotypically diverse populations. In contrast, population structure (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) did not correlate with phenotypic diversity. However, genetic parameters (both within and among population differences) were able to explain variation in Hsp70 induction at elevated but non-pathologic temperatures. Our observation that (1) population structure had a high explanatory potential for Hsp70 induction and that (2) Hsp70 levels, in turn, correlated with phenotypic diversity while (3) population structure and phenotypic diversity failed to correlate provides empirical evidence for Hsp70 to act as a mediator between genotypic variation and phenotype and thus for chaperone-driven evolutionary capacitance in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena A. Di Lellis
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sergej Sereda
- />Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 IFZ, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Geißler
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adrien Picot
- />Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), EA 3222 PRES Normandie, Le Havre University, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, F-76058 Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Petra Arnold
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lang
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Troschinski
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dieterich
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Hauffe
- />Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 IFZ, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yvan Capowiez
- />Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UMR 406 UAPV/INRA, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Mazzia
- />IMBE UMR 7263, Institut Mediterranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale, Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Pole Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, F-84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Thomas Knigge
- />Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), EA 3222 PRES Normandie, Le Havre University, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, F-76058 Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- />Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), EA 3222 PRES Normandie, Le Havre University, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, F-76058 Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Stefanie Krais
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilke
- />Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 IFZ, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
- />Steinbeis-Transfer Center Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology Rottenburg, Blumenstr. 13, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Heinz-R. Köhler
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
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da Silva Souza T, Christofoletti CA, Bozzatto V, Fontanetti CS. The use of diplopods in soil ecotoxicology - a review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 103:68-73. [PMID: 24215849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diplopods play an important role in the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems, actively participating in the decomposition of organic matter and soil aeration. They have gained increased attention from ecotoxicology research because they are continuously exposed to soil contaminants and biological effects of chemical stressors can be measurable at various levels of biological organization. This paper is the first review on the use of diplopods as soil bioindicators and compiles the effects of the different toxic chemical agents on these animals. Special emphasis is given on the interpretation of the effects of heavy metals and complex mixtures in target organs of diplopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana da Silva Souza
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, UFES, Alto Universitário, s/número Guararema, 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brasil.
| | - Cintya Aparecida Christofoletti
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brasil.
| | - Vlamir Bozzatto
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brasil.
| | - Carmem Silvia Fontanetti
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brasil.
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11
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Troschinski S, Di Lellis MA, Sereda S, Hauffe T, Wilke T, Triebskorn R, Köhler HR. Intraspecific variation in cellular and biochemical heat response strategies of Mediterranean Xeropicta derbentina [Pulmonata, Hygromiidae]. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86613. [PMID: 24475158 PMCID: PMC3903566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry and hot environments challenge the survival of terrestrial snails. To minimize overheating and desiccation, physiological and biochemical adaptations are of high importance for these animals. In the present study, seven populations of the Mediterranean land snail species Xeropicta derbentina were sampled from their natural habitat in order to investigate the intraspecific variation of cellular and biochemical mechanisms, which are assigned to contribute to heat resistance. Furthermore, we tested whether genetic parameters are correlated with these physiological heat stress response patterns. Specimens of each population were individually exposed to elevated temperatures (25 to 52°C) for 8 h in the laboratory. After exposure, the health condition of the snails' hepatopancreas was examined by means of qualitative description and semi-quantitative assessment of histopathological effects. In addition, the heat-shock protein 70 level (Hsp70) was determined. Generally, calcium cells of the hepatopancreas were more heat resistant than digestive cells - this phenomenon was associated with elevated Hsp70 levels at 40°C.We observed considerable variation in the snails' heat response strategy: Individuals from three populations invested much energy in producing a highly elevated Hsp70 level, whereas three other populations invested energy in moderate stress protein levels - both strategies were in association with cellular functionality. Furthermore, one population kept cellular condition stable despite a low Hsp70 level until 40°C exposure, whereas prominent cellular reactions were observed above this thermal limit. Genetic diversity (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) within populations was low. Nevertheless, when using genetic indices as explanatory variables in a multivariate regression tree (MRT) analysis, population structure explained mean differences in cellular and biochemical heat stress responses, especially in the group exposed to 40°C. Our study showed that, even in similar habitats within a close range, populations of the same species use different stress response strategies that all rendered survival possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Troschinski
