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Iqbal MW, Riaz T, Mahmood S, Bilal M, Manzoor MF, Qamar SA, Qi X. Fucoidan-based nanomaterial and its multifunctional role for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:354-380. [PMID: 35930305 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidans are promising sulfated polysaccharides isolated from marine sources that have piqued the interest of scientists in recent years due to their widespread use as a bioactive substance. Bioactive coatings and films, unsurprisingly, have seized these substances to create novel, culinary, therapeutic, and diagnostic bioactive nanomaterials. The applications of fucoidan and its composite nanomaterials have a wide variety of food as well as pharmacological properties, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-thrombic, anti-coagulant, immunoregulatory, and anti-viral properties. Blends of fucoidan with other biopolymers such as chitosan, alginate, curdlan, starch, etc., have shown promising coating and film-forming capabilities. A blending of biopolymers is a recommended approach to improve their anticipated properties. This review focuses on the fundamental knowledge and current development of fucoidan, fucoidan-based composite material for bioactive coatings and films, and their biological properties. In this article, fucoidan-based edible bioactive coatings and films expressed excellent mechanical strength that can prolong the shelf-life of food products and maintain their biodegradability. Additionally, these coatings and films showed numerous applications in the biomedical field and contribute to the economy. We hope this review can deliver the theoretical basis for the development of fucoidan-based bioactive material and films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahreem Riaz
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shahid Mahmood
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | | | - Sarmad Ahmad Qamar
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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2
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Enhanced Antiviral Function of Magnesium Chloride-Modified Heparin on a Broad Spectrum of Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810075. [PMID: 34576237 PMCID: PMC8466540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported on the broad-spectrum antiviral function of heparin. Here we investigated the antiviral function of magnesium-modified heparin and found that modified heparin displayed a significantly enhanced antiviral function against human adenovirus (HAdV) in immortalized and primary cells. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed a conformational change of heparin when complexed with magnesium. To broadly explore this discovery, we tested the antiviral function of modified heparin against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and found that the replication of HSV-1 was even further decreased compared to aciclovir. Moreover, we investigated the antiviral effect against the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and measured a 55-fold decreased viral load in the supernatant of infected cells associated with a 38-fold decrease in virus growth. The advantage of our modified heparin is an increased antiviral effect compared to regular heparin.
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Gorle AK, Haselhorst T, Katner SJ, Everest-Dass AV, Hampton JD, Peterson EJ, Koblinski JE, Katsuta E, Takabe K, von Itzstein M, Berners-Price SJ, Farrell NP. Conformational Modulation of Iduronic Acid-Containing Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans by a Polynuclear Platinum Compound and Implications for Development of Antimetastatic Platinum Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3283-3289. [PMID: 33174390 PMCID: PMC7902481 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
1 H NMR spectroscopic studies on the 1:1 adduct of the pentasaccharide Fondaparinux (FPX) and the substitution-inert polynuclear platinum complex TriplatinNC show significant modulation of geometry around the glycosidic linkages of the FPX constituent monosaccharides. FPX is a valid model for the highly sulfated cell signalling molecule heparan sulfate (HS). The conformational ratio of the 1 C4 :2 S0 forms of the FPX residue IdoA(2S) is altered from ca. 35:65 (free FPX) to ca. 75:25 in the adduct; the first demonstration of a small molecule affecting conformational changes on a HS oligosaccharide. Functional consequences of such binding are suggested to be inhibition of HS cleavage in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. We further describe inhibition of metastasis by TriplatinNC in the TNBC 4T1 syngeneic tumour model. Our work provides insight into a novel approach for design of platinum drugs (and coordination compounds in general) with intrinsic anti-metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Gorle
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Samantha J. Katner
