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Quinto-Sánchez M, Adhikari K, Acuña-Alonzo V, Cintas C, Silva de Cerqueira CC, Ramallo V, Castillo L, Farrera A, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Fuentes M, Everardo P, de Avila F, Gomez-Valdés J, Hünemeier T, Gibbon S, Gallo C, Poletti G, Rosique J, Bortolini MC, Canizales-Quinteros S, Rothhammer F, Bedoya G, Ruiz-Linares A, González-José R. Facial asymmetry and genetic ancestry in Latin American admixed populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:58-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; and UCL Genetics Institute; University College London; London UK
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; and UCL Genetics Institute; University College London; London UK
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Distrito Federal Mexico
| | - Celia Cintas
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET; Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | | | | | - Lucia Castillo
- Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET; Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | - Arodi Farrera
- Posgrado en Antropología; Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; UNAM; México City Mexico
| | - Claudia Jaramillo
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Williams Arias
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Macarena Fuentes
- Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile y Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto; Arica Chile
| | - Paola Everardo
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Distrito Federal Mexico
| | - Francisco de Avila
- Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; Distrito Federal Mexico
| | | | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Shara Gibbon
- Department of Anthropology; University College London; London UK
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Lima Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Lima Perú
| | - Javier Rosique
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética; Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brasil
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud; Facultad de Química; UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana ICBM Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile y Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto; Arica Chile
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Departamento de Antropología; Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín Colombia
| | - Andres Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics; Evolution and Environment; and UCL Genetics Institute; University College London; London UK
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Benítez HA, Lemic D, Bažok R, Gallardo-Araya CM, Mikac KM. Evolutionary directional asymmetry and shape variation inDiabrotica virgifera virgifera(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): an example using hind wings. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Benítez
- Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Manchester; Michael Smith Building Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Instituto de Alta Investigación; Universidad de Tarapacá; Casilla 7-D Arica Chile
| | - Darija Lemic
- Department for Agricultural Zoology; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Zagreb; Svetošimunska 25 Zagreb 10000 Croatia
| | - Renata Bažok
- Department for Agricultural Zoology; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Zagreb; Svetošimunska 25 Zagreb 10000 Croatia
| | - Claudio M. Gallardo-Araya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Katarina M. Mikac
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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Oneal E, Knowles LL. Ecological selection as the cause and sexual differentiation as the consequence of species divergence? Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122236. [PMID: 23173206 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Key conceptual issues about speciation go unanswered without consideration of non-mutually exclusive factors. With tests based on speciation theory, we exploit the island distribution and habitat differences exhibited by the Caribbean cricket Amphiacusta sanctaecrucis, and with an analysis of divergent ecological selection, sexually selected differentiation and geographical isolation, address how these different factors interact. After testing for divergent selection by comparing neutral genetic and morphological divergence in one ecological (mandible shape) and one sexual (male genitalia shape) trait, we examine whether ecological or sexual selection is the primary mechanism driving population divergence. We find that all three factors--isolation, ecological and sexual selection--contribute to divergence, and that their interaction determines the stage of completeness achieved during the speciation process, as measured by patterns of genetic differentiation. Moreover, despite the striking diversity in genitalic shapes across the genus Amphiacusta, which suggests that sexual selection drives speciation, the significant differences in genitalia shape between forest habitats revealed here implies that ecological divergence may be the primary axis of divergence. Our work highlights critical unstudied aspects in speciation-differentiating the cause from the consequence of divergence-and suggests avenues for further disentangling the roles of natural and sexual selection in driving divergence in Amphiacusta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen Oneal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, NY 48109, USA
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Raz S, Graham JH, Cohen A, de Bivort BL, Grishkan I, Nevo E. Growth and asymmetry of soil microfungal colonies from "Evolution Canyon," Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel, Israel. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34689. [PMID: 22523554 PMCID: PMC3327715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluctuating asymmetry is a contentious indicator of stress in populations of animals and plants. Nevertheless, it is a measure of developmental noise, typically obtained by measuring asymmetry across an individual organism's left-right axis of symmetry. These individual, signed asymmetries are symmetrically distributed around a mean of zero. Fluctuating asymmetry, however, has rarely been studied in microorganisms, and never in fungi. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We examined colony growth and random phenotypic variation of five soil microfungal species isolated from the opposing slopes of "Evolution Canyon," Mount Carmel, Israel. This canyon provides an opportunity to study diverse taxa inhabiting a single microsite, under different kinds and intensities of abiotic and biotic stress. The south-facing "African" slope of "Evolution Canyon" is xeric, warm, and tropical. It is only 200 m, on average, from the north-facing "European" slope, which is mesic, cool, and temperate. Five fungal species inhabiting both the south-facing "African" slope, and the north-facing "European" slope of the canyon were grown under controlled laboratory conditions, where we measured the fluctuating radial asymmetry and sizes of their colonies. RESULTS Different species displayed different amounts of radial asymmetry (and colony size). Moreover, there were highly significant slope by species interactions for size, and marginally significant ones for fluctuating asymmetry. There were no universal differences (i.e., across all species) in radial asymmetry and colony size between strains from "African" and "European" slopes, but colonies of Clonostachys rosea from the "African" slope were more asymmetric than those from the "European" slope. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Our study suggests that fluctuating radial asymmetry has potential as an indicator of random phenotypic variation and stress in soil microfungi. Interaction of slope and species for both growth rate and asymmetry of microfungi in a common environment is evidence of genetic differences between the "African" and "European" slopes of "Evolution Canyon."