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maddalena A. Di Lellis
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sergej Sereda
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Torsten Hauffe
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilke
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heinz-R. Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
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Morris JP, Thatje S, Hauton C. The use of stress-70 proteins in physiology: a re-appraisal. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1494-502. [PMID: 23599959 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are few factors more important to the mechanisms of evolution than stress. The stress response has formed as a result of natural selection, improving the capacity of organisms to withstand situations that require action.The ubiquity of the cellular stress response suggests that effective mechanisms to counteract stress emerged early in the history of life, and their commonality proves how vital such mechanisms are to operative evolution. The cellular stress response (CSR) has been identified as a characteristic of cells in all three domains of life and consists of a core 44 proteins that are structurally highly conserved and that have been termed the ‘minimal stressproteome’ (MSP). Within the MSP, the most intensely researched proteins are a family of heat-shock proteins known as HSP70. Superficially, correlations between the induction of stress and HSP70 differential expression support the use of HSP70 expression as a nonspecific biomarker of stress. However, we argue that too often authors have failed to question exactly what HSP70 differential expression signifies. Herein, we argue that HSP70 up-regulation in response to stressors has been shown to be far more complex than the commonly accepted quasi-linear relationship. In addition, in many instances, the uncertain identity and function of heat-shock proteins and heat-shock cognates has led to difficulties in interpretation of reports of inducible heat-shock proteins and constitutive heat-shock cognates. We caution against the broad application of HSP70 as a biomarker of stress in isolation and conclude that the application of HSP70 as a meaningful index of stress requires a higher degree of validation than the majority of research currently undertakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Morris
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, European Way, SO14 3ZH, UK.
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Köhler HR, Schultz C, Scheil AE, Triebskorn R, Seifan M, Di Lellis MA. Historic data analysis reveals ambient temperature as a source of phenotypic variation in populations of the land snailTheba pisana. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-R. Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20; D-72072; Tübingen; Germany
| | | | - Alexandra E. Scheil
- Animal Physiological Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20; D-72072; Tübingen; Germany
| | | | - Merav Seifan
- Plant Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 3; D-72076; Tübingen; Germany
| | - Maddalena A. Di Lellis
- Animal Physiological Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20; D-72072; Tübingen; Germany
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14
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Di Lellis MA, Seifan M, Troschinski S, Mazzia C, Capowiez Y, Triebskorn R, Köhler HR. Solar radiation stress in climbing snails: behavioural and intrinsic features define the Hsp70 level in natural populations of Xeropicta derbentina (Pulmonata). Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:717-27. [PMID: 22639082 PMCID: PMC3468672 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectotherms from sunny and hot environments need to cope with solar radiation. Mediterranean land snails of the superfamily Helicoidea feature a behavioural strategy to escape from solar radiation-induced excessive soil heating by climbing up vertical objects. The height of climbing, and also other parameters like shell colouration pattern, shell orientation, shell size, body mass, actual internal and shell surface temperature, and the interactions between those factors may be expected to modulate proteotoxic effects in snails exposed to solar radiation and, thus, their stress response. Focussing on natural populations of Xeropicta derbentina, we conducted a 'snapshot' field study using the individual Hsp70 level as a proxy for proteotoxic stress. In addition to correlation analyses, an IT-model selection approach based on Akaike's Information Criterion was applied to evaluate a set of models with respect to their explanatory power and to assess the relevance of each of the above-mentioned parameters for individual stress, by model averaging and parameter estimation. The analysis revealed particular importance of the individuals' shell size, height above ground, the shell colouration pattern and the interaction height × orientation. Our study showed that a distinct set of behavioural traits and intrinsic characters define the Hsp70 level and that environmental factors and individual features strongly interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena A Di Lellis
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Straße 20, Tübingen, Germany.
