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Matos GDR, Pak S, Rizzo RC. Descriptor-Driven de Novo Design Algorithms for DOCK6 Using RDKit. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5803-5822. [PMID: 37698425 PMCID: PMC10694857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Structure-based methods that employ principles of de novo design can be used to construct small organic molecules from scratch using pre-existing fragment libraries to sample chemical space and are an important class of computational algorithms for drug-lead discovery. Here, we present a powerful new design method for DOCK6 that employs a Descriptor-Driven De Novo strategy (termed D3N) in which user-defined cheminformatics descriptors (and their target ranges) are calculated at each layer of growth using the open-source toolkit RDKit. The objective is to tailor ligand growth toward desirable regions of chemical space. The approach was extensively validated through: (1) comparison of cheminformatics descriptors computed using the new DOCK6/RDKit interface versus the standard Python/RDKit installation, (2) examination of descriptor distributions generated using D3N growth under different conditions (target ranges and environments), and (3) construction of ligands with very tight (pinpoint) descriptor ranges using clinically relevant compounds as a reference. Our testing confirms that the new DOCK6/RDKit integration is robust, showcases how the new D3N routines can be used to direct sampling around user-defined chemical spaces, and highlights the utility of on-the-fly descriptor calculations for ligand design to important drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Duarte Ramos Matos
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Steven Pak
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Robert C. Rizzo
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Laufer Center for Physical & Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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2
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Kim MJ, Yu KL, Han R, Lee Y, Oh K, You JC. Identification of a Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor against Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1582-1592. [PMID: 37415514 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 infection epidemic remains a global health problem. Current antiretroviral treatments are effective in controlling the progression of a severe infection. However, the emergence of drug resistance requires an urgent identification of new treatment regimes. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RTs) has been a successful therapeutic target owing to its high specificity and potent antiviral properties; therefore, it has become an essential component of current HIV-1 standard treatments. This study identified a new HIV-1 RTs inhibitor (Compound #8) that is structurally unique and greatly effective against HIV-1 through chemical library screening and a medicinal chemistry program by analyzing the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Further analysis of molecular docking and mechanisms of action demonstrated that Compound #8 is a novel type of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with a flexible binding mode. Therefore, it exhibits great therapeutic potential when combined with other existing HIV-1 drugs. Our current studies suggest that Compound #8 is a promising novel scaffold for the development of new HIV-1 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Kim
- Avixgen Inc., 2477 Nambusunhwan-ro, Seocho, Seoul 06725, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Lee Yu
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ri Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Chang You
- Avixgen Inc., 2477 Nambusunhwan-ro, Seocho, Seoul 06725, Republic of Korea
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhou Z, Meng B, An J, Zhao F, Sun Y, Zeng D, Wang W, Gao S, Xia Y, Dun C, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Zhan P, Kang D, Liu X. Covalently Targeted Highly Conserved Tyr318 to Improve the Drug Resistance Profiles of HIV-1 NNRTIs: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021215. [PMID: 36674730 PMCID: PMC9865928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents proof of concept for designing a novel HIV-1 covalent inhibitor targeting the highly conserved Tyr318 in the HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors binding pocket to improve the drug resistance profiles. The target inhibitor ZA-2 with a fluorosulfate warhead in the structure was found to be a potent inhibitor (EC50 = 11-246 nM) against HIV-1 IIIB and a panel of NNRTIs-resistant strains, being far superior to those of NVP and EFV. Moreover, ZA-2 was demonstrated with lower cytotoxicity (CC50 = 125 µM). In the reverse transcriptase inhibitory assay, ZA-2 exhibited an IC50 value of 0.057 µM with the ELISA method, and the MALDI-TOF MS data demonstrated the covalent binding mode of ZA-2 with the enzyme. Additionally, the molecular simulations have also demonstrated that compounds can form covalent binding to the Tyr318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Bairu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jiaqi An
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yanying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wenna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shenghua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Caiyun Dun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peng Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (X.L.)
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4
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Insights into HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Inhibition and Drug Resistance from Thirty Years of Structural Studies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051027. [PMID: 35632767 PMCID: PMC9148108 DOI: 10.3390/v14051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT) plays a central role in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and RT has been an important drug target. Elucidations of the RT structures trapping and detailing the enzyme at various functional and conformational states by X-ray crystallography have been instrumental for understanding RT activities, inhibition, and drug resistance. The structures have contributed to anti-HIV drug development. Currently, two classes of RT inhibitors are in clinical use. These are nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). However, the error-prone viral replication generates variants that frequently develop resistance to the available drugs, thus warranting a continued effort to seek more effective treatment options. RT also provides multiple additional potential druggable sites. Recently, the use of single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) enabled obtaining structures of NNRTI-inhibited HIV-1 RT/dsRNA initiation and RT/dsDNA elongation complexes that were unsuccessful by X-ray crystallography. The cryo-EM platform for the structural study of RT has been established to aid drug design. In this article, we review the roles of structural biology in understanding and targeting HIV RT in the past three decades and the recent structural insights of RT, using cryo-EM.