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Geology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Mankato, Minnesota 56001, USA
| | - Arun V. Everest-Dass
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - James D. Hampton
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA
| | - Erica J. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA
| | - Eriko Katsuta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14203, USA
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Susan J. Berners-Price
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Nicholas P. Farrell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, 4222, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, USA
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Gorle AK, Haselhorst T, Katner SJ, Everest‐Dass AV, Hampton JD, Peterson EJ, Koblinski JE, Katsuta E, Takabe K, Itzstein M, Berners‐Price SJ, Farrell NP. Conformational Modulation of Iduronic Acid‐Containing Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans by a Polynuclear Platinum Compound and Implications for Development of Antimetastatic Platinum Drugs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Gorle
- Institute for Glycomics Griffith University Gold Coast Campus Southport Queensland 4222 Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics Griffith University Gold Coast Campus Southport Queensland 4222 Australia
| | - Samantha J. Katner
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284-2006 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Geology Minnesota State University Mankato, Mankato MN 56001 USA
| | - Arun V. Everest‐Dass
- Institute for Glycomics Griffith University Gold Coast Campus Southport Queensland 4222 Australia
| | - James D. Hampton
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284-2006 USA
- Massey Cancer Center Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23298-0037 USA
| | - Erica J. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284-2006 USA
- Massey Cancer Center Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23298-0037 USA
| | - Jennifer E. Koblinski
- Massey Cancer Center Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23298-0037 USA
- Department of Pathology Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284-2006 USA
| | - Eriko Katsuta
- Department of Surgical Oncology Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center University at Buffalo Buffalo NY 14203 USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center University at Buffalo Buffalo NY 14203 USA
| | - Mark Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics Griffith University Gold Coast Campus Southport Queensland 4222 Australia
| | - Susan J. Berners‐Price
- Institute for Glycomics Griffith University Gold Coast Campus Southport Queensland 4222 Australia
| | - Nicholas P. Farrell
- Institute for Glycomics Griffith University Gold Coast Campus Southport Queensland 4222 Australia
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284-2006 USA
- Massey Cancer Center Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23298-0037 USA
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Elli S, Stancanelli E, Wang Z, Petitou M, Liu J, Guerrini M. Degeneracy of the Antithrombin Binding Sequence in Heparin: 2-O-Sulfated Iduronic Acid Can Replace the Critical Glucuronic Acid. Chemistry 2020; 26:11814-11818. [PMID: 32515841 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heparin binds to and activates antithrombin (AT) through a specific pentasaccharide sequence, in which a trisaccharide subsite, containing glucuronic acid (GlcA), has been considered as the initiator in the recognition of the polysaccharide by the protein. Recently it was suggested that sulfated iduronic acid (IdoA2S) could replace this "canonical" GlcA. Indeed, a heparin octasaccharidic sequence obtained by chemoenzymatic synthesis, in which GlcA is replaced with IdoA2S, has been found to similarly bind to and activate antithrombin. By using saturation-transfer-difference (STD) NMR, NOEs, transferred NOEs (tr-NOEs) NMR and molecular dynamics, we show that, upon binding to AT, this IdoA2S unit develops comparable interactions with AT as GlcA. Interestingly, two IdoA2S units, both present in a 1 C4 -2 S0 equilibrium in the unbound saccharide, shift to full 2 S0 and full 1 C4 upon binding to antithrombin, providing the best illustration of the critical role of iduronic acid conformational flexibility in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Elli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Stancanelli
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Maurice Petitou
