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Youse MS, Abutaleb NS, Nocentini A, S Abdelsattar A, Ali F, Supuran CT, Seleem MN, Flaherty DP. Optimization of Ethoxzolamide Analogs with Improved Pharmacokinetic Properties for In Vivo Efficacy against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39141375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Drug-resistant gonorrhea is caused by the bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, for which there is no recommended oral treatment. We have demonstrated that the FDA-approved human carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ethoxzolamide potently inhibits N. gonorrhoeae; however, is not effective at reducing N. gonorrhoeae bioburden in a mouse model. Thus, we sought to optimize the pharmacokinetic properties of the ethoxzolamide scaffold. These efforts resulted in analogs with improved activity against N. gonorrhoeae, increased metabolic stability in mouse liver microsomes, and improved Caco-2 permeability compared to ethoxzolamide. Improvement in these properties resulted in increased plasma exposure in vivo after oral dosing. Top compounds were investigated for in vivo efficacy in a vaginal mouse model of gonococcal genital tract infection, and they significantly decreased the gonococcal burden compared to vehicle and ethoxzolamide controls. Altogether, results from this study provide evidence that ethoxzolamide-based compounds have the potential to be effective oral therapeutics against gonococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Youse
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze 50122, Italy
| | - Abdallah S Abdelsattar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Farman Ali
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze 50122, Italy
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Pisano L, Giovannuzzi S, Supuran CT. Management of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: from drug resistance to drug repurposing. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:511-524. [PMID: 38856987 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2367005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a common sexually transmitted disease connected with extensive drug resistance to many antibiotics. Presently, only expanded spectrum cephalosporins (ceftriaxone and cefixime) and azithromycin remain useful for its management. AREAS COVERED New chemotypes for the classical antibiotic drug target gyrase/topoisomerase IV afforded inhibitors with potent binding to these enzymes, with an inhibition mechanism distinct from that of fluoroquinolones, and thus less prone to mutations. The α-carbonic anhydrase from the genome of this bacterium (NgCAα) was also validated as an antibacterial target. EXPERT OPINION By exploiting different subunits from the gyrase/topoisomerase IV as well as new chemotypes, two new antibiotics reached Phase II/III clinical trials, zoliflodacin and gepotidacin. They possess a novel inhibition mechanism, binding in distinct parts of the enzyme compared to the fluoroquinolones. Other chemotypes with inhibitory activity in these enzymes were also reported. NgCAα inhibitors belonging to a variety of classes were obtained, with several sulfonamides showing MIC values in the range of 0.25-4 µg/mL and significant activity in animal models of this infection. Acetazolamide and similar CA inhibitors might thus be repurposed as antiinfectives. The scientific/patent literature has been searched for on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Espacenet, and PatentGuru, from 2016 to 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Pisano
- Section of Dermatology, Health Sciences Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Giovannuzzi
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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3
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Supuran CT. An overview of novel antimicrobial carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:897-910. [PMID: 37747071 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2263914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Four different genetic families of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) are present in bacteria, α-, β-, γ- and ι-CAs. They play relevant functions related to CO2, HCO3-/H+ ions homeostasis, being involved in metabolic biosynthetic pathways, pH regulation, and represent virulence and survival factors for bacteria in various niches. Bacterial CAs started to be considered druggable targets in the last decade, as their inhibition impairs survival, growth, and virulence of these pathogens. AREAS COVERED Significant advances were registered in the last years for designing effective inhibitors of sulfonamide type for Helicobacter pylori α-CA, Neisseria gonorrhoeae α-CA, vacomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) α- and γ-CAs, for which the in vivo validation has also been achieved. MIC-s in the range of 0.25-4.0 µg/mL for wild type and drug resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains, and of 0.007-2.0 µg/mL for VRE were observed for some 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamides, and acetazolamide was effective in gut decolonization from VRE. EXPERT OPINION Targeting bacterial CAs from other pathogens, among which Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella suis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Legionella pneumophila, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus mutans, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis, Escherichia coli, Mammaliicoccus (Staphylococcus) sciuri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, may lead to novel antibacterials devoid of drug resistance problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Quaye JA, Gadda G. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 metallo flavoprotein d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase requires Zn 2+ for substrate orientation and activation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103008. [PMID: 36775127 PMCID: PMC10034468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 d-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG) dehydrogenase (PaD2HGDH) oxidizes D2HG to 2-ketoglutarate during the vital l-serine biosynthesis and is a potential therapeutic target against P. aeruginosa. PaD2HGDH, which oxidizes d-malate as an alternative substrate, has been demonstrated to be a metallo flavoprotein that requires Zn2+ for activity. However, the role of Zn2+ in the enzyme has not been elucidated, making it difficult to rationalize why nature employs both a redox center and a metal ion for catalysis in PaD2HGDH and other metallo flavoenzymes. In this study, recombinant His-tagged PaD2HGDH was purified to high levels in the presence of Zn2+ or Co2+ to investigate the metal's role in catalysis. We found that the flavin reduction step was reversible and partially rate limiting for the enzyme's turnover at pH 7.4 with either D2HG or d-malate with similar rate constants for both substrates, irrespective of whether Zn2+ or Co2+ was bound to the enzyme. The steady-state pL profiles of the kcat and kcat/Km values with d-malate demonstrate that Zn2+ mediates the activation of water coordinated to the metal. Our data are consistent with a dual role for the metal, which orients the hydroxy acid substrate in the enzyme's active site and rapidly deprotonates the substrate to yield an alkoxide species for hydride transfer to the flavin. Thus, we propose a catalytic mechanism for PaD2HGDH oxidation that establishes Zn2+ as a cofactor required for substrate orientation and activation during enzymatic turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Quaye
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of The Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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CanB is a metabolic mediator of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:28-39. [PMID: 36604513 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of the obligate human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been shaped by selective pressures from diverse host niche environments and antibiotics. The varying prevalence of antibiotic resistance across N. gonorrhoeae lineages suggests that underlying metabolic differences may influence the likelihood of acquisition of specific resistance mutations. We hypothesized that the requirement for supplemental CO2, present in approximately half of isolates, reflects one such example of metabolic variation. Here, using a genome-wide association study and experimental investigations, we show that CO2 dependence is attributable to a single substitution in a β-carbonic anhydrase, CanB. CanB19E is necessary and sufficient for growth in the absence of CO2, and the hypomorphic CanB19G variant confers CO2 dependence. Furthermore, ciprofloxacin resistance is correlated with CanB19G in clinical isolates, and the presence of CanB19G increases the likelihood of acquisition of ciprofloxacin resistance. Together, our results suggest that metabolic variation has affected the acquisition of fluoroquinolone resistance.
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Staphylococcus aureus Genomes Harbor Only MpsAB-Like Bicarbonate Transporter but Not Carbonic Anhydrase as Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Supply System. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0097021. [PMID: 34730408 PMCID: PMC8567241 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00970-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it became apparent that not only autotrophic but also most other bacteria require CO2 or bicarbonate for growth. Two systems are available for the acquisition of dissolved inorganic carbon supply (DICS): the cytoplasmic localized carbonic anhydrase (CA) and the more recently described bicarbonate transporter MpsAB (membrane potential generating system). In the pathogenic species Staphylococcus aureus, there are contradictions in the literature regarding the presence of a CA or MpsAB. Here, we address these contradictions in detail. We could demonstrate by careful BLASTp analyses with 259 finished and 4,590 unfinished S. aureus genomes that S. aureus does not contain CA and that the bicarbonate transporter MpsAB is the only DICS system in this species. This finding is further supported by two further pieces of evidence: (i) mpsAB deletion mutants in four different S. aureus strains failed to grow under atmospheric air, which should not be the case if they possess CAs, since we have previously shown that both CA and MpsAB can substitute for each other, and (ii) S. aureus is completely resistant to CA inhibitors, whereas Staphylococcus carnosus, which has been shown to have only CA, was inhibited by ethoxyzolamide (EZA). Taken together, we demonstrate beyond doubt that the species S. aureus possesses only the bicarbonate transporter MpsAB as its sole DICS system. IMPORTANCE The discrepancies in the current literature and even in NCBI database, which listed some protein sequences annotated as Staphylococcus aureus carbonic anhydrase (CA), are misleading. One of the existing problems in publicly available sequence databases is the presence of incorrectly annotated genes, especially if they originated from unfinished genomes. Here, we demonstrate that some of these unfinished genomes are of poor quality and should be interpreted with caution. In the present study, we aimed to address these discrepancies and correct the current literature about S. aureus CA, considering the medical relevance of S. aureus. If left unchecked, these misleading studies and wrongly annotated genes might lead to a continual propagation of wrong annotation and, consequently, wrong interpretations and wasted time. In addition, we also show that bicarbonate transporter MpsAB-harboring bacteria are resistant to CA inhibitor, suggesting that pathogens possessing both MpsAB and CA are not treatable with CA inhibitors.
