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Zhang H, Cai J, Yu S, Sun B, Zhang W. Anticancer Small-Molecule Agents Targeting Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1A: State of the Art. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065184. [PMID: 36982256 PMCID: PMC10049629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) canonically delivers amino acyl tRNA to the ribosomal A site during the elongation stage of protein biosynthesis. Yet paradoxically, the oncogenic nature of this instrumental protein has long been recognized. Consistently, eEF1A has proven to be targeted by a wide assortment of small molecules with excellent anticancer activity, among which plitidepsin has been granted approval for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Meanwhile, metarrestin is currently under clinical development for metastatic cancers. Bearing these exciting advances in mind, it would be desirable to present a systematic up-to-date account of the title topic, which, to the best of our knowledge, has thus far been unavailable in the literature. The present review summarizes recent advances in eEF1A-targeting anticancer agents, both naturally occurring and synthetically crafted, with regard to their discovery or design, target identification, structure–activity relationship, and mode of action. Their structural diversity and differential eEF1A-targeting mechanisms warrant continuing research in pursuit of curing eEF1A-driven malignancy.
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Zhang H, Tian Y, Yuan X, Xie F, Yu S, Cai J, Sun B, Shan C, Zhang W. Site-directed late-stage diversification of macrocyclic nannocystins facilitating anticancer SAR and mode of action studies. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:299-312. [PMID: 36846368 PMCID: PMC9945860 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00393g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nannocystins are a family of 21-membered cyclodepsipeptides with excellent anticancer activity. However, their macrocyclic architecture poses a significant challenge to structure modification. Herein, this issue is addressed by leveraging the strategy of post-macrocyclization diversification. In particular, a novel serine-incorporating nannocystin was designed so that its appending hydroxyl group could diversify into a wide variety of side chain analogues. Such effort facilitated not only structure-activity correlation at the subdomain of interest, but also the development of a macrocyclic coumarin-labeled fluorescence probe. Uptake experiments indicated good cell permeability of the probe, and endoplasmic reticulum was identified as its subcellular localization site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayou Cai
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Changliang Shan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Weicheng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University Tianjin People's Republic of China
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Dahl LD, Corydon TJ, Ränkel L, Nielsen KM, Füchtbauer EM, Knudsen CR. An eEF1A1 truncation encoded by PTI-1 exerts its oncogenic effect inside the nucleus. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:17. [PMID: 24571548 PMCID: PMC3941776 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The oncogene PTI-1 was originally isolated from a prostate cancer cell line by its capability to transform rat fibroblasts. The PTI-1 mRNA has a very eccentric structure as the 5′UTR is similar to prokaryotic 23S rRNA, while the major open reading frame and the 3′UTR corresponds to a part of the mRNA encoding human translation elongation factor eEF1A1. Thus, the largest open reading frame encodes a truncated version of eEF1A1 lacking the first 67 amino acids, while having three unique N-terminal amino acids. Previously, the UTRs were shown to be a prerequisite for the transforming capacity of the PTI-1 transcript. In this study, we have investigated the possible role of the UTRs in regulating protein expression and localization. Methods The protein expression profiles of a number of PTI-1 mRNA variants were studied in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the oncogenic potentials of the same PTI-1 mRNAs were determined by monitoring the capacities of stably transfected cells expressing these mRNAs to induce tumors in nude mice and form foci in cell culture. Finally, the cellular localizations of PTI-1 proteins expressed from these mRNAs were determined by fluorescence microscopy. Results The PTI-1 mRNA was found to give rise to multiple protein products that potentially originate from translation initiation at downstream, inframe AUGs within the major open reading frame. At least one of the truncated protein variants was also found to be oncogenic. However, the UTRs did not appear to influence the amount and identities of these truncated protein products. In contrast, our localization studies showed that the UTRs of the transcript promote a nuclear localization of the encoded protein(s). Conclusions Translation of the PTI-1 mRNA results in multiple protein products of which (a) truncated variant(s) may play a predominant role during cellular transformation. The PTI-1 UTRs did not seem to play a role in translation regulation, but appeared to contribute to a nuclear localization of the PTI-1 protein(s). This indicates that the PTI-1 protein(s) exert(s) its/their oncogenic function inside the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte R Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Häsler J, Rada C, Neuberger MS. The cytoplasmic AID complex. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:273-80. [PMID: 22698843 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although AID fulfils its physiological function of diversifying antibody genes in the nucleus, most of the AID protein within the cell is found in a complex located in the cytoplasm. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about this cytoplasmic AID complex. Its size has been estimated to lie between 300 and 500kDa (sedimentation coefficient of 10-11S) and it comprises the abundant protein translation elongation factor 1α (eEF1A) as a major stoichiometric component. We speculate on the possible roles of this complex as well as of chaperones known to interact with AID in regulating the cytosolic retention of AID and its controlled release for import into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Häsler