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Stancanelli E, Elli S, Hsieh PH, Liu J, Guerrini M. Recognition and Conformational Properties of an Alternative Antithrombin Binding Sequence Obtained by Chemoenzymatic Synthesis. Chembiochem 2018; 19:10.1002/cbic.201800095. [PMID: 29573524 PMCID: PMC6517080 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) of natural origin used as an anticoagulant and antithrombotic drug. These properties are principally based on the binding and activation of antithrombin (AT) through the pentasaccharide sequence GlcNAc/NS,6S-GlcA-GlcNS,3,6S-IdoA2S-GlcNS,6S (AGA*IA). Literature data show that the population of the 2 S0 ring conformation of the 2-O-sulfo-α-l-iduronic acid (IdoA2S) motif correlates with the affinity and activation of AT. It was recently demonstrated that two synthetic AGA*IA-containing hexasaccharides (one G unit added at the reducing end), differing in the degree of sulfation of the IdoA unit, show comparable affinity and ability to activate AT, despite a different conformation of the IdoA residue. In this paper, the binding of these two glycans to AT was studied by isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC), transferred (tr-) NOESY, saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Results indicated that both the IdoA2S and the IdoA units assume a 2 S0 conformation when bound with AT, and so present a common binding epitope for the two glycans, centred on the AGA*IA sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Stancanelli
- Department NMR and Carbohydrates, Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Elli
- Department NMR and Carbohydrates, Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Po-Hung Hsieh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Department NMR and Carbohydrates, Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche "G. Ronzoni", via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Mothéré M, Singabraya D, Driguez PA, Siñeriz F, Papy-Garcia D. Poly(ethylene glycol acrylate)-functionalized hydrogels for heparan sulfate oligosaccharide recognition. J Mol Recognit 2016; 30. [PMID: 27790778 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates are complex polysaccharides belonging to the family of glycosaminoglycans that participate to the regulation of cell behavior and tissue homeostasis. The biological activities conferred to heparan sulfates are largely dependent on the content and positioning of the sulfate groups along their saccharidic units. At present, identification of particular sulfation patterns in biologically relevant heparan sulfate sequences remains challenging. Although several approaches for structure analysis exist, the complexity of heparan sulfates makes new and original approaches still required. Here, we used molecular imprinting technologies to prepare a library of polyethylene glycol acrylate functionalized hydrogels with the aim to investigate their applicability as specific recognizing systems for fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide analog to the antithrombin binding site of heparin. Adequate choice of the hydrogel composition and controlling rebinding conditions were important determinants for improving the sulfated oligosaccharide recognition specificity and selectivity. Our results suggest that molecular imprinting approaches could be a possibility for the specific recognition of biologically active sequences in heparan sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Mothéré
- Laboratoire CRRET ERL CNRS_9215, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France
| | - Dominique Singabraya
- Laboratoire CRRET ERL CNRS_9215, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Driguez
- Biological Chemistry - Lead Generation and Candidate Realization, Sanofi R&D, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, BP14, 94403, Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
| | | | - Dulce Papy-Garcia
- Laboratoire CRRET ERL CNRS_9215, Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France
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8
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Chollet L, Saboural P, Chauvierre C, Villemin JN, Letourneur D, Chaubet F. Fucoidans in Nanomedicine. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E145. [PMID: 27483292 PMCID: PMC4999906 DOI: 10.3390/md14080145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidans are widespread cost-effective sulfated marine polysaccharides which have raised interest in the scientific community over last decades for their wide spectrum of bioactivities. Unsurprisingly, nanomedicine has grasped these compounds to develop innovative therapeutic and diagnostic nanosystems. The applications of fucoidans in nanomedicine as imaging agents, drug carriers or for their intrinsic properties are reviewed here after a short presentation of the main structural data and biological properties of fucoidans. The origin and the physicochemical specifications of fucoidans are summarized in order to discuss the strategy of fucoidan-containing nanosystems in Human health. Currently, there is a need for reproducible, well characterized fucoidan fractions to ensure significant progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Chollet
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
- Algues & Mer, Kernigou, F-29242 Ouessant, France.
| | - Pierre Saboural
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | | | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | - Frédéric Chaubet
- Inserm, U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, X Bichat Hospital, F-75877 Paris, France.