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Mizrahi T, Heller J, Goldenberg S, Arad Z. Heat shock proteins and survival strategies in congeneric land snails (Sphincterochila) from different habitats. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:523-7. [PMID: 22528052 PMCID: PMC3535171 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polmunate land snails are subject to stress conditions in their terrestrial habitat, and depend on a range of behavioural, physiological and biochemical adaptations for coping with problems of maintaining water, ionic and thermal balance. The involvement of the heat shock protein (HSP) machinery in land snails was demonstrated following short-term experimental aestivation and heat stress, suggesting that land snails use HSPs as part of their survival strategy. As climatic variation was found to be associated with HSP expression, we tested whether adaptation of land snails to different habitats affects HSP expression in two closely related Sphincterochila snail species, a desert species Sphincterochila zonata and a Mediterranean-type species Sphincterochila cariosa. Our study suggests that Sphincterochila species use HSPs as part of their survival strategy following desiccation and heat stress, and as part of the natural annual cycle of activity and aestivation. Our studies also indicate that adaptation to different habitats results in the development of distinct strategies of HSP expression in response to stress, namely the reduced expression of HSPs in the desert-inhabiting species. We suggest that these different strategies reflect the difference in heat and aridity encountered in the natural habitats, and that the desert species S. zonata relies on mechanisms and adaptations other than HSP induction thus avoiding the fitness consequences of continuous HSP upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Mizrahi
- />Department of Biology, Technion, Haifa, 32000 Israel
| | - Joseph Heller
- />Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904 Israel
| | | | - Zeev Arad
- />Department of Biology, Technion, Haifa, 32000 Israel
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Magdalena L, Coipan E, Vladimirescu A, Savu L, Costache M, Gavrila L. Downregulation of hsp22 gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster from sites located near chemical plants. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:739-45. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.march.22.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Babczyńska A, Wilczek G, Wilczek P, Szulińska E, Witas I. Metallothioneins and energy budget indices in cadmium and copper exposed spiders Agelena labyrinthica in relation to their developmental stage, gender and origin. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 154:161-71. [PMID: 21620997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our studies was to explain the role of metallothioneins (MTs) in the neutralization of excessive amounts of metals (essential: copper (Cu) and toxic: cadmium (Cd)) and to describe the energy status in metal-exposed spiders Agelena labyrinthica in relation to its developmental stage, gender and origin. Juvenile, female and male spiders were collected from three variously polluted habitats, transferred to the laboratory and exposed to the metals in their diet. Cu and Cd accumulation in the body and exuviae, bioaccumulation factor, percentage of metallothionein positive cells, MT concentration, percentage of cells with depolarized mitochondria, ATP concentration and ADP/ATP ratio were measured and calculated. Cu appeared to be regulated and its excess is eliminated via, among others, the molting process, while Cd was rather accumulated by the spiders. The level of MTs increased significantly mainly in females exposed to both metals, irrespectively of the pollution degree of their site of origin, indicating a defensive role of the proteins. In general, even if both the MT level and the energy status indices were positively correlated with Cd and Cu concentrations in the spider body, the energy status of A. labyrinthica did not seem disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Babczyńska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, Katowice 40-007, Poland.
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18
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Borowska J, Pyza E. Effects of heavy metals on insect immunocompetent cells. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:760-770. [PMID: 21419130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the following heavy metals, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), on haemocytes of the house fly Musca domestica L. was studied under laboratory conditions. House fly larvae were exposed to low or high, semi-lethal concentrations of metals. These particular metals were selected because they are present in polluted environments in Poland. In addition, we studied expression of the stress proteins HSP70 and HSP72 in haemocytes collected from larvae that had been exposed to heavy metal. The obtained results showed changes in haemocytes morphology and phagocytotic plasticity in the experimental flies in comparison to control. The number of prohaemocytes, regarded as stem cells, increased, while granulocytes, responsible for phagocytosis, decreased. However, we have not detected any clear changes in expression of HSP70 or HSP72 in flies treated with low or high concentrations of the heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Borowska