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Mathpal D, Almeleebia TM, Alshahrani KM, Alshahrani MY, Ahmad I, Asiri M, Kamal M, Jawaid T, Srivastava SP, Saeed M, Balaramnavar VM. Identification of 3-((1-(Benzyl(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamoyl)pyrazine-2-carboxylic Acid as a Potential Inhibitor of Non-Nucleosidase Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors through InSilico Ligand- and Structure-Based Approaches. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175262. [PMID: 34500699 PMCID: PMC8433663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nucleosidase reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are highly promising agents for use in highly effective antiretroviral therapy. We implemented a rational approach for the identification of promising NNRTIs based on the validated ligand- and structure-based approaches. In view of our state-of-the-art techniques in drug design and discovery utilizing multiple modeling approaches, we report here, for the first time, quantitative pharmacophore modeling (HypoGen), docking, and in-house database screening approaches in the identification of potential NNRTIs. The validated pharmacophore model with three hydrophobic groups, one aromatic ring group, and a hydrogen-bond acceptor explains the interactions at the active site by the inhibitors. The model was implemented in pharmacophore-based virtual screening (in-house and commercially available databases) and molecular docking for prioritizing the potential compounds as NNRTI. The identified leads are in good corroboration with binding affinities and interactions as compared to standard ligands. The model can be utilized for designing and identifying the potential leads in the area of NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Mathpal
- School of Pharmacy and Research, Sanskriti University, 28 K. M. Stone, Mathura Delhi Highway, Chhata, Mathura 281401, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Tahani M. Almeleebia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kholoud M. Alshahrani
- College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Y. Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.A.); (I.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.A.); (I.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Asiri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia; (M.Y.A.); (I.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Talha Jawaid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Othman ibn Affan Street, Riyadh 13317, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Swayam Prakash Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine CT, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale University School of Medicine CT, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology College of Sciences, University of Hail, P.O. Box 2440, Hail 55425, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (V.M.B.)
| | - Vishal M. Balaramnavar
- School of Pharmacy and Research, Sanskriti University, 28 K. M. Stone, Mathura Delhi Highway, Chhata, Mathura 281401, Uttar Pradesh, India;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (V.M.B.)
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6
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Nalli M, Armijos Rivera JI, Masci D, Coluccia A, Badia R, Riveira-Muñoz E, Brambilla A, Cinquina E, Turriziani O, Falasca F, Catalano M, Limatola C, Esté JA, Maga G, Silvestri R, Crespan E, La Regina G. New indolylarylsulfone non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors show low nanomolar inhibition of single and double HIV-1 mutant strains. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Han S, Sang Y, Wu Y, Tao Y, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Zhuang C, Chen FE. Molecular Hybridization-Inspired Optimization of Diarylbenzopyrimidines as HIV-1 Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors with Improved Activity against K103N and E138K Mutants and Pharmacokinetic Profiles. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:787-801. [PMID: 31599568 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hybridization is a powerful strategy in drug discovery. A series of novel diarylbenzopyrimidine (DABP) analogues were developed by the hybridization of FDA-approved drugs etravirine (ETR) and efavirenz (EFV) as potential HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Substituent modifications resulted in the identification of new DABPs with the combination of the strengths of the two drugs, especially compound 12d, which showed promising activity toward the EFV-resistant K103N mutant. 12d also had a favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profile with liver microsome clearances of 14.4 μL/min/mg (human) and 33.2 μL/min/mg (rat) and an oral bioavailability of 15.5% in rat. However, its activity against the E138K mutant was still unsatisfactory; E138K is the most prevalent NNRTI resistance-associated mutant in ETR treatment. Further optimizations resulted in a highly potent compound (12z) with no substituents on the phenyl ring and a 2-methyl-6-nitro substitution pattern on the 4-cyanovinyl-2,6-disubstitued phenyl motif. The antiviral activity of this compound was much higher than those of ETR and EFV against the WT, E138K, and K103N variants (EC50 = 3.4, 4.3, and 3.6 nM, respectively), and the cytotoxicity was decreased while the selectivity index (SI) was increased. In particular, this compound exhibited acceptable intrinsic liver microsome stability (human, 34.5 μL/min/mg; rat, 33.2 μL/min/mg) and maintained the good PK profile of its parent compound EFV and showed an oral bioavailability of 16.5% in rat. Molecular docking and structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis provided further insights into the binding of the DABPs with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and provided a deeper understanding of the key structural features responsible for their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Han
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yali Sang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Tao
