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Zhou T, Zhou B, Zhao Y, Li Q, Song G, Zhu Z, Long Y, Cui Z. Development of a Mucus Gland Bioreactor in Loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020687. [PMID: 33445609 PMCID: PMC7827776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most currently available bioreactors have some defects in the expression, activity, or purification of target protein and peptide molecules, whereas the mucus gland of fish can overcome these defects to become a novel bioreactor for the biopharmaceutical industry. In this study, we have evaluated the practicability of developing a mucus gland bioreactor in loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus). A transgenic construct pT2-krt8-IFN1 was obtained by subcloning the promoter of zebrafish keratin 8 gene and the type I interferon (IFN1) cDNA of grass carp into the SB transposon. The IFN1 expressed in CIK cells exhibited an antiviral activity against the replication of GCRV873 and activated two genes downstream of JAK-STAT signaling pathway. A transgenic loach line was then generated by microinjection of the pT2-krt8-IFN1 plasmids and in vitro synthesized capped SB11 mRNA. Southern blots indicated that a single copy of IFN1 gene was stably integrated into the genome of transgenic loach. The expression of grass carp IFN1 in transgenic loaches was detected with RT-PCR and Western blots. About 0.0825 µg of grass carp IFN1 was detected in 20 µL mucus from transgenic loaches. At a viral titer of 1 × 103 PFU/mL, plaque numbers on plates containing mucus from transgenic loaches reduced by 18% in comparison with those of the control, indicating that mucus of IFN1-transgenic loaches exhibited an antiviral activity. Thus, we have successfully created a mucus gland bioreactor that has great potential for the production of various proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (T.Z.); (B.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.S.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bolan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (T.Z.); (B.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.S.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yasong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (T.Z.); (B.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.S.); (Z.Z.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (T.Z.); (B.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Guili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (T.Z.); (B.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (T.Z.); (B.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (T.Z.); (B.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.S.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-27-68780100 (Y.L.); +86-27-68780090 (Z.C.)
| | - Zongbin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (T.Z.); (B.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (G.S.); (Z.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.C.); Tel.: +86-27-68780100 (Y.L.); +86-27-68780090 (Z.C.)
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Schulz A, Brendler J, Blaschuk O, Landgraf K, Krueger M, Ricken AM. Non-pathological Chondrogenic Features of Valve Interstitial Cells in Normal Adult Zebrafish. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:361-373. [PMID: 30620237 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418824083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the heart, unidirectional blood flow depends on proper heart valve function. As, in mammals, regulatory mechanisms of early heart valve and bone development are shown to contribute to adult heart valve pathologies, we used the animal model zebrafish (ZF, Danio rerio) to investigate the microarchitecture and differentiation of cardiac valve interstitial cells in the transition from juvenile (35 days) to end of adult breeding (2.5 years) stages. Of note, light microscopy and immunohistochemistry revealed major differences in ZF heart valve microarchitecture when compared with adult mice. We demonstrate evidence for rather chondrogenic features of valvular interstitial cells by histological staining and immunodetection of SOX-9, aggrecan, and type 2a1 collagen. Collagen depositions are enriched in a thin layer at the atrial aspect of atrioventricular valves and the ventricular aspect of bulboventricular valves, respectively. At the ultrastructural level, the collagen fibrils are lacking obvious periodicity and orientation throughout the entire valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Schulz
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jana Brendler
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Orest Blaschuk
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, University Hospital for Children & Adolescents and Integrated Research and Treatment Centre Adiposity Diseases.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert M Ricken
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine.,University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Podgorniak T, Milan M, Pujolar JM, Maes GE, Bargelloni L, De Oliveira E, Pierron F, Daverat F. Differences in brain gene transcription profiles advocate for an important role of cognitive function in upstream migration and water obstacles crossing in European eel. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:378. [PMID: 25962588 PMCID: PMC4427925 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND European eel is a panmictic species, whose decline has been recorded since the last 20 years. Among human-induced environmental factors of decline, the impact of water dams during species migration is questioned. The main issue of this study was to pinpoint phenotypic traits that predisposed glass eels to successful passage by water barriers. The approach of the study was individual-centred and without any a priori hypothesis on traits involved in the putative obstacles selective pressure. We analyzed the transcription level of 14,913 genes. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis of three tissues (brain, liver and muscle) from individuals sampled on three successive forebays separated by water obstacles indicated different gene transcription profiles in brain between the two upstream forebays. No differences in gene transcription levels were observed in liver and muscle samples among segments. A total of 26 genes were differentially transcribed in brain. These genes encode for, among others, keratins, cytokeratins, calcium binding proteins (S100 family), cofilin, calmodulin, claudin and thy-1 membrane glycoprotein. The functional analysis of these genes highlighted a putative role of cytoskeletal dynamics and synaptic plasticity in fish upstream migration. CONCLUSION Synaptic connections in brain are solicited while eels are climbing the obstacles with poorly designed fishways. Successful passage by such barriers can be related to spatial learning and spatial orientation abilities when fish is out of the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Podgorniak
- Irstea Bordeaux, UR EABX, HYNES (Irstea - EDF R&D), 50 avenue de Verdun, Cestas, 33612, Cedex, France.