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Raz
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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Pélabon C, Hansen TF, Carter AJR, Houle D. Evolution of variation and variability under fluctuating, stabilizing, and disruptive selection. Evolution 2010; 64:1912-25. [PMID: 20199560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
How variation and variability (the capacity to vary) may respond to selection remain open questions. Indeed, effects of different selection regimes on variational properties, such as canalization and developmental stability are under debate. We analyzed the patterns of among- and within-individual variation in two wing-shape characters in populations of Drosophila melanogaster maintained under fluctuating, disruptive, and stabilizing selection for more than 20 generations. Patterns of variation in wing size, which was not a direct target of selection, were also analyzed. Disruptive selection dramatically increased phenotypic variation in the two shape characters, but left phenotypic variation in wing size unaltered. Fluctuating and stabilizing selection consistently decreased phenotypic variation in all traits. In contrast, within-individual variation, measured by the level of fluctuating asymmetry, increased for all traits under all selection regimes. These results suggest that canalization and developmental stability are evolvable and presumably controlled by different underlying genetic mechanisms, but the evolutionary responses are not consistent with an adaptive response to selection on variation. Selection also affected patterns of directional asymmetry, although inconsistently across traits and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Department of Biology, Center for Conservation Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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Carter AJR, Osborne E, Houle D. Heritability of Directional Asymmetry in Drosophila melanogaster. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2009; 2010:759159. [PMID: 21350655 PMCID: PMC3042624 DOI: 10.4061/2009/759159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Directional asymmetry (DA), the consistent difference between a pair of morphological structures in which the same side is always larger than the other, presents an evolutionary mystery. Although many paired traits show DA, genetic variation for DA has not been unambiguously demonstrated. Artificial selection is a powerful technique for uncovering selectable genetic variation; we review and critique the limited number of previous studies that have been performed to select on DA and present the results of a novel artificial selection experiment on the DA of posterior crossvein location in Drosophila wings. Fifteen generations of selection in two genetically distinct lines were performed and none of the lines showed a significant response to selection. Our results therefore support and reconfirm previous findings; despite apparent natural variation and evolution of DA in nature, DA remains a paradoxical trait that does not respond to artificial selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J R Carter
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1100, USA
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Abstract
Subtle left-right biases are often observed in organisms with an overall bilateral symmetry. The evolutionary significance of these directional asymmetries remains uncertain, however, and scenarios of both developmental constraints and adaptation have been suggested. Reviewing the literature on asymmetry in insect wings, we analyze patterns of directional asymmetry in wing size to evaluate the possible adaptive significance of this character. We found that directional asymmetry in wing size is widespread among insects, with left- and right-biased asymmetries commonly observed. The direction of the asymmetry does not appear to be evolutionarily conserved above the species level. Overall, we argue that the very small magnitude of directional asymmetry, 0.7% of the wing size on average, associated with an extremely imprecise expression, precludes directional asymmetry from playing any major adaptive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Department of Biology, Centre for Conservation Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Polak M. The Developmental Instability—Sexual Selection Hypothesis: A General Evaluation and Case Study. Evol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-008-9032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stamenkovic-Radak M, Kalajdzic P, Savic T, Savic M, Kurbalija Z, Rasic G, Andjelkovic M. The effect of lead on fitness components and developmental stability in Drosophila subobscura. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2008; 59:47-56. [PMID: 18401944 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.59.2008.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the developmental time, egg-to-adult viability, and developmental stability (fluctuating wing size asymmetry) in Drosophila subobscura, maintained for six generations on different concentrations of lead. Development time is significantly affected by generation and lead concentration, but interaction of these factors is not a significant source of variability for this fitness component. Generation and the interaction generation x concentration of lead significantly affect egg-to-adult viability. Levene's test of heterogeneity of variance showed that variability of FA is not significant in any of the samples. Within both lead concentrations females showed significantly higher FA indices for the wing width than males. Within sexes, a significantly higher FA was found only in females for wing width FA between the control and the lower concentration of lead. The results show that if strong relationship between FA and the studied fitness components exists, it results in a stronger selection of unstable genotypes under lead as a stress factor and, consequently, FA needs to be used with caution as a biomarker in natural populations under environmental stress.