- Galilée Institute, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
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9
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Ardá A, Canales A, Cañada FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J. Carbohydrate–Protein Interactions: A 3D View by NMR. CARBOHYDRATES IN DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849739993-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is a key tool for carbohydrate research. In studies with complex oligosaccharides there are limits to the amount of relevant structural information provided by these observables due to problems of signal overlapping, strong coupling and/or the scarcity of the key NOE information. Thus, there is an increasing need for additional parameters with structural information, such as residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs) or pseudo contact shifts (PCSs). Carbohydrates are rather flexible molecules. Therefore, NMR observables do not always correlate with a single conformer but with an ensemble of low free-energy conformers that can be accessed by thermal fluctuations. Depending on the system under study, different NMR approaches can be followed to characterize protein–carbohydrate interactions: the standard methodologies can usually be classified as “ligand-based” or “receptor-based”. The selection of the proper methodology is usually determined by the size of the receptor, the dissociation constant of the complex (KD), the availability of the labelled protein (15N, 13C) and the access to soluble receptors at enough concentration for NMR measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ardá
- Chemical and Physical Biology, CIB-CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Angeles Canales
- Chemical and Physical Biology, CIB-CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - F. Javier Cañada
- Chemical and Physical Biology, CIB-CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Chemical and Physical Biology, CIB-CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu 9 28040 Madrid Spain
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia Edif. 801A-1 48160 Derio-Bizkaia Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
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10
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Ponedel’kina IY, Lukina ES, Odinokov VN. Acid glycosaminoglycans and their chemical modification. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162008010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gandhi NS, Mancera RL. The Structure of Glycosaminoglycans and their Interactions with Proteins. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 72:455-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Silipo A, Zhang Z, Cañada FJ, Molinaro A, Linhardt RJ, Jiménez-Barbero J. Conformational analysis of a dermatan sulfate-derived tetrasaccharide by NMR, molecular modeling, and residual dipolar couplings. Chembiochem 2008; 9:240-52. [PMID: 18072186 PMCID: PMC4135520 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The solution conformation behavior of a dermatan-derived tetrasaccharide--Delta HexA-(1-->3)-GalNAc4S-beta-(1-->4)-IdoA-alpha-(1-->3)-red-GalNAc4S (S is a sulfate group)--has been explored by means of NMR spectroscopy, especially by NOE-based conformational analysis. The tetrasaccharide was present as four species, two of which are chemically different in the anomeric orientation of the reducing 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-galactose (red-GalNAc) residue, while the other two are the result of different conformations of the iduronic acid (IdoA) unit. The two alpha-beta-interconverting anomers were present in a 0.6:1 ratio. Ring conformations have been defined by analysis of (3)J(H,H) coupling constants and interresidual NOE contacts. Both 2-deoxy-2-acetamido-galactose (GalNAc) residues were found in the (4)C(1) chair conformation, the unsaturated uronic acid (Delta-Hex A) adopts a strongly predominant half-chair (1)H(2) conformation, while the IdoA residue exists either in the (1)C(4) chair or in the (2)S(0) skewed boat geometries, in a 4:1 ratio. There is a moderate flexibility of Phi and Psi torsions as suggested by nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs), molecular modeling (MM), and molecular dynamics (MD) studies. This was further investigated by residual dipolar couplings (RDCs). One-bond C--H RDCs ((1)D(C,H)) and long-range H-H ((3)D(H,H)) RDCs were measured for the tetrasaccharide in a phage solution and interpreted in combination with restrained MD simulation. The RDC-derived data substantially confirmed the validity of the conformer distribution resulting from the NOE-derived simulations, but allowed an improved definition of the conformational behavior of the oligosaccharides in solution. In summary, the data show a moderate flexibility of the four tetrasaccharide species at the central glycosidic linkage. Differences in the shapes of species with the IdoA in skew and in chair conformations and in the distribution of the sulfate groups have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Silipo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biològicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9,28040 Madrid (Spain)
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica Università di Napoli “Federico II” Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli (Italy)
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 (USA)
| | - F. Javier Cañada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biològicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9,28040 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica Università di Napoli “Federico II” Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli (Italy)
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology, and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180 (USA)