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Melo R, Lemos A, Preto AJ, Bueschbell B, Matos-Filipe P, Barreto C, Almeida JG, Silva RDM, Correia JDG, Moreira IS. An Overview of Antiretroviral Agents for Treating HIV Infection in Paediatric Population. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:760-794. [PMID: 30182840 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180904123549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Paediatric Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a life-threatening and infectious disease in which the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is mainly transmitted through Mother-To- Child Transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, labour and delivery, or breastfeeding. This review provides an overview of the distinct therapeutic alternatives to abolish the systemic viral replication in paediatric HIV-1 infection. Numerous classes of antiretroviral agents have emerged as therapeutic tools for downregulation of different steps in the HIV replication process. These classes encompass Non- Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs), Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs/NtRTIs), INtegrase Inhibitors (INIs), Protease Inhibitors (PIs), and Entry Inhibitors (EIs). Co-administration of certain antiretroviral drugs with Pharmacokinetic Enhancers (PEs) may boost the effectiveness of the primary therapeutic agent. The combination of multiple antiretroviral drug regimens (Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy - HAART) is currently the standard therapeutic approach for HIV infection. So far, the use of HAART offers the best opportunity for prolonged and maximal viral suppression, and preservation of the immune system upon HIV infection. Still, the frequent administration of high doses of multiple drugs, their inefficient ability to reach the viral reservoirs in adequate doses, the development of drug resistance, and the lack of patient compliance compromise the complete HIV elimination. The development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems may enable targeted delivery of antiretroviral agents to inaccessible viral reservoir sites at therapeutic concentrations. In addition, the application of Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) approaches has provided valuable tools for the development of anti-HIV drug candidates with favourable pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Melo
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal.,CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Lemos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.,GIGA Cyclotron Research Centre In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - António J Preto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Bueschbell
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pedro Matos-Filipe
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Carlos Barreto
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - José G Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Rúben D M Silva
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal
| | - João D G Correia
- Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, CTN, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), Bobadela LRS 2695-066, Portugal
| | - Irina S Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; Rua Larga, FMUC, Polo I, 1ºandar, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal.,Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science - Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584CH, Netherland
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9
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Han S, Lei Y, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Zhuang C, Chen F. Fragment-based discovery of sulfur-containing diarylbenzopyrimidines as novel nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Borisov DV, Veselovsky AV. [Ligand-receptor binding kinetics in drug design]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2020; 66:42-53. [PMID: 32116225 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206601042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the thermodynamic values of affinity are considered as the main criterion for the development of new drugs. Usually, these values for drugs are measured <i>in vitro</i> at steady concentrations of the receptor and ligand, which are differed from <i>in vivo</i> environment. Recent studies have shown that the kinetics of the process of drug binding to its receptor make significant contribution in the drug effectiveness. This has increased attention in characterizing and predicting the rate constants of association and dissociation of the receptor ligand at the stage of preclinical studies of drug candidates. A drug with a long residence time can determine ligand-receptor selectivity (kinetic selectivity), maintain pharmacological activity of the drug at its low concentration in vivo. The paper discusses the theoretical basis of protein-ligand binding, molecular determinants that control the kinetics of the drug-receptor binding. Understanding the molecular features underlying the kinetics of receptor-ligand binding will contribute to the rational design of drugs with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Borisov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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11
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El-Hussieny M, El-Sayed NF, Ewies EF, Ibrahim NM, Mahran MRH, Fouad MA. Synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of 2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-indoles as potent HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 95:103521. [PMID: 31884145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
New 2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-indole derivatives bearing hydrophobic substituents at the 3-position were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. Dialkylphosphites (2a-c) or trialkylphosphites (3a-c) were reacted with 2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (1) yielding the corresponding α-hydroxyphosphonate adducts (7a-7c). The reaction of compound 1 with the ylidenetriphenylphosphoranes (4a-4c) proceeds via Wittig mechanism giving the corresponding ethylenes (E, 8a-c). Compounds 8b,c were equally obtained upon reacting aldehyde 1 with the appropriate dialkylphosphonates 5a,b under the Horner-Wittig reaction conditions. On the other hand, the reaction of aldehyde 1 with diethyl cyanomethylene phosphonate (5c) yielded a mixture of the E-ethylene 10 and the cyanovinyl phosphonate 11. The thioaldehyde 12 was obtained upon refluxing aldehyde 1 with the Lawesson's reagent (LR, 6a) or with the Japanese reagent (JR, 6b) in dry toluene. Upon evaluation of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase enzyme inhibition, compound 8b (IC50 = 2.93 nM) exhibited the superior HIV-1 RT inhibition and its potency was about 3-folds that of Efavirenz (IC50 = 6.03 nM). Also, compounds 9a (IC50 = 4.09 nM) and 12 (IC50 = 3.54 nM) showed significantly higher inhibition potency. Moreover, compounds 7b (IC50 = 7.48 nM), and 8a (IC50 = 4.55 nM) showed potency not significantly different from that of Efavirenz. Molecular docking experiments on these potent compounds was in accordance with the in vitro data and confirmed binding of these compounds to the enzyme through ring-stacking and hydrogen bond interactions. According to these results, the new molecules would serve as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa El-Hussieny
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa F El-Sayed