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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Kunz PY, Kienle C, Gerhardt A. Gammarus spp. in aquatic ecotoxicology and water quality assessment: toward integrated multilevel tests. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 205:1-76. [PMID: 20044794 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5623-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The amphipod genus Gammarus is widespread and is structurally and functionally important in epigean freshwaters of the Northern Hemisphere. Its presence is crucial, because macroinvertebrate feeding is a major rate-limiting step in the processing of stream detrius. In addition, Gammarus interacts with multiple trophic levels bu functioning as prey, predator, herbivore, detritivore, and shredder. Such a broad span of ecosystem participation underlines the importance of Gammarus to pollutants and other disturbances may render it a valuable indicator for ecosystem health. This review summarizes the vast number of studies conducted with Gammarus spp. for evaluating aquatic ecotoxicology endpoints and examines the suitability of this native invertabrate species for the assessment of stream ecosystem health in the Northern Hemisphere. Numerous papers have been published on how pollutants affect gammarind behavior (i.e., mating, predator avoidance), reproduction, development, feeding activity, population structure, as well as the consequences of pollution on host-parasite, predator-prey, or native-invasive species interactions. Some biochemical and molecular biomarkers have already been established, such as the measurement of vitellogenin-like proteins, metallothioneins, alkali-labile phosphates (in proteins), and lipogenic enzyme activities for assessing endocrine distribution and detoxification mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Y Kunz
- Ecotox Centre, Swiss Center for Applied Ecotoxicology, Eawag/EPFL, Uberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Haap T, Köhler HR. Cadmium tolerance in seven Daphnia magna clones is associated with reduced hsp70 baseline levels and induction. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 94:131-137. [PMID: 19604586 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The stress protein hsp70 is part of the intracellular alarm and repair system which enables organisms to counteract negative effects of toxicants on protein integrity. Under long-term selection pressure exerted by environmental pollution, in particular heavy metals, this system may be expected to play a major role in the course of local, microevolutionary events leading to the acquisition of toxicant resistance. Seven clones of Daphnia magna from different geographical regions were characterized regarding their sensitivity to Cd, their hsp70 expression, and Cd accumulation. In an acute immobilisation assay, the tested clones showed remarkable differences in their sensitivity to Cd. The highest EC(50) values by far were obtained for the clone displaying lowest hsp70 expression. In general, hsp70 levels reflected the order of sensitivity to Cd among the seven clones reciprocally. Clonal variations in sensitivity and hsp70 expression could not be related to differential accumulation of Cd, though. In summary, the association of stress insensitivity with low hsp70 induction which has been exemplarily reported for populations of different invertebrates under strong selection pressure could be affirmed for a largely parthenogenetic species for the first time. Furthermore, our observation has serious consequences for the interpretation of toxicological assays using a single D. magna clone solely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Haap
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany.
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21
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Augustyniak M, Tarnawska M, Babczyńska A, Augustyniak M. Hsp70 level in progeny of aging grasshoppers from variously polluted habitats and additionally exposed to zinc during diapause. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:735-741. [PMID: 19414012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The hsp70 level in the bodies of 1st instars of grasshoppers Chorthippus brunneus from unpolluted (Pilica) and polluted (Olkusz, Szopienice) sites and additionally exposed to various doses of zinc during diapause and embryonic development prior to hatching were measured by Western blotting. The main aim of our work was to assess the relationship between the age of female grasshoppers originating from variously polluted habitat and the hsp70 level in their progeny. Possible reasons for population variation in hsp70 levels were discussed. The hsp70 level in the offspring's body depended on the place of origin. The strongest expression of hsp70 was found in the bodies of larvae hatching from the eggs laid by young females from Pilica (reference site). In contrast, a low initial level of hsp70 in larvae from polluted sites, especially in young females' progeny, was observed. The application of zinc during diapause influenced the hsp70 level in grasshopper larvae; however, the direction of the changes depended on the insects' place of origin. In larvae from the reference site, and also (but to a lesser degree) from Olkusz, the increase in the hsp70 level after zinc treatment was most pronounced. Whereas in grasshoppers from Szopienice, zinc (in 100microg g(-1) dry weight of sand) did not change the hsp70 level, or (in 500microg g(-1) dry weight of sand) caused a reduction in hsp70. The differences may result from maternal effects; however, possible adaptation also cannot be excluded. To confirm this statement further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augustyniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ecotoxicology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
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22