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Hricovíni M, Bízik F. Relationship between structure and three-bond proton–proton coupling constants in glycosaminoglycans. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:779-83. [PMID: 17270159 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical calculations using the DFT theory at the B3LYP/6-311++G(**) level were used to determine the molecular geometry of various glycosaminoglycan (GAG) molecules. Three-bond proton-proton spin-spin coupling constants ((3)J(H-C-C-H)) were then computed and compared with the published experimental data of selected mono- and disaccharides. The computed (3)J(H-C-C-H) values showed a strong dependence on the molecular geometry and varied up to 12 Hz. This dependence was expressed in a simple analytical form relating (3)J(H-C-C-H) and torsion angles. The population of conformers in heparin and other biologically active GAGs has also been estimated using the computed coupling constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hricovíni
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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14
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Vanhaverbeke C, Simorre JP, Sadir R, Gans P, Lortat-Jacob H. NMR characterization of the interaction between the C-terminal domain of interferon-gamma and heparin-derived oligosaccharides. Biochem J 2004; 384:93-9. [PMID: 15270718 PMCID: PMC1134092 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Revised: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interferons are cytokines that play a complex role in the resistance of mammalian hosts to pathogens. IFNgamma (interferon-gamma) is secreted by activated T-cells and natural killer cells. IFNgamma is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including antiviral activity, immune response, cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as the stimulation and repression of a variety of genes. IFNgamma activity is modulated by the binding of its C-terminal domain to HS (heparan sulphate), a glycosaminoglycan found in the extracellular matrix and at the cell surface. In the present study, we analysed the interaction of isolated heparin-derived oligosaccharides with the C-terminal peptide of IFNgamma by NMR, in aqueous solution. We observed marked changes in the chemical shifts of both peptide and oligosaccharide compared with the free state. Our results provide evidence of a binding through electrostatic interactions between the charged side chains of the protein and the sulphate groups of heparin that does not induce specific conformation of the C-terminal part of IFNgamma. Our data also indicate that an oligosaccharide size of at least eight residues displays the most efficient binding.
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Key Words
- heparin-derived oligosaccharide
- interferon-γ (ifnγ)
- nmr spectroscopy
- protein–carbohydrate interaction
- 1d, one-dimensional
- dp, degree of polymerization
- dss, sodium 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulphonate
- hbs, hepes-buffered saline
- δhexa, 4-deoxy-α-l-threo-hex-4-enepyranosyluronic acid
- hs, heparan sulphate
- idoa, l-iduronic acid
- ifnγ, interferon-γ
- c-ifnγ, c-terminal domain of ifnγ
- ifnγr, ifnγ receptor
- noe, nuclear overhauser effect
- ru, resonance units
- ns, 2-n-sulphate
- 2s, 2-o-sulphate
- 6s, 6-o-sulphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vanhaverbeke
- *Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale CEA-CNRS-UJF ‘J.-P. Ebel’ (UMR CNRS 5075), 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Simorre
- *Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale CEA-CNRS-UJF ‘J.-P. Ebel’ (UMR CNRS 5075), 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France
| | - Rabia Sadir
- †Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale CEA-CNRS-UJF ‘J.-P. Ebel’ (UMR CNRS 5075), 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France
| | - Pierre Gans
- *Laboratoire de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale CEA-CNRS-UJF ‘J.-P. Ebel’ (UMR CNRS 5075), 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- †Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale CEA-CNRS-UJF ‘J.-P. Ebel’ (UMR CNRS 5075), 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble Cedex 1, France
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15
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Marszalek PE, Oberhauser AF, Li H, Fernandez JM. The force-driven conformations of heparin studied with single molecule force microscopy. Biophys J 2004; 85:2696-704. [PMID: 14507732 PMCID: PMC1303493 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using single molecule force spectroscopy we examine the response of heparin chains to mechanical stretching. We find that at forces below 200 pN heparin behaves as a simple entropic spring. At approximately 200 pN heparin displays a large enthalpic elasticity, which is evident as a pronounced plateau in the force-extension relationship. We determine that this enthalpic elasticity is produced by sugar rings of heparin flipping to more energetic and more extended conformations. We estimate that in vivo, the forces which stretch heparin are comparable to the forces that trigger conformational transitions in our single molecule atomic force microscopy measurements. We hypothesize that these conformational transitions have biological significance in that they provide a mechanism to finely regulate the affinity of various ligands toward heparin, for example, in secretory granules undergoing exocytosis and during the mechanical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr E Marszalek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
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16
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Abstract
Ab initio and DFT analysis have been used to study of geometry of sulfated monosaccharides GlcN,6-SO3- and IdoA 2-SO3- in solvent. The computed low conformational barrier between the interconverting conformers of the IdoA 2-SO3- residue is in agreement with experimental data.