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ewies F Ewies
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Nabila M Ibrahim
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R H Mahran
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Fouad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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12
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Sasaki T, Gannam ZTK, Kudalkar SN, Frey KM, Lee WG, Spasov KA, Jorgensen WL, Anderson KS. Molecular and cellular studies evaluating a potent 2-cyanoindolizine catechol diether NNRTI targeting wildtype and Y181C mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2182-2188. [PMID: 31281023 PMCID: PMC6690785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficacious NNRTIs for HIV/AIDS therapy is commonly met with the emergence of drug resistant strains, including the Y181C variant. Using a computationally-guided approach, we synthesized the catechol diether series of NNRTIs, which display sub-nanomolar potency in cellular assays. Among the most potent were a series of 2-cyanoindolizine substituted catechol diethers, including Compound 1. We present here a thorough evaluation of this compound, including biochemical, cellular, and structural studies. The compound demonstrates low nanomolar potency against both WT and Y181C HIV-1 RT in in vitro and cellular assays. Our crystal structures of both the wildtype and mutant forms of RT in complex with Compound 1 allow the interrogation of this compound's features that allow it to maintain strong efficacy against the drug resistant mutant. Among these are compensatory shifts in the NNRTI binding pocket, persistence of multiple hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals contacts throughout the binding site. Further, the fluorine at the C6 position of the indolizine moiety makes multiple favorable interactions with both RT forms. The present study highlights the indolizine-substituted catechol diether class of NNRTIs as promising therapeutic candidates possessing optimal pharmacological properties and significant potency against multiple RT variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Sasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Zira T K Gannam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Shalley N Kudalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Kathleen M Frey
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Won-Gil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Krasimir A Spasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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13
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Spatial domain organization in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase p66 homodimer precursor probed by double electron-electron resonance EPR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17809-17816. [PMID: 31383767 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911086116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV type I (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) catalyzes the conversion of viral RNA into DNA, initiating the chain of events leading to integration of proviral DNA into the host genome. RT is expressed as a single polypeptide chain within the Gag-Pol polyprotein, and either prior to or following excision by HIV-1 protease forms a 66 kDa chain (p66) homodimer precursor. Further proteolytic attack by HIV-1 protease cleaves the ribonuclease H (RNase H) domain of a single subunit to yield the mature p66/p51 heterodimer. Here, we probe the spatial domain organization within the p66 homodimer using pulsed Q-band double electron-electron resonance (DEER) EPR spectroscopy to measure a large number of intra- and intersubunit distances between spin labels attached to surface-engineered cysteines. The DEER-derived distances are fully consistent with the structural subunit asymmetry found in the mature p66/p51 heterodimer in which catalytic activity resides in the p66 subunit, while the p51 subunit purely serves as a structural scaffold. Furthermore, the p66 homodimer precursor undergoes a conformational change involving the thumb, palm, and finger domains in one of the subunits (corresponding to the p66 subunit in the mature p66/p51 heterodimer) from a closed to a partially open state upon addition of a nonnucleoside inhibitor. The relative orientation of the domains was modeled by simulated annealing driven by the DEER-derived distances. Finally, the RNase H domain that is cleaved to generate p51 in the mature p66/p51 heterodimer is present in 2 major conformers. One conformer is fully solvent accessible thereby accounting for the observation that only a single subunit of the p66 homodimer precursor is susceptible to HIV-1 protease.
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Patel NB, Shaikh AR, Patel VM, Lara-Ramirez EE, Rivera G. Benzothiazol Clubbed Imidazol-4-ones as Anti-fungal, Anti-tubercular and Anti-HIV-1 Agents: Their Synthesis and Molecular Docking Study. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180712150050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The present work describes antimicrobial, antimycobacterium and anti
HIV-1 evaluation of newly synthesized 5-(4-Substituted-benzylidene)-3-[4-(5-methyl-benzothiazol-
2-yl)-phenyl]-2-phenyl-3,5-dihydro-imidazol-4-one (4a-o). The docking studies were performed in
order to predict the potential binding affinities.
Objective:
The major aim of this study is to develop the new class of bezylidine candidate clubbed with
benzothiazole with less toxicity and improved potency as antimicrobial, antitubercular and anti HIV-1.
Methods:
The titled compounds were characterized by spectral studies (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and
Mass). In vitro antimycobacterium activity was carried out using Lowenstein-Jensen medium
method and antimicrobial activity using the broth microdilution method. The anti HIV-1 reverse
transcriptase activity was determined by the colorimetric MTT method and inhibition of virusinduced
cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cells.
Results:
Compound 4i (50 µM) showed better antifungal activity against A. clavatus. Compound 4g
(50 µM) with 95% inhibition demonstrated good activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Compound
4k showed CC50 (50 µM) against MT-4 (CD4+ Human T-cells containing an integrated
HTLV-1 genome) cells by 50%, while 16 µM concentration value EC50 from the HIV-1 induced
cytopathogenicity. Molecular docking study suggested that 4k interacted with the target with binding
energy by Vina score (-10.3 Kcal/mol).
Conclusion:
The preliminary in vitro evaluation results revealed that some of the compounds have
promising antimicrobial activities as well as antitubercular potency. Among the various substituents
on benzylidene, the nitro group was the most beneficial for improving the anti-HIV-1 activity.