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Köhler HR, Lazzara R, Dittbrenner N, Capowiez Y, Mazzia C, Triebskorn R. Snail phenotypic variation and stress proteins: do different heat response strategies contribute to Waddington's widget in field populations? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2009; 312:136-47. [PMID: 19065565 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of studies with laboratory strains of Drosophila and Arabidopsis, it has been hypothesized that potential buffers to the expression of phenotypic morphological variation, such as Hsp90 and possibly Hsp70, represent important components of Waddington's widget, which may confer capacitive evolution. As studies on field populations of living organisms to test this hypothesis are lacking, we tested whether a heat response strategy involving high stress protein levels is associated with low morphological variation and vice versa, using four natural populations of Mediterranean pulmonate snails. In response to 8 hr of elevated temperatures, a population of Xeropicta derbentina with uniform shell pigmentation pattern showed remarkably high Hsp70 but low Hsp90 levels. In contrast, a highly variable population of Cernuella virgata kept both Hsp90 and Hsp70 levels low when held at diverse though environmentally relevant temperatures. Two other populations (Theba pisana and another X. derbentina population) with intermediate variation in shell pigmentation pattern were also intermediate in inducing Hsp70, though Hsp90 was maintained at a low level. The observed correlation of stress protein levels and coloration pattern variation provide the first indirect evidence for an association of stress proteins with Waddington's widget under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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23
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Bahrndorff S, Mariën J, Loeschcke V, Ellers J. Dynamics of heat-induced thermal stress resistance and hsp70 expression in the springtail,Orchesella cincta. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stamenkovic-Radak M, Kalajdzic P, Savic T, Savic M, Kurbalija Z, Rasic G, Andjelkovic M. The effect of lead on fitness components and developmental stability in Drosophila subobscura. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2008; 59:47-56. [PMID: 18401944 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.59.2008.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the developmental time, egg-to-adult viability, and developmental stability (fluctuating wing size asymmetry) in Drosophila subobscura, maintained for six generations on different concentrations of lead. Development time is significantly affected by generation and lead concentration, but interaction of these factors is not a significant source of variability for this fitness component. Generation and the interaction generation x concentration of lead significantly affect egg-to-adult viability. Levene's test of heterogeneity of variance showed that variability of FA is not significant in any of the samples. Within both lead concentrations females showed significantly higher FA indices for the wing width than males. Within sexes, a significantly higher FA was found only in females for wing width FA between the control and the lower concentration of lead. The results show that if strong relationship between FA and the studied fitness components exists, it results in a stronger selection of unstable genotypes under lead as a stress factor and, consequently, FA needs to be used with caution as a biomarker in natural populations under environmental stress.
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Bhargav D, Pratap Singh M, Murthy RC, Mathur N, Misra D, Saxena DK, Kar Chowdhuri D. Toxic potential of municipal solid waste leachates in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ): hsp70 as a marker of cellular damage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 69:233-45. [PMID: 17300838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid wastes (MSWs) are one of the major sources of environmental pollution. Leachates from these wastes might contaminate the water sources and affect quality of environment. The study was carried out to determine the possible toxic effects of leachates from MSW in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster (hsp70-lacZ). Third instar larvae exposed to 1.0-3.0% of these leachates at different time intervals were examined for hsp70 expression, oxidative stress enzyme activities, proteotoxicity, tissue damage along with effect on emergence and reproduction. Maximum hsp70 expression was observed in the larvae exposed to highly acidic leachates. Overwhelming of hsp70 expression in the exposed larvae caused a concomitant decline in total protein content and a significant elevation in oxidative stress enzymes and lipid peroxidation (LPO) product. The leachates caused a significant delay in emergence of flies and affected the reproductive performance of the flies at the tested concentrations. The present study highlights the toxic potential of MSW leachates and the advantage of Drosophila as a model to evaluate the impact of leachates at organismal and cellular levels, also advocating Hsp70 as the first tier indicator of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyani Bhargav