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Hwang IS, Kim JH, Jo BH. Enhanced Production of a Thermostable Carbonic Anhydrase in Escherichia coli by Using a Modified NEXT Tag. Molecules 2021; 26:5830. [PMID: 34641375 PMCID: PMC8510462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an ultrafast enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to bicarbonate. CA is considered to be a green catalyst for enzyme-based CO2 capture and utilization. In particular, the CA of Thermovibrio ammonificans (taCA) has attracted increasing attention as a highly stable enzyme. However, the poor solubility and the low expression level in Escherichia coli have hampered further utilization of taCA. In a recent study, these limitations were partly resolved by using a small solubility-enhancing fusion tag named NEXT, which originates from the N-terminal extension of Hydrogenovibrio marinus CA. In this study, the NEXT tag was engineered by adding small peptides to the N terminus to further increase the production yield of NEXT-tagged taCA. The addition of ng3 peptide (His-Gly-Asn) originating from the N-terminal sequence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae CA improved the expression of NEXT-taCA, while the previously developed translation-enhancing element (TEE) and Ser-Lys-Ile-Lys (SKIK) tag were not effective. The expression test with all 16 codon combinations for the ng3 sequence revealed that the change in translation initiation rate brought about by the change in nucleotide sequence was not the primary determinant for the change in expression level. The modified ng3-NEXT tag may be applied to increase the production yields of various recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Seong Hwang
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Joo Hyeon Kim
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Byung Hoon Jo
- Division of Life Science and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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Fan SH, Matsuo M, Huang L, Tribelli PM, Götz F. The MpsAB Bicarbonate Transporter Is Superior to Carbonic Anhydrase in Biofilm-Forming Bacteria with Limited CO 2 Diffusion. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0030521. [PMID: 34287032 PMCID: PMC8552792 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00305-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2 and bicarbonate are required for carboxylation reactions, which are essential in most bacteria. To provide the cells with sufficient CO2, there exist two dissolved inorganic carbon supply (DICS) systems: the membrane potential-generating system (MpsAB) and the carbonic anhydrase (CA). Recently, it has been shown that MpsAB is a bicarbonate transporter that is present not only in photo- and autotrophic bacteria, but also in a diverse range of nonautotrophic microorganisms. Since the two systems rarely coexist in a species but are interchangeable, we investigated what advantages the one system might have over the other. Using the genus Staphylococcus as a model, we deleted the CA gene can in Staphylococcus carnosus and mpsABC genes in Staphylococcus aureus. Deletion of the respective gene in one or the other species led to growth inhibition that could only be reversed by CO2 supplementation. While the S. carnosus Δcan mutant could be fully complemented with mpsABC, the S. aureus ΔmpsABC mutant was only partially complemented by can, suggesting that MpsAB outperforms CA. Interestingly, we provide evidence that mucus biofilm formation such as that involving polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) impedes the diffusion of CO2 into cells, making MpsAB more advantageous in biofilm-producing strains or species. Coexpression of MpsAB and CA does not confer any growth benefits, even under stress conditions. In conclusion, the distribution of MpsAB or CA in bacteria does not appear to be random as expression of bicarbonate transporters provides an advantage where diffusion of CO2 is impeded. IMPORTANCE CO2 and bicarbonate are required for carboxylation reactions in central metabolism and biosynthesis of small molecules in all bacteria. This is achieved by two different systems for dissolved inorganic carbon supply (DICS): these are the membrane potential-generating system (MpsAB) and the carbonic anhydrase (CA), but both rarely coexist in a given species. Here, we compared both systems and demonstrate that the distribution of MpsAB and/or CA within the phylum Firmicutes is apparently not random. The bicarbonate transporter MpsAB has an advantage in species where CO2 diffusion is hampered-for instance, in mucus- and biofilm-forming bacteria. However, coexpression of MpsAB and CA does not confer any growth benefits, even under stress conditions. Given the clinical relevance of Staphylococcus in the medical environment, such findings contribute to the understanding of bacterial metabolism and thus are crucial for exploration of potential targets for antimicrobials. The knowledge gained here as exemplified by staphylococcal species could be extended to other pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Ha Fan
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Miki Matsuo
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Li Huang
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Paula M. Tribelli
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
- Departamento de Química Biológica, FCEyN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Germany
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Hewitt CS, Abutaleb NS, Elhassanny AEM, Nocentini A, Cao X, Amos DP, Youse MS, Holly KJ, Marapaka A, An W, Kaur J, Krabill AD, Elkashif A, Elgammal Y, Graboski AL, Supuran CT, Seleem MN, Flaherty DP. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Acetazolamide-Based Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors with Activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1969-1984. [PMID: 33765392 PMCID: PMC8317129 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an urgent threat to public health in the United States and around the world. Many of the current classes of antibiotics to treat N. gonorrhoeae infection are quickly becoming obsolete due to increased rates of resistance. Thus, there is a critical need for alternative antimicrobial targets and new chemical entities. Our team has repurposed the FDA-approved carbonic anhydrase inhibitor scaffold of acetazolamide to target N. gonorrhoeae and the bacteria's essential carbonic anhydrase, NgCA. This study established both structure-activity and structure-property relationships that contribute to both antimicrobial activity and NgCA activity. This ultimately led to molecules 20 and 23, which displayed minimum inhibitory concentration values as low as 0.25 μg/mL equating to an 8- to 16-fold improvement in antigonococcal activity compared to acetazolamide. These analogues were determined to be bacteriostatic against the pathogen and likely on-target against NgCA. Additionally, they did not exhibit any detrimental effects in cellular toxicity assays against both a human endocervical (End1/E6E7) cell line or colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) at concentrations up to 128 μg/mL. Taken together, this study presents a class of antigonococcal agents with the potential to be advanced for further evaluation in N. gonorrhoeae infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad S. Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nader S. Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ahmed E. M. Elhassanny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Xufeng Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Devon P. Amos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Molly S. Youse
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Katrina J. Holly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Anil Marapaka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Weiwei An
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Aaron D. Krabill
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ahmed Elkashif
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yehia Elgammal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Amanda L. Graboski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohamed N. Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Daniel P. Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, 720 Clinic Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, 207 South Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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10
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Nocentini A, Hewitt CS, Mastrolorenzo MD, Flaherty DP, Supuran CT. Anion inhibition studies of the α-carbonic anhydrases from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1061-1066. [PMID: 34030562 PMCID: PMC8158254 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1929202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae encodes for an α-class carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), NgCA, which was investigated for its inhibition with a series of inorganic and organic anions. Perchlorate and hexafluorophosphate did not significantly inhibit NgCA CO2 hydrase activity, whereas the halides, azide, bicarbonate, carbonate, stannate, perosmate, diphosphate, divanadate, perruthenate, and trifluoromethanesulfonate showed inhibition constants in the range of 1.3–9.6 mM. Anions/small molecules such as cyanate, thiocyanate, nitrite, nitrate, bisulphite, sulphate, hydrogensulfide, phenylboronic acid, phenylarsonic acid, selenate, tellurate, tetraborate, perrhenate, peroxydisulfate, selenocyanate, iminodisulfonate, and fluorosulfonate showed KIs in the range of 0.15–1.0 mM. The most effective inhibitors detected in this study were sulfamide, sulfamate, trithiocarbonate and N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate, which had KIs in the range of 5.1–88 µM. These last compounds incorporating the CS2- zinc-binding group may be used as leads for developing even more effective NgCA inhibitors in addition to the aromatic/heterocyclic sulphonamides, as this enzyme was recently validated as an antibacterial drug target for obtaining novel antigonococcal agents
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Chad S Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Margaret D Mastrolorenzo
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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11
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Jo BH, Moon H, Cha HJ. Engineering the genetic components of a whole‐cell catalyst for improved enzymatic CO
2
capture and utilization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:39-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hoon Jo
- Division of Life Science and Research Institute of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinju Korea
| | - Hyukjoon Moon
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang Korea
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohang Korea
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Abstract
Spontaneous solute and solvent permeation through membranes is of vital importance to human life, be it gas exchange in red blood cells, metabolite excretion, drug/toxin uptake, or water homeostasis. Knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms is the sine qua non of every functional assignment to membrane transporters. The basis of our current solubility diffusion model was laid by Meyer and Overton. It correlates the solubility of a substance in an organic phase with its membrane permeability. Since then, a wide range of studies challenging this rule have appeared. Commonly, the discrepancies have their origin in ill-used measurement approaches, as we demonstrate on the example of membrane CO2 transport. On the basis of the insight that scanning electrochemical microscopy offered into solute concentration distributions in immediate membrane vicinity of planar membranes, we analyzed the interplay between chemical reactions and diffusion for solvent transport, weak acid permeation, and enzymatic reactions adjacent to membranes. We conclude that buffer reactions must also be considered in spectroscopic investigations of weak acid transport in vesicular suspensions. The evaluation of energetic contributions to membrane translocation of charged species demonstrates the compatibility of the resulting membrane current with the solubility diffusion model. A local partition coefficient that depends on membrane penetration depth governs spontaneous membrane translocation of both charged and uncharged molecules. It is determined not only by the solubility in an organic phase but also by other factors like cholesterol concentration and intrinsic electric membrane potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Hannesschlaeger
- From the Institute of Biophysics , Johannes Kepler University Linz , Gruberstrasse 40 , 4020 Linz , Austria