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17
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Siebert HC, Jiménez-Barbero J, André S, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Describing topology of bound ligand by transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy and molecular modeling. Methods Enzymol 2003; 362:417-34. [PMID: 12968380 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Siebert
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Veterinarstrasse 13, Munich D-80539, Germany
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18
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Guerrini M, Raman R, Venkataraman G, Torri G, Sasisekharan R, Casu B. A novel computational approach to integrate NMR spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis for structure assignment of heparin and heparan sulfate oligosaccharides. Glycobiology 2002; 12:713-9. [PMID: 12460939 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwf084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are cell surface polysaccharides that bind to a multitude of signaling molecules, enzymes, and pathogens and modulate critical biological processes ranging from cell growth and development to anticoagulation and viral invasion. Heparin has been widely used as an anticoagulant in a variety of clinical applications for several decades. The heterogeneity and complexity of HS GAGs pose significant challenges to their purification and characterization of structure-function relationships. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a promising tool that provides abundant sequence and structure information for characterization of HS GAGs. However, complex NMR spectra and low sensitivity often make analysis of HS GAGs a daunting task. We report the development of a novel methodology that incorporates distinct linkage information between adjacent monosaccharides obtained from NMR and capillary electrophoresis (CE) data using a property encoded nomenclature (PEN) computational framework to facilitate a rapid and unbiased procedure for sequencing HS GAG oligosaccharides. We demonstrate that the integration of NMR and CE data sets with the help of the PEN framework dramatically reduces the number of experimental constraints required to arrive at an HS GAG oligosaccharide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guerrini
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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19
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Casu B, Lindahl U. Structure and biological interactions of heparin and heparan sulfate. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2002; 57:159-206. [PMID: 11836942 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(01)57017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Casu
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, Milan, Italy
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20
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Guerrini M, Agulles T, Bisio A, Hricovini M, Lay L, Naggi A, Poletti L, Sturiale L, Torri G, Casu B. Minimal heparin/heparan sulfate sequences for binding to fibroblast growth factor-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:222-30. [PMID: 11890696 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate (HS) bind to fibroblast growth factor FGF1 and promote its dimerization, a proposed prerequisite for binding to a cellular receptor and triggering mitogenic signals. The problem of minimal structural requirements for heparin/HS sequences to bind FGF1 was approached by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), NMR spectroscopy, and MALDI mass spectrometry studies using the three synthetic tetrasaccharides GlcNSO(3)6OR-IdoA2SO(3)-GlcNSO(3)6OR'-IdoA2SO(3)OPr (AA, R = R' = SO(3); BA, R = H, R' = SO(3); BB, R = R' = H; Pr, propyl). AA and BA significantly interact with the protein, whereas BB is practically inactive. The NMR spectra show that, whereas the interaction of AA primarily involves the GlcNSO(3)6SO(3)IdoA2SO(3) disaccharide moiety at its nonreducing end, residues at both the nonreducing (NR) and reducing side (R) appear to be involved in the weaker complex of BA. Furthermore, MALDI experiments show that, in addition to 1:1 protein:tetrasaccharide complexes, AA and BA are able to form 2:1 complexes, indicating that heparin/HS-induced dimerization of FGF1 requires only one 6-OSO(3) group per tetrasaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Guerrini
- Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy
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21