| | - Massimo Milan
- University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, PD, Italy.
| | - Jose Marti Pujolar
- University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, PD, Italy. .,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark.
| | - Gregory E Maes
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, Comparative Genomics Centre, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. .,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, PD, Italy.
| | - Eric De Oliveira
- EDF R&D LNHE, HYNES (Irstea-EDF R&D), 6, quai Watier, Bat Q, Chatou, 78400, France.
| | - Fabien Pierron
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, Talence, F-33400, France. .,CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, Talence, F-33400, France.
| | - Francoise Daverat
- Irstea Bordeaux, UR EABX, HYNES (Irstea - EDF R&D), 50 avenue de Verdun, Cestas, 33612, Cedex, France.
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Ju B, Chen W, Orr BA, Spitsbergen JM, Jia S, Eden CJ, Henson HE, Taylor MR. Oncogenic KRAS promotes malignant brain tumors in zebrafish. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:18. [PMID: 25644510 PMCID: PMC4320811 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zebrafish have been used as a vertebrate model to study human cancers such as melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liver cancer, and leukemia as well as for high-throughput screening of small molecules of therapeutic value. However, they are just emerging as a model for human brain tumors, which are among the most devastating and difficult to treat. In this study, we evaluated zebrafish as a brain tumor model by overexpressing a human version of oncogenic KRAS (KRASG12V). Methods Using zebrafish cytokeratin 5 (krt5) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap) gene promoters, we activated Ras signaling in the zebrafish central nervous system (CNS) through transient and stable transgenic overexpression. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to identify activated pathways in the resulting brain tumors. The effects of the MEK inhibitor U0126 on oncogenic KRAS were evaluated. Results We demonstrated that transient transgenic expression of KRASG12V in putative neural stem and/or progenitor cells induced brain tumorigenesis. When expressed under the control of the krt5 gene promoter, KRASG12V induced brain tumors in ventricular zones (VZ) at low frequency. The majority of other tumors were composed mostly of spindle and epithelioid cells, reminiscent of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). In contrast, when expressed under the control of the gfap gene promoter, KRASG12V induced brain tumors in both VZs and brain parenchyma at higher frequency. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated prominent activation of the canonical RAS-RAF-ERK pathway, variable activation of the mTOR pathway, but no activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. In a krt5-derived stable and inducible transgenic line, expression of oncogenic KRAS resulted in skin hyperplasia, and the MEK inhibitor U0126 effectively suppressed this pro-proliferative effects. In a gfap-derived stable and inducible line, expression of oncogenic KRAS led to significantly increased mitotic index in the spinal cord. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that zebrafish could be explored to study cellular origins and molecular mechanisms of brain tumorigenesis and could also be used as a platform for studying human oncogene function and for discovering oncogenic RAS inhibitors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0288-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Ju
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Brent A Orr
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Jan M Spitsbergen
- Fish Disease Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Sujuan Jia
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Christopher J Eden
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Hannah E Henson
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. .,Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Michael R Taylor
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA. .,Current address: Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Activation of Sonic hedgehog signaling in neural progenitor cells promotes glioma development in the zebrafish optic pathway. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e96. [PMID: 24686726 PMCID: PMC4038393 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been implicated in glioma pathogenesis. Yet, the role of this pathway in gliomagenesis remains controversial because of the lack of relevant animal models. Using the cytokeratin 5 promoter, we ectopically expressed a constitutively active zebrafish Smoothened (Smoa1) in neural progenitor cells and analyzed tumorigenic capacity of activated Shh signaling in both transient and stable transgenic fish. Transient transgenic fish overexpressing Smoa1 developed retinal and brain tumors, suggesting smoa1 is oncogenic in the zebrafish central nervous system (CNS). We further established stable transgenic lines that simultaneously developed optic pathway glioma (OPG) and various retinal tumors. In one of these lines, up to 80% of F1 and F2 fish developed tumors within 1 year of age. Microarray analysis of tumor samples showed upregulated expression of genes involved in the cell cycle, cancer signaling and Shh downstream targets ptc1, gli1 and gli2a. Tumors also exhibited specific gene signatures characteristic of radial glia and progenitor cells as transcriptions of radial glia genes cyp19a1b, s100β, blbp, gfap and the stem/progenitor genes nestin and sox2 were significantly upregulated. Overexpression of GFAP, S100β, BLBP and Sox2 was confirmed by immunofluorescence. We also detected overexpression of Mdm2 throughout the optic pathway in fish with OPG, therefore implicating the Mdm2–Tp53 pathway in glioma pathogenesis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that activated Shh signaling initiates tumorigenesis in the zebrafish CNS and provide the first OPG model not associated with neurofibromatosis 1.
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Molecular characterization of a novel type II keratin gene (sseKer3) in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): Differential expression of keratin genes by salinity. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 160:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Dodd ME, Hatzold J, Mathias JR, Walters KB, Bennin DA, Rhodes J, Kanki JP, Look AT, Hammerschmidt M, Huttenlocher A. The ENTH domain protein Clint1 is required for epidermal homeostasis in zebrafish. Development 2009; 136:2591-600. [PMID: 19570844 DOI: 10.1242/dev.038448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal hyperproliferation and inflammation are hallmarks of the human condition psoriasis. Here, we report that a zebrafish line with a mutation in the cargo adaptor protein Clint1 exhibits psoriasis-like phenotypes including epithelial hyperproliferation and leukocyte infiltration. Clint1 is an ENTH domain-containing protein that binds SNARE proteins and functions in vesicle trafficking; however, its in vivo function in animal models has not been reported to date. The clint1 mutants exhibit chronic inflammation characterized by increased Interleukin 1beta expression, leukocyte infiltration, bidirectional trafficking and phagocytosis of cellular debris. The defects in clint1 mutants can be rescued by expression of zebrafish clint1 and can be phenocopied with clint1-specific morpholinos, supporting an essential role for Clint1 in epidermal development. Interaction studies suggest that Clint1 and Lethal giant larvae 2 function synergistically to regulate epidermal homeostasis. Accordingly, clint1 mutants show impaired hemidesmosome formation, loss of cell-cell contacts and increased motility suggestive of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Taken together, our findings describe a novel function for the ENTH domain protein Clint1 in epidermal development and inflammation and suggest that its deficiency in zebrafish generates a phenotype that resembles the human condition psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ernest Dodd
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Wen CM, Huang JY, Ciou JH, Kao YL, Cheng YH. Immunochemical and molecular characterization of GBC4 as a tanycyte-like cell line derived from grouper brain. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 153:191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Infante C, Manchado M, Asensio E, Cañavate JP. Molecular characterization, gene expression and dependence on thyroid hormones of two type I keratin genes (sseKer1 and sseKer2) in the flatfish Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup). BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:118. [PMID: 17956602 PMCID: PMC2174949 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratins make up the largest subgroup of intermediate filaments, and, in chordates, represent the most abundant proteins in epithelial cells. They have been associated with a wide range of functions in the cell, but little information is still available about their expression profile and regulation during flatfish metamorphosis. Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is a commercially important flatfish in which no keratin gene has been described yet. RESULTS The development of large-scale genomics of Senegalese sole has facilitated the identification of two different type I keratin genes referred to as sseKer1 and sseKer2. Main characteristics and sequence identities with other fish and mammal keratins are described. Phylogenetic analyses grouped sseKer1 and sseKer2 in a significant clade with other teleost epidermal type I keratins, and have allowed for the identification of sseKer2 as a novel keratin. The expression profile of both genes was studied during larval development and in tissues using a real-time approach. sseKer1 and sseKer2 mRNA levels were significantly higher in skin than in other tissues examined. During metamorphosis, sseKer1 transcripts increased significantly at first