- Embryotoxicology Section, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box No. 80; M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sørensen JG, Loeschcke V. Studying stress responses in the post-genomic era: its ecological and evolutionary role. J Biosci 2007; 32:447-56. [PMID: 17536164 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-007-0044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most investigations on the effects of and responses to stress exposures have been performed on a limited number of model organisms in the laboratory. Here much progress has been made in terms of identifying and describing beneficial and detrimental effects of stress, responses to stress and the mechanisms behind stress tolerance. However, to gain further understanding of which genes are involved in stress resistance and how the responses are regulated from an ecological and evolutionary perspective there is a need to combine studies on multiple levels of biological organization from DNA to phenotypes. Furthermore,we emphasize the importance of studying ecologically relevant traits and natural or semi-natural conditions to verify whether the results obtained are representative of the ecological and evolutionary processes in the field. Here,we will review what we currently know about thermal adaptation and the role of different stress responses to thermal challenges in insects, particularly Drosophila.Furthermore,we address some key questions that require future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper G Sørensen
- Aarhus Centre for Environmental Stress Research (ACES), Department of Genetics and Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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27
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Bonte D, Bossuyt B, Lens L. Aerial dispersal plasticity under different wind velocities in a salt marsh wolf spider. Behav Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arl103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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La Porte PF. Mytilus trossulus hsp70 as a biomarker for arsenic exposure in the marine environment: laboratory and real-world results. Biomarkers 2006; 10:417-28. [PMID: 16308266 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500264371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) is induced by heat and chemical toxins, particularly heavy metals such as arsenic (As). The use of Mytilus trossulus (bay mussel) hsp70 as a 'screening' biomarker for marine heavy metals contamination was assessed. Some studies have found high hsp70 sensitivity to heavy metals, while others have found the opposite. Few studies have realistically used low heavy metals exposures, and fewer have used real-world contamination exposures. Clean sub-tidal mussels from the Puget Sound, Washington State (WA), USA, were acclimatized for 2 weeks and exposed for 24 h to As-spiked seawater (n=9) or to contaminated seawater from an arsenical pesticide plant in Tacoma, WA (n=10) followed by a Western blot for hsp70. Hsp70 inductions were insignificant at 10 microg l(-1) As(III), but were strong at 100 microg l(-1) (p<0.05) and 1000 microg l(-1) (p<0.01), with the induction threshold estimated at 30-50 microg l(-1) As(III). Hsp70 induction roughly correlated with arsenical toxicity, with As(III) > As(V) > (CH(3))(2)As(V). Altogether, the inter-individual variability of hsp70 levels tends to mask inductions at low As concentrations, making it a crude toxicity biomarker. In addressing this problem, the following options could prove promising: (1) pre- or post-stressing specimens for greater hsp70 sensitivity, (2) use of internal protein controls such as actin, (3) use of hsp70-reporter gene constructs, and (4) detection with hsp60, heme oxygenase-1, metallothionein, CYP450, MXR or GPx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F La Porte
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Pigliucci M. Evolution of phenotypic plasticity: where are we going now? Trends Ecol Evol 2005; 20:481-6. [PMID: 16701424 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of phenotypic plasticity has progressed significantly over the past few decades. We have moved from variation for plasticity being considered as a nuisance in evolutionary studies to it being the primary target of investigations that use an array of methods, including quantitative and molecular genetics, as well as of several approaches that model the evolution of plastic responses. Here, I consider some of the major aspects of research on phenotypic plasticity, assessing where progress has been made and where additional effort is required. I suggest that some areas of research, such the study of the quantitative genetic underpinning of plasticity, have been either settled in broad outline or superseded by new approaches and questions. Other issues, such as the costs of plasticity are currently at the forefront of research in this field, and are likely to be areas of major future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pigliucci
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, SUNY Stony Brook, 650 Life Science Bldg, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Schill RO, Köhler HR. Energy reserves and metal-storage granules in the hepatopancreas of Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber (Isopoda) from a metal gradient at Avonmouth, UK. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2004; 13:787-796. [PMID: 15736849 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-003-4476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isopods taken from populations of Onsicus asellus and Porcellio scaber from long-term polluted sites in the vicinity of metal smelting works at Avonmouth, South West England, and from a control site near Tübingen, South Germany, were examined for the frequency and size of metal-containing granules (spherites), lipid droplets and glycogen in their hepatopancreas. The number and size of spherites in the hepatopancreas of O. asellus increased with decreasing distance to the smelter, but such a trend was not found in P. scaber. A trend towards massive reduction in hepatopancreatic energy reserves (lipid, glycogen) with increasing soil metal pollution was observed for O. asellus while, in contrast, the lipid and glycogen content of P. scaber midgut gland cells was independent of the distance to the smelter. In view of previous reports on metal accumulation and biochemical responses to metal pollution, we propose that the two investigated isopod species, which form stable populations in the Avonmouth metal gradient, use different strategies to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph O Schill
- Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Arts MJSJ, Schill RO, Knigge T, Eckwert H, Kammenga JE, Köhler HR. Stress proteins (hsp70, hsp60) induced in isopods and nematodes by field exposure to metals in a gradient near Avonmouth, UK. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2004; 13:739-755. [PMID: 15736846 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-003-4473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (hsps) are potential biomarkers for monitoring environmental pollution. In this study, the use of hsps as biomarkers in field bioassays was evaluated in terrestrial invertebrates exposed to a metal gradient near Avonmouth, UK. We investigated the hsp70 response in resident and transplanted isopods of the species Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber and the hsp60 response in transplanted nematodes of the species Plectus acuminatus in six field sites along the metal gradient. Considerable differences were detected in the stress responses between nematodes and isopods (isopods responded in a gradient-specific manner, nematodes did not), the two isopod species and the transplanted and resident specimens of each isopod species: in the sites closest to the smelter, O. asellus residents showed high hsp70 levels while O. asellus transplanted from an unpolluted site displayed comparatively low hsp70 levels. For P. scaber, it was just the opposite. In resident isopod populations of both species, tolerant phenotypes were revealed in the most contaminated field sites. The hsp70 level in both isopod species was a suitable biomarker of effect (but of exposure only in non-tolerant individuals) even in long-term metal-contaminated field sites. The hsp60 response in the nematode alone was not a suitable biomarker for heavily contaminated soils. However, it had indicative value when related to the hsp70 response in the isopods and could be a suitable biomarker for less heavily contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-José S J Arts
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, NL-6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Schill RO, Köhler HR. Does the environment or the source of the population define stress status and energy supply in the freshwater amphipod, Gammarus fossarum? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2004; 13:683-695. [PMID: 15673217 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-002-4428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of acclimation and/or adaptation on the stress protein (hsc/hsp70) response, adenylate energy charge (ACE), ATP/ADP ratio and both lipid and glycogen supply, specimens of four different populations of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum (Koch, 1835) were transplanted and exposed at sites with various levels of pollution. Induction of the stress protein response was highest in those gammarids transplanted from nearly unpolluted or just moderately polluted sites to severely polluted stream portions. The lowest hsc/hsp70 levels were found in animals transplanted from the polluted sites to the less polluted sites. In all cases the adenylic energy charge (AEC) and ATP/ADP ratio did not show any deficiency in the cellular energy supply. The amount of energy storage substrates, lipid droplets and glycogen in the hepatopancreas, the main metabolic tissue, was similar in all resident populations. In all these amphipod populations, tolerant phenotypes which had diverged genetically were not revealed; rather, the stress and recovery effects derived from the physiologically regulated, cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph O Schill
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Zoological Institute, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072 Tübingen, Germany.
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Zatsepina OG, Velikodvorskaia VV, Molodtsov VB, Garbuz D, Lerman DN, Bettencourt BR, Feder ME, Evgenev MB. A DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER Strain From Sub-Equatorial Africa Has Exceptional Thermotolerance But Decreased Hsp70 Expression. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:1869-81. [PMID: 11441029 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.11.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Drosophila melanogaster collected in sub-equatorial Africa in the 1970s are remarkably tolerant of sustained laboratory culture above 30°C and of acute exposure to much warmer temperatures. Inducible thermotolerance of high temperatures, which in Drosophila melanogaster is due in part to the inducible molecular chaperone Hsp70, is only modest in this strain. Expression of Hsp70 protein and hsp70 mRNA is likewise reduced and has slower kinetics in this strain (T) than in a standard wild-type strain (Oregon R). These strains also differed in constitutive and heat-inducible levels of other molecular chaperones. The lower Hsp70 expression in the T strain apparently has no basis in the activation of the heat-shock transcription factor HSF, which is similar in T and Oregon R flies. Rather, the reduced expression may stem from insertion of two transposable elements, H.M.S. Beagle in the intergenic region of the 87A7 hsp70 gene cluster and Jockey in the hsp70Ba gene promoter. We hypothesize that the reduced Hsp70 expression in a Drosophila melanogaster strain living chronically at intermediate temperatures may represent an evolved suppression of the deleterious phenotypes of Hsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Zatsepina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 32, 117984 Moscow, Russia
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