Docking result suggested that 4k compound could be acting as a non-competitive or weak inhibitor
of Reverse Transcriptase (RT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin B. Patel
- Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Udhana-Magdalla Road, Surat 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Asif R. Shaikh
- Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Udhana-Magdalla Road, Surat 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Vatsal M. Patel
- Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Udhana-Magdalla Road, Surat 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Edgar E. Lara-Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, 88710, Reynosa, Mexico
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Idahosa KC, Davies-Coleman MT, Kaye PT. Exploratory applications of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde-derived Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts as synthons in the construction of drug-like scaffolds. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1559333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenudi C. Idahosa
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Michael T. Davies-Coleman
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Perry T. Kaye
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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16
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Namasivayam V, Vanangamudi M, Kramer VG, Kurup S, Zhan P, Liu X, Kongsted J, Byrareddy SN. The Journey of HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) from Lab to Clinic. J Med Chem 2018; 62:4851-4883. [PMID: 30516990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is now pandemic. Targeting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) has been considered as one of the most successful targets for the development of anti-HIV treatment. Among the HIV-1 RT inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have gained a definitive place due to their unique antiviral potency, high specificity, and low toxicity in antiretroviral combination therapies used to treat HIV. Until now, >50 structurally diverse classes of compounds have been reported as NNRTIs. Among them, six NNRTIs were approved for HIV-1 treatment, namely, nevirapine (NVP), delavirdine (DLV), efavirenz (EFV), etravirine (ETR), rilpivirine (RPV), and doravirine (DOR). In this perspective, we focus on the six NNRTIs and lessons learned from their journey through development to clinical studies. It demonstrates the obligatory need of understanding the physicochemical and biological principles (lead optimization), resistance mutations, synthesis, and clinical requirements for drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry II , University of Bonn , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Murugesan Vanangamudi
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy , Tirupathi , Andhra Pradesh 517102 , India
| | | | - Sonali Kurup
- College of Pharmacy , Roosevelt University , Schaumburg , Illinois 60173 , United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 , Odense M , Denmark
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha 68198-5880 , United States
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17
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Costa G, Rocca R, Corona A, Grandi N, Moraca F, Romeo I, Talarico C, Gagliardi MG, Ambrosio FA, Ortuso F, Alcaro S, Distinto S, Maccioni E, Tramontano E, Artese A. Novel natural non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase identified by shape- and structure-based virtual screening techniques. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 161:1-10. [PMID: 30342421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work we report a parallel application of both docking- and shape-based virtual screening (VS) methods, followed by Molecular Dynamics simulations (MDs), for discovering new compounds able to inhibit the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity. Specifically, we screened more than 143000 natural compounds commercially available in the ZINC database against the best five RT crystallographic models, taking into account the five approved NNRTIs as query compounds. As a result, 20 hit molecules were selected and tested on biochemical assays for the inhibition of the RNA dependent DNA polymerase RT function and, among them, an indoline pyrrolidine (hit1), an indonyl piperazine (hit2) and an indolyl indolinone (hit3) derivatives were identified as novel non-nucleoside RT inhibitors in the low micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giosuè Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Rocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicole Grandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Moraca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Isabella Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmine Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Gagliardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Alessandra Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Distinto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elias Maccioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SS554, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus "S. Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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18
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Alfei S, Catena S, Ponassi M, Rosano C, Zoppi V, Spallarossa A. Hydrophilic and amphiphilic water-soluble dendrimer prodrugs suitable for parenteral administration of a non-soluble non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor thiocarbamate derivative. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:153-164. [PMID: 30170211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drugs delivered by proper carriers enter into the cells much more rapidly and carry out their action much more promptly than in the free forms. A high drug concentration can be sustained for longer periods of time at the target site in the cell. In in vivo conditions, this would translate into a reduction of systemic toxicity, dosage and frequency of dosing. Dendritic polymers significantly affect drug delivery in terms of reaching the target site, modifying the bio-distribution of the drug, and enhancing the efficacy of different drugs including anticancer compounds. 2-({[2-({[(2-tolyl)amino]carbonothioyl}oxy)ethyl]amino}carbo-nyl)benzoic acid 1 is a thiocarbamate derivative belonging to an already reported class of non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. In in vitro assay it showed no cytotoxic effects but was endowed with very low solubility and poor activity against wild-type HIV-1 (EC50 = 27 μM). With the aim at improving its water solubility, 1 has been successfully incorporated inside non-toxic amino acids-modified core-shell hetero dendrimers. IR, NMR, zeta potential, mean size of particles, buffer capacity and in vitro release profile of prepared materials were reported. All dendriplexes were evaluated in cell-based assays to assess their cytotoxic profile. The obtained complexes, which harmonize a peripheral polycationic character and a buffer capacity which presuppose efficient cells penetration and increased residence time with a not PAMAM structured biodegradable scaffold, were well water-soluble and could rationally appear as a promising set of prodrugs for safe in vivo administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, I-16148 Genova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Catena
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, I-16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Ponassi
- IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Camillo Rosano
- IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Vittoria Zoppi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, I-16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Spallarossa
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, I-16148 Genova, Italy
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Thammaporn R, Ishii K, Yagi-Utsumi M, Uchiyama S, Hannongbua S, Kato K. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Interactions with Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:450-4. [PMID: 26934936 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) have been developed for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. HIV-1 RT binding to NNRTIs has been characterized by various biophysical techniques. However, these techniques are often hampered by the low water solubility of the inhibitors, such as the current promising diarylpyrimidine-based inhibitors rilpivirine and etravirine. Hence, a conventional and rapid method that requires small sample amounts is desirable for studying NNRTIs with low water solubility. Here we successfully applied a recently developed mass spectrometric technique under non-denaturing conditions to characterize the interactions between the heterodimeric HIV-1 RT enzyme and NNRTIs with different inhibitory activities. Our data demonstrate that mass spectrometry serves as a semi-quantitative indicator of NNRTI binding affinity for HIV-1 RT using low and small amounts of samples, offering a new high-throughput screening tool for identifying novel RT inhibitors as anti-HIV drugs.