stages, and reduced thereafter. In contrast, sseKer2 mRNA levels did not change during early metamorphosis although a significant drop at metamorphosis climax and late metamorphosis was also detected. To study the possible regulation of sseKer gene expressions by thyroid hormones (THs), larvae were exposed to the goitrogen thiourea (TU). TU-treated larvae exhibited higher sseKer1 and sseKer2 mRNA levels than untreated control at both 11 and 15 days after treatment. Moreover, addition of exogenous T4 hormone to TU-treated larvae restored or even reduced the steady-state levels with respect to the untreated control, demonstrating that expression of both genes is negatively regulated by THs. CONCLUSION We have identified two keratin genes, referred to as sseKer1 and sseKer2, in Senegalese sole. Phylogenetic analyses revealed sseKer2 as a novel keratin. Although they exhibit different expression patterns during larval development, both of them are negatively regulated by THs. The co-regulation by THs could explain the reduction of both keratin transcripts after the metamorphosis climax, suggesting their role in the tissue remodelling processes that occur during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Infante
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro de pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
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Tingaud-Sequeira A, Forgue J, André M, Babin PJ. Epidermal transient down-regulation of retinol-binding protein 4 and mirror expression of apolipoprotein Eb and estrogen receptor 2a during zebrafish fin and scale development. Dev Dyn 2007; 235:3071-9. [PMID: 16929533 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the molecular control of skin patterning and scale morphogenesis in teleost fish. We have found radially symmetrical epidermal placodes with down-regulation of retinol-binding protein 4 (rbp4) expression during the initial paired fin and scale morphogenesis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). This finding may be related to changes in keratinocyte cytodifferentiation and/or the integument retinoid metabolism. rbp4 transcripts are expressed afterward in the central epidermis of the scale papilla and gradually extend to the epidermis, covering the growing scale, whereas no transcripts were detected in posterior margin epidermis. In contrast, induction of apolipoprotein Eb (apoeb) and up-regulation of estrogen receptor 2a (esr2a) transcripts were observed in the epidermis at initiator sites of zebrafish ectodermal/dermal appendage morphogenesis. This expression was maintained in the posterior margin epidermis of the formed scales. esr2a was also strongly expressed in neuromasts, whereas no rbp4 and apoeb transcripts were detected in these mechanosensory structures. The observed epidermal molecular events suggest that epidermis patterning is due to an activator-inhibitor mechanism operational at epidermal-dermal interaction sites. rbp4 transcript expression was also strongly down-regulated by 1-phenyl-2-thio-urea (PTU). As this inhibitor is commonly used to block obscuring pigmentation during in situ hybridization studies, this finding suggests that PTU should be used with caution, particularly in studying skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angèle Tingaud-Sequeira
- Génomique et Physiologie des Poissons, UMR NuAGe, Université Bordeaux 1, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
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Wang YH, Chen YH, Lu JH, Lin YJ, Chang MY, Tsai HJ. Epidermis-restricted expression of zebrafish cytokeratin II is controlled by a -141/+85 minimal promoter, and cassette -141/-111 is essential for driving the tissue specificity. Differentiation 2007; 74:186-94. [PMID: 16683989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a 2.3 kb DNA segment from the upstream region of the zebrafish cytokeratin II (zfCKII) gene. Transgenic embryos, produced by using a series of 5' deletions linked to the red fluorescent protein (RFP) reporter, showed that the -141/+85 segment of zfCKII directed RFP expression in epidermal cells, whereas the -111/+85 segment did not. When -141/-111 was deleted from -355/+85 and microinjected into one-celled embryos, no fluorescence was observed at later stages, indicating that the -141/-111 segment is required for green fluorescent protein expression in epidermal cells. Furthermore, when a putative KLF-binding site at -119/-117 was mutated, RFP expression rates and intensities were reduced dramatically, although still observed, suggesting that -119/-117 within -141/-111 is a key cis-element for controlling epidermis-specific expression of the zfCKII gene. Finally, we generated a zebrafish transgenic line, Tg(zfCKII(2.3):RFP), which carries an upstream 2.3 kb regulatory region of the zfCKII gene fused with RFP. The expression pattern in the epidermal cells of Tg(zfCKII(2.3):RFP) fish recapitulated that of the endogenous gene. F2 embryos derived from Tg(zfCKII(2.3):RFP) males crossed with wild-type females revealed that the earliest onset of RFP expression was at the sphere stage, indicating that this transgenic approach can be used for studying zygotic expression of maternally inherited genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsin Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Campinho MA, Silva N, Sweeney GE, Power DM. Molecular, cellular and histological changes in skin from a larval to an adult phenotype during bony fish metamorphosis. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 327:267-84. [PMID: 17028894 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developmental models for skin exist in terrestrial and amphibious vertebrates but there is a lack of information in aquatic vertebrates. We have analysed skin epidermal development of a bony fish (teleost), the most successful group of extant vertebrates. A specific epidermal type I keratin cDNA (hhKer1), which may be a bony-fish-specific adaptation associated with the divergence of skin development (scale formation) compared with other vertebrates, has been cloned and characterized. The expression of hhKer1 and collagen 1alpha1 in skin taken together with the presence or absence of keratin bundle-like structures have made it possible to distinguish between larval and adult epidermal cells during skin development. The use of a flatfish with a well-defined larval to juvenile transition as a model of skin development has revealed that epidermal larval basal cells differentiate directly to epidermal adult basal cells at the climax of metamorphosis. Moreover, hhKer1 expression is downregulated at the climax of metamorphosis and is inversely correlated with increasing thyroxin levels. We suggest that, whereas early mechanisms of skin development between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates are conserved, later mechanisms diverge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Campinho
- Comparative Molecular Endocrinology Group, Marine Science Centre, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
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Wang YH, Chen YH, Lin YJ, Tsai HJ. Spatiotemporal expression of zebrafish keratin 18 during early embryogenesis and the establishment of a keratin 18:RFP transgenic line. Gene Expr Patterns 2006; 6:335-9. [PMID: 16446122 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish cytokeratin 18 (K18) is one of the type I keratin genes expressed the earliest after amputation of the zebrafish fin, but its spatiotemporal expression during early development is unclear. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that k18 was a maternally inherited gene and that its expression is restricted to the single layer of enveloping cells on the surface of embryos during the gastrula stage. At later stages, K18 expression was detected in the epithelial cells, pronephric duct, digestive tract, dorsal aorta, and fins. By using microinjection, we generated the transgenic line Tg(k18(2.9):RFP), which carries an upstream 2.9-kb segment of k18 gene fused with a red fluorescent protein (RFP) reporter. The spatiotemporal distributions of red fluorescent signal of Tg(k18(2.9):RFP) line correlated well with endogenous k18 transcripts detected by whole-mount in situ hybridization, indicating that this line is capable of recapitulating endogenous k18 expression patterns. We noticed that the red fluorescence appeared strongly in the dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins when transgenic fish became adults. Interestingly, we also found that when F1 female from the Tg(k18(2.9):RFP) line were mated with wild-type males, 100% (326/326) of F2 offspring expressed red fluorescence at the one-cell stage. In contrast, when F1 male from the Tg(k18(2.9):RFP) line were mated with wild-type females, only 49.8% (138/277) of F2 embryos exhibited red fluorescence. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that the transcript of zebrafish K18 is inherited as a maternal effect. We believe that Tg(k18(2.9):RFP) fish should be an excellent experimental animal for studying the zygotic regulatory mechanism of k18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsin Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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Sagerström CG, Gammill LS, Veale R, Sive H. Specification of the enveloping layer and lack of autoneuralization in zebrafish embryonic explants. Dev Dyn 2005; 232:85-97. [PMID: 15543604 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the roles of cell contact during determination of the outermost enveloping layer (EVL) and deeper neurectoderm in zebrafish embryos. Outer cells, but not deeper cells, are specified to express the EVL-specific marker, cyt1 by late blastula. EVL specification requires cell contact or close cell proximity, because cyt1 is not expressed after explant dissociation. The EVL may be homologous to the Xenopus epithelial layer, including the ventral larval epidermis. While Xenopus epidermal cytokeratin gene expression is activated by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, zebrafish cyt1 is not responsive to BMPs. Zebrafish early gastrula ectodermal explants are specified to express the neural markers opl (zic1) and otx2, and this expression is prevented by BMP4. Dissociation of zebrafish explants prevents otx2 and opl expression, suggesting that neural specification in zebrafish requires cell contact or close cell proximity. This finding is in contrast to the case in Xenopus, where ectodermal dissociation leads to activation of neural gene expression, or autoneuralization. Our data suggest that distinct mechanisms direct development of homologous lineages in different vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Sagerström