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Carreira VP, Soto IM, Fanara JJ, Hasson E. A study of wing morphology and fluctuating asymmetry in interspecific hybrids between Drosophila buzzatii and D. koepferae. Genetica 2007; 133:1-11. [PMID: 17647081 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-007-9176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work we investigate the effect of interspecific hybridization on wing morphology using geometric morphometrics in the cactophilic sibling species D. buzzatii and D. koepferae. Wing morphology in F1 hybrids exhibited an important degree of phenotypic plasticity and differs significantly from both parental species. However, the pattern of morphological variation between hybrids and the parental strains varied between wing size and wing shape, across rearing media, sexes, and crosses, suggesting a complex genetic architecture underlying divergence in wing morphology. Even though there was significant fluctuating asymmetry for both, wing size and shape in F1 hybrids and both parental species, there was no evidence of an increased degree of fluctuating asymmetry in hybrids as compared to parental species. These results are interpreted in terms of developmental stability as a function of a balance between levels of heterozygosity and the disruption of coadaptation as an indirect consequence of genomic divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria P Carreira
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Buenos Aires, C1428 EHA, Argentina.
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Santos M, Brites D, Laayouni H. Thermal evolution of pre-adult life history traits, geometric size and shape, and developmental stability in Drosophila subobscura. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:2006-21. [PMID: 17040398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Replicated lines of Drosophila subobscura originating from a large outbred stock collected at the estimated Chilean epicentre (Puerto Montt) of the original New World invasion were allowed to evolve under controlled conditions of larval crowding for 3.5 years at three temperature levels (13, 18 and 22 degrees C). Several pre-adult life history traits (development time, survival and competitive ability), adult life history related traits (wing size, wing shape and wing-aspect ratio), and wing size and shape asymmetries were measured at the three temperatures. Cold-adapted (13 degrees C) populations evolved longer development times and showed lower survival at the highest developmental temperature. No divergence for wing size was detected following adaptation to temperature extremes (13 and 22 degrees C), in agreement with earlier observations, but wing shape changes were obvious as a result of both thermal adaptation and development at different temperatures. However, the evolutionary trends observed for the wing-aspect ratio were inconsistent with an adaptive hypothesis. There was some indication that wing shape asymmetry has evolutionarily increased in warm-adapted populations, which suggests that there is additive genetic variation for fluctuating asymmetry and that it can evolve under rapid environmental changes caused by thermal stress. Overall, our results cast strong doubts on the hypothesis that body size itself is the target of selection, and suggest that pre-adult life history traits are more closely related to thermal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santos
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Biologia Evolutiva (GBE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
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Rego C, Matos M, Santos M. SYMMETRY BREAKING IN INTERSPECIFIC DROSOPHILA HYBRIDS IS NOT DUE TO DEVELOPMENTAL NOISE. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rego C, Matos M, Santos M. SYMMETRY BREAKING IN INTERSPECIFIC DROSOPHILA HYBRIDS IS NOT DUE TO DEVELOPMENTAL NOISE. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1554/05-540.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Leamy LJ, Klingenberg CP. The Genetics and Evolution of Fluctuating Asymmetry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2005. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry J. Leamy
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223;
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Iriarte PF, Céspedes W, Santos M. Quantitative-genetic analysis of wing form and bilateral asymmetry in isochromosomal lines ofDrosophila subobscura using Procrustes methods. J Genet 2003; 82:95-113. [PMID: 15133189 DOI: 10.1007/bf02715812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is often used as a measure of underlying developmental instability (DI), motivated by the idea that morphological variance is maladaptive. Whether or not DI has evolutionary potential is a highly disputed topic, marred by methodological problems and fuzzy prejudices. We report here some results from an ongoing study of the effects of karyotype, homozygosity and temperature on wing form and bilateral asymmetry using isochromosomal lines of Drosophila subobscura. Our approach uses the recently developed methodologies in geometric morphometrics to analyse shape configurations of landmarks within the standard statistical framework employed in studies of bilateral asymmetries, and we have extended these methods to partition the individual variation and the variation in asymmetries into genetic and environmental causal components. The analyses revealed temperature-dependent expression of genetic variation for wing size and wing shape, directional asymmetry (DA) of wing size, increased asymmetries at suboptimal temperature, and a transition from FA to DA in males as a result of increase in the rearing temperature. No genetic variation was generally detected for FA in our samples, but these are preliminary results because no crosses between lines were carried out and, therefore, the contribution of dominance was not taken into account. In addition, only a subset of the standing genetic variation was represented in the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Fernández Iriarte
- Grup de Biologia Evolutiva (GBE), Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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