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Mansilla F, Dominguez CA, Yeadon JE, Corydon TJ, Burden SJ, Knudsen CR. Translation elongation factor eEF1A binds to a novel myosin binding protein-C-like protein. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:847-58. [PMID: 18756455 PMCID: PMC2597023 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) is a guanine-nucleotide binding protein, which transports aminoacylated tRNA to the ribosomal A site during protein synthesis. In a yeast two-hybrid screening of a human skeletal muscle cDNA library, a novel eEF1A binding protein, immunoglobulin-like and fibronectin type III domain containing 1 (IGFN1), was discovered, and its interaction with eEF1A was confirmed in vitro. IGFN1 is specifically expressed in skeletal muscle and presents immunoglobulin I and fibronectin III sets of domains characteristic of sarcomeric proteins. IGFN1 shows sequence and structural homology to myosin binding protein-C fast and slow-type skeletal muscle isoforms. IGFN1 is substantially upregulated during muscle denervation. We propose a model in which this increased expression of IGFN1 serves to down-regulate protein synthesis via interaction with eEF1A during denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James E. Yeadon
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - Steven J. Burden
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Galili N, Devemy E, Raza A. Isolation of specific and biologically active peptides that bind cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). J Hematol Oncol 2008; 1:8. [PMID: 18616802 PMCID: PMC2494998 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In a departure from conventional strategies to improve treatment outcome for myeloid malignancies, we report the isolation of leukemia-specific peptides using a phage display library screened with freshly obtained human myeloid leukemia cells. Results A phage display library was screened by 5 rounds of biopanning with freshly isolated human AML cells. Individual colonies were randomly picked and after purification, biologic activity (growth and differentiation) on fresh AML cells was profiled. Ten peptides were synthesized for further biological studies. Multiple peptides were found to selectively bind to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. The peptides bound to leukemia cells, were internalized and could induce proliferation and/or differentiation in the target patient cells. Two of the peptides, HP-A2 and HP-G7, appeared to have a novel mechanism of inducing differentiation since they did not cause G1 arrest in cycling cells even as the expression of the differentiation marker CD11b increased. Conclusion Peptide induced differentiation of leukemia cells offers a novel treatment strategy for myeloid malignancies, whereas their ability to induce proliferation could be harnessed to make cells more sensitive to chemotherapy. Conceptually, these leukemia specific peptides can also be used to refine diagnosis, document minimal residual disease, and selectively deliver toxins to malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Galili
- Saint Vincent's Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Tash JS, Chakrasali R, Jakkaraj SR, Hughes J, Smith SK, Hornbaker K, Heckert LL, Ozturk SB, Hadden MK, Kinzy TG, Blagg BS, Georg GI. Gamendazole, an Orally Active Indazole Carboxylic Acid Male Contraceptive Agent, Targets HSP90AB1 (HSP90BETA) and EEF1A1 (eEF1A), and Stimulates Il1a Transcription in Rat Sertoli Cells1. Biol Reprod 2008; 78:1139-52. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.062679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Mansilla F, Hansen LL, Jakobsen H, Kjeldgaard NO, Clark BFC, Knudsen CR. Deconstructing PTI-1: PTI-1 is a truncated, but not mutated, form of translation elongatin factor 1A1, eEF1A1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1727:116-24. [PMID: 15716006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2004.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prostate tumor-inducing gene 1 (PTI-1) transcript is detected in various human carcinoma cells. PTI-1 is reported to consist of a 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) homologous to mycoplasma 23S rRNA and a coding region corresponding to a truncated and mutated form of the translation elongation factor 1A, eEF1A. We have found that the PTI-1 transcript may encode a truncated, but not mutated, form of the human isoform eEF1A1. Additionally, the 5' UTR sequence of PTI-1 from genomic DNA of different cell lines and blood samples varies from the original sequence. This 5' -UTR region of PTI-1 presents a fusion of E. coli and Mycoplasma hyorhinis 23S rRNA. We have overexpressed the potential PTI-1 protein in E. coli and various human cell lines. The resulting protein could be detected by western blotting using anti-eEF1A antibodies. However, we were unable to detect the PTI-1 protein in LNCaP cell extracts. The potential roles of the PTI-1 protein in carcinogenesis and the origin of the PTI-1 gene in the human genome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Mansilla
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Arhus C, Denmark.