| | - Andreas Horner
- From the Institute of Biophysics , Johannes Kepler University Linz , Gruberstrasse 40 , 4020 Linz , Austria
| | - Peter Pohl
- From the Institute of Biophysics , Johannes Kepler University Linz , Gruberstrasse 40 , 4020 Linz , Austria
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, India
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14
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Rudenko NN, Ignatova LK, Fedorchuk TP, Ivanov BN. Carbonic anhydrases in photosynthetic cells of higher plants. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:674-87. [PMID: 26531014 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review presents information about carbonic anhydrases, enzymes catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions. The families of carbonic anhydrases are described, and data concerning the presence of their representatives in organisms of different classes, and especially in the higher plants, are considered. Proven and hypothetical functions of carbonic anhydrases in living organisms are listed. Particular attention is given to those functions of the enzyme that are relevant to photosynthetic reactions. These functions in algae are briefly described. Data about probable functions of carbonic anhydrases in plasma membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplast stroma of higher plants are discussed. Update concerning carbonic anhydrases in chloroplast thylakoids of higher plants, i.e. their quantity and possible participation in photosynthetic reactions, is given in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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15
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Díaz-Torres NA, Mahon BP, Boone CD, Pinard MA, Tu C, Ng R, Agbandje-McKenna M, Silverman D, Scott K, McKenna R. Structural and biophysical characterization of the α-carbonic anhydrase from the gammaproteobacterium Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2: insights into engineering thermostable enzymes for CO2 sequestration. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:1745-56. [PMID: 26249355 PMCID: PMC4528804 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715012183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalytic CO2 sequestration to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions from industrial processes is an active area of research. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are attractive enzymes for this process. However, the most active CAs display limited thermal and pH stability, making them less than ideal. As a result, there is an ongoing effort to engineer and/or find a thermostable CA to fulfill these needs. Here, the kinetic and thermal characterization is presented of an α-CA recently discovered in the mesophilic hydrothermal vent-isolate extremophile Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL-2 (TcruCA), which has a significantly higher thermostability compared with human CA II (melting temperature of 71.9°C versus 59.5°C, respectively) but with a tenfold decrease in the catalytic efficiency. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the dimeric TcruCA shows that it has a highly conserved yet compact structure compared with other α-CAs. In addition, TcruCA contains an intramolecular disulfide bond that stabilizes the enzyme. These features are thought to contribute significantly to the thermostability and pH stability of the enzyme and may be exploited to engineer α-CAs for applications in industrial CO2 sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Díaz-Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brian P. Mahon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christopher D. Boone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Melissa A. Pinard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chingkuang Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert Ng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - David Silverman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kathleen Scott
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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16
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Ghelani AD, Bhagat CB, Dudhagara PR, Gondalia SV, Patel RK. Biomimetic Sequestration of CO2 Using Carbonic Anhydrase from Calcite Encrust Forming Marine Actinomycetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.17311/sciintl.2015.48.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Lehneck R, Pöggeler S. A matter of structure: structural comparison of fungal carbonic anhydrases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8433-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Kaur N, Dwivedi J, Kishore D. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Five-Membered Heterocycles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.773352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Kaur N, Kishore D. Solid-Phase Synthetic Approach Toward the Synthesis of Oxygen-Containing Heterocycles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2012.760131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- a Department of Chemistry , Banasthali University , Banasthali , India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- a Department of Chemistry , Banasthali University , Banasthali , India
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20
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Boone CD, Pinard M, McKenna R, Silverman D. Catalytic mechanism of α-class carbonic anhydrases: CO2 hydration and proton transfer. Subcell Biochem 2014; 75:31-52. [PMID: 24146373 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7359-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) are a family of metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and dehydration of bicarbonate (HCO3 (-)) in a two-step ping-pong mechanism: [Formula: see text] CAs are ubiquitous enzymes and are categorized into five distinct classes (α, β, γ, δ and ζ). The α-class is found primarily in vertebrates (and the only class of CA in mammals), β is observed in higher plants and some prokaryotes, γ is present only in archaebacteria whereas the δ and ζ classes have only been observed in diatoms.The focus of this chapter is on α-CAs as the structure-function relationship is best understood for this class, in particular for humans. The reader is referred to other reviews for an overview of the structure and catalytic mechanism of the other CA classes. The overall catalytic site structure and geometry of α-CAs are described in the first section of this chapter followed by the kinetic studies, binding of CO2, and the proton shuttle network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Boone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,