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20
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Synthesis and evaluation of 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate ester–AZT conjugates as potential dual-action HIV-1 Integrase and Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 23:7521-8. [PMID: 26775541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate ester-azidothymidine (AZT) conjugates have been prepared using Baylis-Hillman methodology, and their potential as dual-action HIV-1 Integrase and Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors has been explored using enzyme inhibition and computer modelling techniques; their activity and HeLa cell toxicity have been compared with those of their cinnamate ester analogues.
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21
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Mechanistic Study of Common Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Resistant Mutations with K103N and Y181C Substitutions. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100263. [PMID: 27669286 PMCID: PMC5086599 DOI: 10.3390/v8100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a mainstay of therapy for human immunodeficiency type 1 virus (HIV-1) infections. However, their effectiveness can be hampered by the emergence of resistant mutations. To aid in designing effective NNRTIs against the resistant mutants, it is important to understand the resistance mechanism of the mutations. Here, we investigate the mechanism of the two most prevalent NNRTI-associated mutations with K103N or Y181C substitution. Virus and reverse transcriptase (RT) with K103N/Y188F, K103A, or K103E substitutions and with Y181F, Y188F, or Y181F/Y188F substitutions were employed to study the resistance mechanism of the K103N and Y181C mutants, respectively. Results showed that the virus and RT with K103N/Y188F substitutions displayed similar resistance levels to the virus and RT with K103N substitution versus NNRTIs. Virus and RT containing Y181F, Y188F, or Y181F/Y188F substitution exhibited either enhanced or similar susceptibility to NNRTIs compared with the wild type (WT) virus. These results suggest that the hydrogen bond between N103 and Y188 may not play an important role in the resistance of the K103N variant to NNRTIs. Furthermore, the results from the studies with the Y181 or Y188 variant provide the direct evidence that aromatic π-π stacking plays a crucial role in the binding of NNRTIs to RT.
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22
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Nakamura A, Tamura N, Yasutake Y. Structure of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase Q151M mutant: insights into the inhibitor resistance of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the structure of the nucleotide-binding pocket of Hepatitis B virus polymerase. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1384-90. [PMID: 26527265 PMCID: PMC4631587 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15017896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus polymerase (HBV Pol) is an important target for anti-HBV drug development; however, its low solubility and stability in vitro has hindered detailed structural studies. Certain nucleotide reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NRTIs) such as tenofovir and lamivudine can inhibit both HBV Pol and Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) RT, leading to speculation on structural and mechanistic analogies between the deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP)-binding sites of these enzymes. The Q151M mutation in HIV-1 RT, located at the dNTP-binding site, confers resistance to various NRTIs, while maintaining sensitivity to tenofovir and lamivudine. The residue corresponding to Gln151 is strictly conserved as a methionine in HBV Pol. Therefore, the structure of the dNTP-binding pocket of the HIV-1 RT Q151M mutant may reflect that of HBV Pol. Here, the crystal structure of HIV-1 RT Q151M, determined at 2.6 Å resolution, in a new crystal form with space group P321 is presented. Although the structure of HIV-1 RT Q151M superimposes well onto that of HIV-1 RT in a closed conformation, a slight movement of the β-strands (β2-β3) that partially create the dNTP-binding pocket was observed. This movement might be caused by the introduction of the bulky thioether group of Met151. The structure also highlighted the possibility that the hydrogen-bonding network among amino acids and NRTIs is rearranged by the Q151M mutation, leading to a difference in the affinity of NRTIs for HIV-1 RT and HBV Pol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Nakamura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Noriko Tamura
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yasutake
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan
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Double Variational Binding--(SMILES) Conformational Analysis by Docking Mechanisms for Anti-HIV Pyrimidine Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19553-601. [PMID: 26295229 PMCID: PMC4581313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Variational quantitative binding–conformational analysis for a series of anti-HIV pyrimidine-based ligands is advanced at the individual molecular level. This was achieved by employing ligand-receptor docking algorithms for each molecule in the 1,3-disubstituted uracil derivative series that was studied. Such computational algorithms were employed for analyzing both genuine molecular cases and their simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILES) transformations, which were created via the controlled breaking of chemical bonds, so as to generate the longest SMILES molecular chain (LoSMoC) and Branching SMILES (BraS) conformations. The study identified the most active anti-HIV molecules, and analyzed their special and relevant bonding fragments (chemical alerts), and the recorded energetic and geometric docking results (i.e., binding and affinity energies, and the surface area and volume of bonding, respectively). Clear computational evidence was also produced concerning the ligand-receptor pocket binding efficacies of the LoSMoc and BraS conformation types, thus confirming their earlier presence (as suggested by variational quantitative structure-activity relationship, variational-QSAR) as active intermediates for the molecule-to-cell transduction process.