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Padhi BK, Joly L, Tellis P, Smith A, Nanjappa P, Chevrette M, Ekker M, Akimenko MA. Screen for genes differentially expressed during regeneration of the zebrafish caudal fin. Dev Dyn 2005; 231:527-41. [PMID: 15376328 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish caudal fin constitutes an important model for studying the molecular basis of tissue regeneration. The cascade of genes induced after amputation or injury, leading to restoration of the lost fin structures, include those responsible for wound healing, blastema formation, tissue outgrowth, and patterning. We carried out a systematic study to identify genes that are up-regulated during "initiation" (1 day) and "outgrowth and differentiation" (4 days) of fin regeneration by using two complementary methods, suppression subtraction hybridization (SSH) and differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR). We obtained 298 distinct genes/sequences from SSH libraries and 24 distinct genes/sequences by DDRT-PCR. We determined the expression of 54 of these genes using in situ hybridization. In parallel, gene expression analyses were done in zebrafish embryos and early larvae. The information gathered from the present study provides resources for further investigations into the molecular mechanisms of fin development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaja K Padhi
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa K1Y 4E9, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schaffeld
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Jang WS, Kim EJ, Ro H, Kim KE, Huh TL, Kim CH, Rhee M. Expression of a novel type I keratin, DAPK-1 in the dorsal aorta and pronephric duct of the zebrafish embryos. Gene 2003; 312:145-50. [PMID: 12909350 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00611-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a novel cytokeratin gene of zebrafish (Danio rerio), DAPK-1 closely related to other vertebrate type I cytokeratin genes. Zygotic transcription starts at the sphere stage. After the mid-blastula stage, DAPK-1 is expressed in all surface cells, notably in those of the outer enveloping layer. DAPK-1 messages are also present specifically during the segmentation, pharyngula, and hatching periods. In particular, after 24 h post-fertilization, its expression is restricted to the developing eye region, otic vesicle, pectoral fin, dorsal aorta, and pronephric duct. In the mindbomb mutant embryo that has defects in the dorsal aorta development, DAPK-1 transcripts are not detected in the dorsal aorta and pronephric duct. The characteristic expression pattern of DAPK-1 may facilitate more detailed studies related to the morphogenesis of dorsal aorta and pronephric duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo S Jang
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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Schaffeld M, Knappe M, Hunzinger C, Markl J. cDNA sequences of the authentic keratins 8 and 18 in zebrafish. Differentiation 2003; 71:73-82. [PMID: 12558605 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.2003.700607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
From the zebrafish Danio rerio, we have cDNA cloned and sequenced a novel type II and a novel type I keratin, termed DreK8 and DreK18, respectively. We identified DreK8/18 as the true orthologs of the human keratin pair K8/18 as follows: (i) MALDI-MS assignment to the biochemically identified K8 and K18 candidates that are co-expressed in simple epithelia and absent in epidermal keratinocytes; (ii) multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic tree analysis, showing that DreK8, within the phylogenetic tree of type II keratins, forms a highly bootstrap-supported branch together with K8 from goldfish and rainbow trout, whereas DreK18, within the phylogenetic tree of type I keratins, groups with the K18 sequences from all other vertebrates studied; (iii) presence of a conserved motif in the tail domain of DreK8 (VxKxxETxDGxxVSESSxV) that is typical for all hitherto sequenced K8 orthologs. Moreover, several zebrafish type II keratin sequences published by other authors have now been assigned to epidermal keratins, previously identified biochemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schaffeld