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Boone CD, Habibzadegan A, Tu C, Silverman DN, McKenna R. Structural and catalytic characterization of a thermally stable and acid-stable variant of human carbonic anhydrase II containing an engineered disulfide bond. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:1414-22. [PMID: 23897465 PMCID: PMC3727326 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913008743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of mostly zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate and a proton. Recently, there has been industrial interest in utilizing CAs as biocatalysts for carbon sequestration and biofuel production. The conditions used in these processes, however, result in high temperatures and acidic pH. This unfavorable environment results in rapid destabilization and loss of catalytic activity in CAs, ultimately resulting in cost-inefficient high-maintenance operation of the system. In order to negate these detrimental industrial conditions, cysteines at residues 23 (Ala23Cys) and 203 (Leu203Cys) were engineered into a wild-type variant of human CA II (HCAII) containing the mutation Cys206Ser. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the disulfide-containing HCAII (dsHCAII) was solved to 1.77 Å resolution and revealed that successful oxidation of the cysteine bond was achieved while also retaining desirable active-site geometry. Kinetic studies utilizing the measurement of (18)O-labeled CO2 by mass spectrometry revealed that dsHCAII retained high catalytic efficiency, and differential scanning calorimetry showed acid stability and thermal stability that was enhanced by up to 14 K compared with native HCAII. Together, these studies have shown that dsHCAII has properties that could be used in an industrial setting to help to lower costs and improve the overall reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Boone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Andrew Habibzadegan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chingkuang Tu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - David N. Silverman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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22
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The alpha-carbonic anhydrase from the thermophilic bacterium Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 is highly susceptible to inhibition by sulfonamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1534-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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23
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Carbonic Anhydrase: An Efficient Enzyme with Possible Global Implications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/813931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the global atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases continue to grow to record-setting levels, so do the demands for an efficient and inexpensive carbon sequestration system. Concurrently, the first-world dependence on crude oil and natural gas provokes concerns for long-term availability and emphasizes the need for alternative fuel sources. At the forefront of both of these research areas are a family of enzymes known as the carbonic anhydrases (CAs), which reversibly catalyze the hydration of CO2into bicarbonate. CAs are among the fastest enzymes known, which have a maximum catalytic efficiency approaching the diffusion limit of 108 M−1s−1. As such, CAs are being utilized in various industrial and research settings to help lower CO2atmospheric emissions and promote biofuel production. This review will highlight some of the recent accomplishments in these areas along with a discussion on their current limitations.
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24
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Inhibition of beta-carbonic anhydrases from the bacterial pathogen Brucella suis with inorganic anions. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 110:36-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Maresca A, Vullo D, Scozzafava, A, Supuran CT. Inhibition of the alpha- and beta-carbonic anhydrases from the gastric pathogen Helycobacter pylori with anions. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:388-91. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.649268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Maresca
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica,
Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica,
Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Andrea Scozzafava,
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica,
Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica,
Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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26
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Moroney JV, Ma Y, Frey WD, Fusilier KA, Pham TT, Simms TA, DiMario RJ, Yang J, Mukherjee B. The carbonic anhydrase isoforms of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: intracellular location, expression, and physiological roles. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2011; 109:133-49. [PMID: 21365258 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-011-9635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic photosynthetic organisms, such as the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, respond to low CO(2) conditions by inducing a CO(2) concentrating mechanism (CCM). Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are important components of the CCM. CAs are zinc-containing metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible interconversion of CO(2) and HCO(3)(-). In C. reinhardtii, there are at least 12 genes that encode CA isoforms, including three alpha, six beta, and three gamma or gamma-like CAs. The expression of the three alpha and six beta genes has been measured from cells grown on elevated CO(2) (having no active CCM) versus cells growing on low levels of CO(2) (with an active CCM) using northern blots, differential hybridization to DNA chips and quantitative RT-PCR. Recent RNA-seq profiles add to our knowledge of the expression of all of the CA genes. In addition, protein content for some of the CA isoforms was estimated using antibodies corresponding to the specific CA isoforms: CAH1/2, CAH3, CAH4/5, CAH6, and CAH7. The intracellular location of each of the CA isoforms was elucidated using immunolocalization and cell fractionation techniques. Combining these results with previous studies using CA mutant strains, we will discuss possible physiological roles of the CA isoforms concentrating on how these CAs might contribute to the acquisition and retention of CO(2) in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Moroney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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27