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The HEPT Analogue WPR-6 Is Active against a Broad Spectrum of Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Strains of Different Serotypes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4882-8. [PMID: 26055365 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00440-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are important components of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) used to treat human immunodeficiency type 1 virus (HIV-1). However, because of the emergence of drug resistance and the adverse effects of current anti-HIV drugs, it is essential to develop novel NNRTIs with an excellent safety profile, improved activity against NNRTI-resistant viruses, and enhanced activity against clinical isolates of different subtypes. Here, we have identified 1-[(benzyloxy)methyl]-6-(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)-5-iodopyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (WPR-6), a novel NNRTI with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 2 to 4 nM against laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain SF33 and an EC50 of 7 to 14 nM against nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 strain 7391 with a therapeutic index of >1 × 10(4). A panel of five representative clinical virus isolates of different subtypes circulating predominantly in China was highly sensitive to WPR-6, with EC50s ranging from 1 to 6 nM. In addition, WPR-6 showed excellent antiviral potency against the most prevalent NNRTI-resistant viruses containing the K103N and Y181C mutations. To determine whether WPR-6 selects for novel resistant mutants, in vitro resistance selection was conducted with laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain SF33 on MT-4 cells. The results demonstrated that V106I and Y188L were the two dominant NNRTI-associated resistance mutations detected in the breakthrough viruses. Taken together, these in vitro data indicate that WPR-6 has greater efficacy than the reference HEPT analogue TNK651 and the marketed drug nevirapine against HIV-1. However, to develop it as a new NNRTI, further improvement of its pharmacological properties is warranted.
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Goswami D, Tuske S, Pascal BD, Bauman JD, Patel D, Arnold E, Griffin PR. Differential isotopic enrichment to facilitate characterization of asymmetric multimeric proteins using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4015-4022. [PMID: 25763479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) coupled to mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing the conformational dynamics of protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions. Recent advances in instrumentation and methodology have expanded the utility of HDX for the analysis of large and complex proteins; however, asymmetric dimers with shared amino acid sequence present a unique challenge for HDX because assignment of peptides with identical sequence to their subunit of origin remains ambiguous. Here we report the use of differential isotopic labeling to facilitate HDX analysis of multimers using HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) as a model. RT is an asymmetric heterodimer of 51 kDa (p51) and 66 kDa (p66) subunits. The first 440 residues of p51 and p66 are identical. In this study differentially labeled RT was reconstituted from isotopically enriched ((15)N-labeled) p51 and unlabeled p66. To enable detection of (15)N-deuterated RT peptides, the software HDX Workbench was modified to follow a 100% (15)N model. Our results demonstrated that (15)N enrichment of p51 did not affect its conformational dynamics compared to unlabeled p51, but (15)N-labeled p51 did show different conformational dynamics than p66 in the RT heterodimer. Differential HDX-MS of isotopically labeled RT in the presence of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) efavirenz (EFV) showed subunit-specific perturbation in the rate of HDX consistent with previously published results and the RT-EFV cocrystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrishi Goswami
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458.USA
| | - Steve Tuske
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bruce D Pascal
- Informatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458.USA
| | - Joseph D Bauman
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Disha Patel
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458.USA
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Vivet-Boudou V, Isel C, El Safadi Y, Smyth RP, Laumond G, Moog C, Paillart JC, Marquet R. Evaluation of anti-HIV-1 mutagenic nucleoside analogues. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:371-83. [PMID: 25398876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.616383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their high mutation rates, RNA viruses and retroviruses replicate close to the threshold of viability. Their existence as quasi-species has pioneered the concept of "lethal mutagenesis" that prompted us to synthesize pyrimidine nucleoside analogues with antiviral activity in cell culture consistent with an accumulation of deleterious mutations in the HIV-1 genome. However, testing all potentially mutagenic compounds in cell-based assays is tedious and costly. Here, we describe two simple in vitro biophysical/biochemical assays that allow prediction of the mutagenic potential of deoxyribonucleoside analogues. The first assay compares the thermal stabilities of matched and mismatched base pairs in DNA duplexes containing or not the nucleoside analogues as follows. A promising candidate should display a small destabilization of the matched base pair compared with the natural nucleoside and the smallest gap possible between the stabilities of the matched and mismatched base pairs. From this assay, we predicted that two of our compounds, 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine, should be mutagenic. The second in vitro reverse transcription assay assesses DNA synthesis opposite nucleoside analogues inserted into a template strand and subsequent extension of the newly synthesized base pairs. Once again, only 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine are predicted to be efficient mutagens. The predictive potential of our fast and easy first line screens was confirmed by detailed analysis of the mutation spectrum induced by the compounds in cell culture because only compounds 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine were found to increase the mutation frequency by 3.1- and 3.4-fold, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Vivet-Boudou
- From the Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex and
| | - Catherine Isel
- From the Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex and
| | - Yazan El Safadi
- From the Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex and
| | - Redmond P Smyth
- From the Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex and
| | - Géraldine Laumond
- the Unité INSERM 748, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Virologie, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christiane Moog