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Hagay Y, Lahav J, Levanon A, Panet A. Function-modulating human monoclonal antibodies against platelet-membrane receptors isolated from a phage-display library. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1:1829-36. [PMID: 12911600 DOI: 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies to platelet membrane receptors have been used extensively for analysis of receptor structure and function. Function-blocking human antibodies are being used for the development of antiplatelet drugs. We isolated human monoclonal antibodies from a library of single-chain Fv (scFv) antibodies displayed on the surface of filamentous phage, by selection on whole platelets. Eight different platelet-binding clones were isolated, of which three bound to the platelet-membrane glycoprotein (GP) GPIb in an ELISA assay. Specific elution with a recombinant polypeptide of von Willebrand factor (VWF) spanning the GPIbalpha binding site, yielded the same three phage clones. Two of the three anti-GPIb clones could be purified as scFv monoclonal antibodies, and they competed with each other for binding to intact platelets, suggesting that they bind at or near the same site on GPIb. Their binding affinities differed, however, and the clone with higher affinity inhibited ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. These data indicate that selection from a phage display library of human scFvs using whole platelets can be applied for the isolation of functional antiplatelet-GPIb antibodies useful for the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hagay
- Bio-Technology General Inc., Rehovot, Israel.
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Watkins NA, Du LM, Scott JP, Ouwehand WH, Hillery CA. Single-chain antibody fragments derived from a human synthetic phage-display library bind thrombospondin and inhibit sickle cell adhesion. Blood 2003; 102:718-24. [PMID: 12663449 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced adhesion of sickle red blood cells (RBCs) to the vascular endothelium and subendothelial matrix likely plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusion in sickle cell disease. Sickle RBCs have enhanced adhesion to the plasma and extracellular matrix protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP) under conditions of flow in vitro. In this study, we sought to develop antibodies that bind TSP from a highly diverse library of human single-chain Fv fragments (scFvs) displayed on filamentous phage. Following 3 rounds of phage selection of increasing stringency 6 unique scFvs that bound purified TSP by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were isolated. Using an in vitro flow adhesion assay, 3 of the 6 isolated scFvs inhibited the adhesion of sickle RBCs to immobilized TSP by more than 40% compared with control scFvs (P <.001). Furthermore, scFv TSP-A10 partially inhibited sickle RBC adhesion to activated endothelial cells (P <.005). Using TSP proteolytic fragments to map the binding site, we showed that 2 of the inhibitory scFvs bound an epitope in the calcium-binding domain or proximal cell-binding domain of TSP, providing evidence for the role of these domains in the adhesion of sickle RBCs to TSP. In summary, we have isolated a panel of scFvs that specifically bind to TSP and differentially inhibit sickle RBC adhesion to surface-bound TSP under flow conditions. These scFvs will be useful reagents for investigating the role of the calcium and cell-binding domains of TSP in sickle RBC adhesion.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/blood
- Anemia, Sickle Cell/complications
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases/blood
- Arterial Occlusive Diseases/etiology
- Binding Sites
- Biosensing Techniques
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Depression, Chemical
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/immunology
- Erythrocytes, Abnormal/drug effects
- Erythrocytes, Abnormal/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Library
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Thrombospondins/chemistry
- Thrombospondins/immunology