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Liu Z, Bartlow P, Dilmore RM, Soong Y, Pan Z, Koepsel R, Ataai M. Production, purification, and characterization of a fusion protein of carbonic anhydrase fromNeisseria gonorrhoeaeand cellulose binding domain fromClostridium thermocellum. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:68-74. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Ozensoy O, Isik S, Arslan O, Arslan M, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of red blood cell ostrich (Struthio camelus) carbonic anhydrase with a series of aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 20:383-7. [PMID: 16206834 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500141960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purification of red blood cell carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) from ostrich (scCA) blood is reported, as well as an inhibition study of this enzyme with a series of aromatic and heterocylic sulfonamides. The ostrich enzyme showed a high activity, comparable to that of the human isozyme II, with kcat, of 1.2 x 10(6) s(-1) and kcat/KM of 1.8 x 10(7) M(-1)s(-1), and an inhibition profile quite different from that of the human red blood cell cytosolic isozymes hCA I and II. scCA has generally a lower affinity for sulfonamide inhibitors as compared to hCA I and II. The only sulfonamide which behaved as a very potent inhibitor of this enzyme was ethoxzolamide (KI = 3.9 nM) whereas acetazolamide and sulfanilamide behaved as weaker inhibitors (inhibition constants in the range 303-570 nM). Several other aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides, mostly derivatives of sulfanilamide, homosulfanilamide, 4-aminoethylbenzenesulfonamide or 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide, showed good affinities for the ostrich enzyme, with KI values in the range 25-72 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozen Ozensoy
- Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Barrese, AA, Genis C, Fisher SZ, Orwenyo JN, Kumara MT, Dutta SK, Phillips E, Kiddle JJ, Tu C, Silverman DN, Govindasamy L, Agbandje-McKenna M, McKenna R, Tripp BC. Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase II by Thioxolone: A Mechanistic and Structural Study. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3174-84. [DOI: 10.1021/bi702385k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert A. Barrese,
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - Caroli Genis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - S. Zoe Fisher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - Jared N. Orwenyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - Mudalige Thilak Kumara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - Subodh K. Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - Eric Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - James J. Kiddle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - Chingkuang Tu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - David N. Silverman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - Lakshmanan Govindasamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
| | - Brian C. Tripp
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mailstop 5410, College of Arts and Sciences, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
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30
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Supuran CT, Scozzafava A. Applications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and activators in therapy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Pastorekova S, Casini A, Scozzafava A, Vullo D, Pastorek J, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the first selective, membrane-impermeant inhibitors targeting the tumor-associated isozyme IX. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:869-73. [PMID: 15012984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of the tumor-associated transmembrane carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) isozyme possessing an extracellular active site has been investigated with a series of positively-charged, pyridinium derivatives of sulfanilamide, homosulfanilamide and 4-aminoethylbenzenesulfonamide. Inhibition data for the physiologically relevant isozymes I and II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound) were also provided for comparison. A very interesting inhibition profile against CA IX with these sulfonamides has been observed. Several nanomolar (K(i)'s in the range of 6-54 nM) CA IX inhibitors have also been detected. Because CA IX is a highly active isozyme predominantly expressed in tumor tissues with bad prognosis of disease progression, this finding is very promising for the potential design of CA IX-specific inhibitors with applications as anti-tumor agents. This is the first report of inhibitors that may selectively target CA IX, due to their membrane-impermeability and high affinity for this clinically relevant isozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pastorekova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 842 45 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Casini A, Scozzafava A, Mincione F, Menabuoni L, Starnotti M, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Topically acting antiglaucoma sulfonamides incorporating esters and amides of 3- and 4-carboxybenzolamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:2867-73. [PMID: 14611846 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 3- and 4-carboxybenzenesulfonyl chloride with 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide/5-imino-4-methyl-delta(2)-1,3,4-thiadiazoline-2-sulfonamide afforded two series of benzolamide analogues to which the carboxyl moiety has been derivatized as esters or amides, in order to reduce their very polar character. The new derivatives showed low nanomolar affinity for three carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes, CA I, II and IV, and were effective as topical antiglaucoma agents in normotensive rabbits. Efficacy of several of the new sulfonamides reported was better than that of the standard drugs dorzolamide and brinzolamide, whereas their duration of action was prolonged as compared to that of the clinically used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Casini