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Hricovíni M, Guerrini M, Bisio A, Torri G, Petitou M, Casu B. Conformation of heparin pentasaccharide bound to antithrombin III. Biochem J 2001; 359:265-72. [PMID: 11583572 PMCID: PMC1222144 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3590265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction, in aqueous solution, of the synthetic pentasaccharide AGA*IA(M) (GlcN,6-SO(3)alpha 1-4GlcA beta 1-4GlcN,3,6-SO(3)alpha 1-4IdoA,2-SO(3)alpha 1-4GlcN,6-SO(3)alpha OMe; where GlcN,6-SO(3) is 2-deoxy-2-sulphamino-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl 6-sulphate, IdoA is l-iduronic acid and IdoA2-SO(3) is L-iduronic acid 2-sulphate), which exactly reproduces the structure of the specific binding sequence of heparin and heparan sulphate for antithrombin III, has been studied by NMR. In the presence of antithrombin there were marked changes in the chemical shifts and nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs), compared with the free state. On the basis of the optimized geometry of the pentasaccharide the transferred NOEs were interpreted with full relaxation and conformational exchange matrix analysis. An analysis of the three-dimensional structures of the pentasaccharide in the free state, and in the complex, revealed the binding to be accompanied by dihedral angle variation at the A-G and I-A(M) (where G, I, A and A(M) are beta-d-glucuronic acid, 2-O-sulphated alpha-L-iduronic acid, N,6-O-sulphated alpha-D-glucosamine and the alpha-methyl-glycoside of A respectively) glycosidic linkages. Evidence is also provided that the protein drives the conformation of the 2-O-sulphated iduronic acid residue towards the skewed (2)S(0) form.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hricovíni
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 842 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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22
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Sue SC, Brisson JR, Chang SC, Huang WN, Lee SC, Jarrell HC, Wu W. Structures of heparin-derived disaccharide bound to cobra cardiotoxins: context-dependent conformational change of heparin upon binding to the rigid core of the three-fingered toxin. Biochemistry 2001; 40:10436-46. [PMID: 11523985 DOI: 10.1021/bi010847n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been suggested to be a potential target for cobra cardiotoxin (CTX) with high affinity and specificity via a cationic belt at the concave surface of the polypeptide. The interaction of GAGs, such as high-molecular weight heparin, with CTXs not only can induce aggregation of CTX molecules but also can enhance their penetration into membranes. The binding of short chain heparin, such as a heparin-derived disaccharide [DeltaUA2S(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcNS6S], to CTX A3 from Taiwan cobra (Naja atra), however, will not induce aggregation and was, therefore, investigated by high-resolution (1)H NMR. A novel heparin binding site on the convex side of the CTX, near the rigid disulfide bond-tightened core region of Cys38, was identified due to the observation of intermolecular NOEs between the protein and carbohydrate. The derived carbohydrate conformation using complete relaxation and conformational exchange matrix analysis (CORCEMA) of NOEs indicated that the glycosidic linkage conformation and the ring conformation of the unsaturated uronic acid in the bound state depended significantly on the charge context of CTX molecules near the binding site. Specifically, comparative binding studies of several heparin disaccharide homologues with two CTX homologues (CTX Tgamma from Naja nigricollis and CTX A3) indicated that the electrostatic interaction of N-sulfate of glucosamine with NH(3)(+)zeta of Lys12 and of the 2-O-sulfate of the unsaturated uronic acid with NH(3)(+)zeta of Lys5 played an important role. These results also suggest a model on how the CTX-heparin interaction may regulate heparin-induced aggregation of the toxin via the second heparin binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sue
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
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23
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Höög C, Landersjö C, Widmalm G. Oligosaccharides display both rigidity and high flexibility in water as determined by 13C NMR relaxation and 1H,1H NOE spectroscopy: evidence of anti-phi and anti-psi torsions in the same glycosidic linkage. Chemistry 2001; 7:3069-77. [PMID: 11495434 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010716)7:14<3069::aid-chem3069>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The trisaccharide beta-D-Glcp-(1-->2)-beta-D-Glcp-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Glcp-OMe has been investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and NMR experiments in water. 13C spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times, together with 1H,13C NOE data were measured at two magnetic field strengths (9.4 and 14.1 T) in a 277 K D2O solution. Relaxation data interpreted by means of the model-free formalism revealed a rigid (S2 approximately 0.9) oligosaccharide tumbling in solution. 