- Thrombospondins/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Calado A, Treichel N, Müller EC, Otto A, Kutay U. Exportin-5-mediated nuclear export of eukaryotic elongation factor 1A and tRNA. EMBO J 2002; 21:6216-24. [PMID: 12426393 PMCID: PMC137209 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2002] [Revised: 09/25/2002] [Accepted: 09/30/2002] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of proteins and RNA into and out of the cell nucleus is mediated largely by a family of RanGTP-binding transport receptors. Export receptors (exportins) need to bind RanGTP for efficient loading of their export cargo. We have identified eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) and tRNA as RanGTP-dependent binding partners of exportin-5 (Exp5). Exp5 stimulates nuclear export of eEF1A when microinjected into the nucleus of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Surprisingly, the interaction between eEF1A and Exp5 is dependent on tRNA that can interact directly with Exp5 and, if aminoacylated, recruits eEF1A into the export complex. These data suggested to us that Exp5 might support tRNA export. Indeed, not only the canonical tRNA export receptor, exportin-t, but also Exp5 can drive nuclear export of tRNA. Taken together, we show that there exists an alternative tRNA export pathway which can be exploited to keep eEF1A out of the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Calado
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Institute of Biochemistry, HPM F11.1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland and Max-Delbrück-Centrum, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13122 Berlin-Buch, Germany Present address: Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, P-1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal Corresponding author e-mail: A.Calado and N.Treichel contributed equally to this work
| | - Nathalie Treichel
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Institute of Biochemistry, HPM F11.1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland and Max-Delbrück-Centrum, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13122 Berlin-Buch, Germany Present address: Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, P-1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal Corresponding author e-mail: A.Calado and N.Treichel contributed equally to this work
| | - Eva-Christina Müller
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Institute of Biochemistry, HPM F11.1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland and Max-Delbrück-Centrum, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13122 Berlin-Buch, Germany Present address: Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, P-1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal Corresponding author e-mail: A.Calado and N.Treichel contributed equally to this work
| | - Albrecht Otto
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Institute of Biochemistry, HPM F11.1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland and Max-Delbrück-Centrum, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13122 Berlin-Buch, Germany Present address: Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, P-1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal Corresponding author e-mail: A.Calado and N.Treichel contributed equally to this work
| | - Ulrike Kutay
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Institute of Biochemistry, HPM F11.1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland and Max-Delbrück-Centrum, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13122 Berlin-Buch, Germany Present address: Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, P-1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal Corresponding author e-mail: A.Calado and N.Treichel contributed equally to this work
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Anand N, Murthy S, Amann G, Wernick M, Porter LA, Cukier IH, Collins C, Gray JW, Diebold J, Demetrick DJ, Lee JM. Protein elongation factor EEF1A2 is a putative oncogene in ovarian cancer. Nat Genet 2002; 31:301-5. [PMID: 12053177 DOI: 10.1038/ng904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have found that EEF1A2, the gene encoding protein elongation factor EEF1A2 (also known as eEF-1 alpha 2), is amplified in 25% of primary ovarian tumors and is highly expressed in approximately 30% of ovarian tumors and established cell lines. We have also demonstrated that EEF1A2 has oncogenic properties: it enhances focus formation, allows anchorage-independent growth and decreases the doubling time of rodent fibroblasts. In addition, EEF1A2 expression made NIH3T3 fibroblasts tumorigenic and increased the growth rate of ES-2 ovarian carcinoma cells xenografted in nude mice. Thus, EEF1A2 and the process of protein elongation are likely to be critical in the development of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Anand
- Hamilton Regional Cancer Centre, Room 450, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, Ontario, L8V 5C2, Canada
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