- Università degli Studi, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia 3, Rm. 188; 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Ilies MA, Vullo D, Pastorek J, Scozzafava A, Ilies M, Caproiu MT, Pastorekova S, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of tumor-associated isozyme IX by halogenosulfanilamide and halogenophenylaminobenzolamide derivatives. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2187-96. [PMID: 12747790 DOI: 10.1021/jm021123s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of halogenated sulfonamides have been prepared. The first consists of mono/dihalogenated sulfanilamides, whereas the second one consists of the mono/dihalogenated aminobenzolamides, incorporating equal or different halogens (F, Cl, Br, and I). These sulfonamides have been synthesized from the corresponding anilines by acetylation (protection of the amino group), chlorosulfonylation, followed either by amidation, or reaction with 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide (and eventually deacetylation). All these compounds, together with the six clinically used sulfonamide inhibitors (acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide, dichlorophenamide, dorzolamide, and brinzolamide) were investigated as inhibitors of the transmembrane, tumor-associated isozyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX. Inhibition data against the classical, physiologically relevant isozymes I, II, and IV were also obtained. CA IX shows an inhibition profile which is generally completely different from those of isozymes I, II, and IV, with potent inhibitors (inhibition constants in the range of 12-40 nM) among both simple aromatic (such as 3-fluoro-5-chloro-4-aminobenzenesulfonamide) as well as heterocyclic compounds (such as acetazolamide, methazolamide, 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide, aminobenzolamide, and dihalogenated aminobenzolamides). This first detailed CA IX inhibition study revealed many interesting leads, suggesting the possibility to design even more potent and eventually CA IX-selective inhibitors, with putative applications as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Ilies
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Biotechnologies, Department of Chemistry, B-dul Marasti nr. 59, 71331-Bucharest, Roumania
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Vullo D, Franchi M, Gallori E, Pastorek J, Scozzafava A, Pastorekova S, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: inhibition of the tumor-associated isozyme IX with aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1005-9. [PMID: 12643899 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of the tumor-associated transmembrane carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) isozyme has been investigated with a series of aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides, including the six clinically used derivatives acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide, dichlorophenamide, dorzolamide and brinzolamide. Inhibition data for the physiologically relevant isozymes I and II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound) were also provided for comparison. A very interesting and unusual inhibition profile against CA IX with these sulfonamides has been observed. Several nanomolar (K(I)-s in the range of 14-50 nM) CA IX inhibitors have been detected, both among the aromatic (such as orthanilamide, homosulfonilamide, 4-carboxy-benzenesulfonamide, 1-naphthalenesulfonamide and 1,3-benzenedisulfonamide derivatives) as well as the heterocylic (such as 1,3,4-thiadizole-2-sulfonamide, etc.) sulfonamides examined. Because CA IX is a highly active isozyme predominantly expressed in tumor tissues with poor prognosis of disease progression, this finding is very promising for the potential design of CA IX-specific inhibitors with applications as anti-tumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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Mårtensson LG, Karlsson M, Carlsson U. Dramatic stabilization of the native state of human carbonic anhydrase II by an engineered disulfide bond. Biochemistry 2002; 41:15867-75. [PMID: 12501217 DOI: 10.1021/bi020433+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To find a disulfide pair that could stabilize the enzyme human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II), we grafted the disulfide bridge from the related and unusually stable carbonic anhydrase form from Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NGCA) into the human enzyme. Thus, the two Cys residues at positions 23 and 203 were engineered into a pseudo-wild-type form of HCA II (C206S), giving the mutant C206S/A23C/L203C. The disulfide bond was not formed spontaneously. The native state of the reduced form of the mutant was markedly destabilized (2.9 kcal/mol) compared to that of HCA II. Formation of a disulfide bridge was achieved by treatment by oxidized glutathione. This led to a significant stabilization of the native conformation. Compared to HCA II the unfolding midpoint for the variant was increased from 0.9 to 1.7 M guanidine HCl, corresponding to a stabilization of 3.7 kcal/mol. This makes the human enzyme almost as stable as the model protein NGCA, for which the unfolding of the native state has a midpoint at 2.1 M guanidine HCl. The stabilized protein underwent, contrary to all other investigated variants of HCA II, an apparent two-state unfolding transition, as judged from intrinsic Trp fluorescence measurements. A molten-globule intermediate is nevertheless formed but is suppressed because of the high denaturant pressure it faces upon rupture of the native state.
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