1H,1H Cross-relaxation rates were determined at 600 MHz by 1D DPFGSE NOESY and T-ROESY experiments, which provided high quality data and subsequently proton-proton distances within the trisaccharide. The presence of anti conformers at both torsions of a glycosidic linkage is demonstrated for the first time. MD simulations were carried out to facilitate analysis of the NOE data. In total, 15 simulations-starting from five different conformational states--were performed, with production runs of up to 10 ns, resulting in 83 ns of oligosaccharide dynamics in water. anti Conformers were populated to different degrees in the simulations, especially at the phi2 torsion angle. By combining the results from the NOE experiments and the MD simulations, the anti conformers at the (1-->2)-linkage were quantified as 7% anti-phi2 and 2% anti-psi2, revealing a highly flexible trisaccharide in which large conformational changes occur. From the MD simulations, interresidue hydrogen bonding, from HO2" to O2 or O3, was significantly populated (approximately 40%) in both of the anti conformational states. The contentious issue over rigidity versus flexibility in oligosaccharides has thus been thoroughly examined, showing that the dynamics should be taken into account for a relevant description of the molecular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Höög
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University, Sweden
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24
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Imberty A, Pérez S. Structure, conformation, and dynamics of bioactive oligosaccharides: theoretical approaches and experimental validations. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4567-88. [PMID: 11749358 DOI: 10.1021/cr990343j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Imberty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS, affiliated with Joseph Fourier Université), 601 rue de la Chimie, BP 53, F-38041 Grenoble Cedex 9
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25
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Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are acidic complex polysaccharides found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. Recent progress has uncovered a virtual explosion of important roles of these biopolymers in fundamental biological processes. Advances in the understanding of biosynthesis and structure and the development of novel analytical methods for composition and sequence analysis have provided remarkable insights into structure/function relationships of these complex and once elusive polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sasisekharan
- Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate contain similar structural units in varying proportions providing considerable diversity in sequence and biological function. Both compounds are alternating copolymers of glucosamine with both iduronate- and glucuronate-containing sequences bearing N-sulfate, N-acetyl, and O-sulfate substitution. Protein recognition of these structurally-diverse compounds depends upon substitution pattern, overall molecular shape, and on internal mobility. In this review particular attention is paid to the dynamic aspects of heparin/heparan sulfate conformation. The iduronate residue possesses an unusually flexible pyranose ring conformation. This extra source of internal mobility creates special problems in rationalization of experimental data for these compounds. We present herein the solution-state NMR parameters, fiber diffraction data, crystallographic data, and molecular modeling methods employed in the investigation of heparin and heparan sulfate. Heparin is a useful model compound for the sulfated, protein-binding regions of heparan sulfate. The literature contains a number of solution and solid-state studies of heparin oligo- and polysaccharides for both isolated heparin species and those bound to protein receptors. These studies indicate a diversity of iduronate ring conformations, but a limited range of glycosidic linkage geometries in the repeating disaccharides. In this sense, heparin exhibits a well-defined overall shape within which iduronate ring forms can freely interconvert. Recent work suggests that computational modeling could potentially identify heparin binding sites on protein surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mulloy
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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27
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Jiménez-Barbero J, Asensio JL, Cañada FJ, Poveda A. Free and protein-bound carbohydrate structures. Curr Opin Struct Biol 1999; 9:549-55. [PMID: 10508763 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-440x(99)00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several areas of research in the study of the structure and dynamics of free and protein-bound carbohydrates have experienced considerable advances during the past year. These include the application of state-of-the-art NMR techniques using (13)C-labeled sugars to obtain conformational information, the full structural characterization of several saccharides that either form part of glycoproteins or form noncovalent complexes, both in solution and in the solid state, the description of several enzyme-carbohydrate complexes at the atomic level and last, but not least, the development and analysis of calculation protocols to predict the dynamical and conformational behavior of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jiménez-Barbero
- Dept Química Orgánica Biológica, Instituto Química Orgánica, CSIC Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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