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenburg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Schaffeld M, Höffling S, Haberkamp M, Conrad M, Markl J. Type I keratin cDNAs from the rainbow trout: independent radiation of keratins in fish. Differentiation 2002; 70:282-91. [PMID: 12190989 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.2002.700606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Five different type I keratins from a teleost fish, the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, have been sequenced by cDNA cloning and identified at the protein level by peptide mass mapping using MALDI-MS. This showed that the entire range of type I keratins detected biochemically in this fish has now been sequenced. Three of the keratins are expressed in the epidermis (subtype Ie), whereas the other two occur in simple epithelia and mesenchymal cells (subtype Is). Among the Is keratins is an ortholog of human K18; the second Is polypeptide is clearly distinct from K18. We raised a new monoclonal antibody (F1F2, subclass IgG1) that specifically recognizes trout Is keratins, with negative reactions on zebrafish. A phylogenetic tree has been constructed from a multiple alignment of the rod domains of the new sequences together with type I sequences from other vertebrates such as shark, zebrafish, and human; a recently sequenced lamprey Is keratin was applied as outgroup. This tree shows one branch defining the K18 orthologs and a second branch containing all other type I keratins (mostly subtype Ie). Within this second branch, the teleost keratins form a separate, highly bootstrap-supported twig. This tree leaves little doubt that the teleost Ie keratins diversified independently from the mammalian Ie keratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schaffeld
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Schaffeld M, Haberkamp M, Braziulis E, Lieb B, Markl J. Type II keratin cDNAs from the rainbow trout: implications for keratin evolution. Differentiation 2002; 70:292-9. [PMID: 12190990 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.2002.700607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
From a teleost fish, the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, we have cloned and sequenced cDNAs encoding five different type II keratins. The corresponding protein spots, as separated by 2D-PAGE of trout cytoskeletal preparations, have been identified by peptide mass mapping using MALDI mass spectrometry. Three of the sequenced keratins are expressed in the epidermis (subtype IIe), and two in simple epithelia and mesenchymal cells (subtype IIs). The IIs keratins are both orthologs of human K8. This leaves unsequenced only the trace component S3 of the biochemically established trout keratin catalog. A phylogenetic tree has been constructed from a multiple alignment of the rod domains of the new keratin sequences together with type II sequences from other vertebrates such as shark, zebrafish, and human; lamprey K8 (recently sequenced in our laboratory) has been used as outgroup. This tree suggests, in a highly bootstrap-supported manner, that the teleost IIe keratins diversified independently from the mammalian IIe keratins. In contrast, all the species investigated express K8-like keratins, suggesting that the different IIe branches evolved from K8-like progenitors. The tree also indicates that the published zebrafish sequences represent IIe keratins and that the biochemically identified K8 ortholog in zebrafish has not yet been sequenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schaffeld
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Gong Z, Ju B, Wang X, He J, Wan H, Sudha PM, Yan T. Green fluorescent protein expression in germ-line transmitted transgenic zebrafish under a stratified epithelial promoter from keratin8. Dev Dyn 2002; 223:204-15. [PMID: 11836785 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A zebrafish cDNA encoding a novel keratin protein was characterized and named keratin8, or krt8. krt8 expression was initiated at 4.5 hr postfertilization, immediately after the time of zygotic genome activation. The expression is limited to a single layer of envelope cells on the surface of embryos and, in later stages, it also appears in the innermost epithelial layer of the anterior- and posteriormost portions of the digestive tract. In adult, its expression was limited to the surface layer of stratified epithelial tissues, including skin epidermis and epithelia of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum but not in the gastral and intestinal epithelia. By using a 2.2-kb promoter from krt8, several stable green fluorescent protein (gfp) transgenic zebrafish lines were established. All of these transgenic lines displayed GFP expression in tissues mentioned above except for the rectum; therefore, the pattern of transgenic GFP expression is essentially identical to that of the endogenous krt8 mRNAs. krt8-GFP fusion protein was also expressed in zebrafish embryos under a ubiquitous promoter, and the fusion protein was capable of assembling into intermediate filaments only in the epithelia that normally expressed krt8 mRNAs, indicating the specificity of keratin assembly in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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