- the Unité INSERM 748, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Virologie, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Paillart
- From the Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex and
| | - Roland Marquet
- From the Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMC, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex and
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27
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Miyamura S, Araki M, Suzuki T, Yamaguchi J, Itami K. Stereodivergent Synthesis of Arylcyclopropylamines by Sequential CH Borylation and Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:846-51. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Miyamura S, Araki M, Suzuki T, Yamaguchi J, Itami K. Stereodivergent Synthesis of Arylcyclopropylamines by Sequential CH Borylation and Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Iyidogan P, Anderson KS. Current perspectives on HIV-1 antiretroviral drug resistance. Viruses 2014; 6:4095-139. [PMID: 25341668 PMCID: PMC4213579 DOI: 10.3390/v6104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have turned HIV-1 infection into a chronic and manageable disease. However, treatment is only effective until HIV-1 develops resistance against the administered drugs. The most recent antiretroviral drugs have become superior at delaying the evolution of acquired drug resistance. In this review, the viral fitness and its correlation to HIV-1 mutation rates and drug resistance are discussed while emphasizing the concept of lethal mutagenesis as an alternative therapy. The development of resistance to the different classes of approved drugs and the importance of monitoring antiretroviral drug resistance are also summarized briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Iyidogan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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30
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Schauer GD, Huber KD, Leuba SH, Sluis-Cremer N. Mechanism of allosteric inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase revealed by single-molecule and ensemble fluorescence. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:11687-96. [PMID: 25232099 PMCID: PMC4191400 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (NNRTIs) are routinely used to treat HIV-1 infection, yet their mechanism of action remains unclear despite intensive investigation. In this study, we developed complementary single-molecule fluorescence and ensemble fluorescence anisotropy approaches to discover how NNRTIs modulate the intra-molecular conformational changes and inter-molecular dynamics of RT-template/primer (T/P) and RT–T/P–dNTP complexes. We found that NNRTI binding to RT induces opening of the fingers and thumb subdomains, which increases the dynamic sliding motion of the enzyme on the T/P and reduces dNTP binding affinity. Further, efavirenz promotes formation of the E138-K101 salt bridge between the p51 and p66 subunits of RT, which contributes to opening of the thumb/fingers subdomains. Engineering a more polar salt bridge between p51 and p66 resulted in even greater increases in the thumb/fingers opening, RT sliding, dNTP binding disruption and in vitro and in vivo RT inhibition than were observed with wild-type RT. We also observed that K103N, a clinically relevant NNRTI resistance mutation, does not prevent binding between efavirenz and RT-T/P but instead allows formation of a stable and productive RT–T/P–dNTP complex, possibly through disruption of the E138-K101 salt bridge. Collectively, these data describe unique structure–activity–resistance relationships that could be exploited for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant D Schauer
- Program in Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kelly D Huber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sanford H Leuba
- Program in Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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31
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Xu Z, Ba M, Zhou H, Cao Y, Tang C, Yang Y, He R, Liang Y, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhu L, Guo Y, Guo C. 2,4,5-Trisubstituted thiazole derivatives: a novel and potent class of non-nucleoside inhibitors of wild type and mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:27-42. [PMID: 25072874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Novel 2,4,5-trisubstituted thiazole derivatives (TSTs) were designed and synthesized as HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Among the thirty-eight synthesized target compounds, thirty TSTs showed potent inhibition against HIV-1 replication in wild type HIV-1 at submicromolar concentrations (from 0.046 to 9.59 μM). Compounds 21, 23 and 24 were also tested on seven NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 strains, and all exhibited inhibitory effects with fold changes in IC50 ranging from 2.6 to 111, which were better than those of nevirapine (15.6-fold-371-fold). Docking simulations of compound 24 revealed a reasonable mechanism for the binding mode, and three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3-DQSAR) studies on this novel series of TST further elucidated the structure-activity relationship (SAR). The results suggested the great potential of TSTs as a novel class of NNRTIs with antiviral efficacy and a good resistance profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Mingyu Ba
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yingli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ricai He
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenzhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lihong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Changbin Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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32
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In vitro characterization of MK-1439, a novel HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1652-63. [PMID: 24379202 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02403-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a mainstay of therapy for treating human immunodeficiency type 1 virus (HIV-1)-infected patients. MK-1439 is a novel NNRTI with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 12, 9.7, and 9.7 nM against the wild type (WT) and K103N and Y181C reverse transcriptase (RT) mutants, respectively, in a biochemical assay. Selectivity and cytotoxicity studies confirmed that MK-1439 is a highly specific NNRTI with minimum off-target activities. In the presence of 50% normal human serum (NHS), MK-1439 showed excellent potency in suppressing the replication of WT virus, with a 95% effective concentration (EC95) of 20 nM, as well as K103N, Y181C, and K103N/Y181C mutant viruses with EC95 of 43, 27, and 55 nM, respectively. MK-1439 exhibited similar antiviral activities against 10 different HIV-1 subtype viruses (a total of 93 viruses). In addition, the susceptibility of a broader array of clinical NNRTI-associated mutant viruses (a total of 96 viruses) to MK-1439 and other benchmark NNRTIs was investigated. The results showed that the mutant profile of MK-1439 was superior overall to that of efavirenz (EFV) and comparable to that of etravirine (ETR) and rilpivirine (RPV). Furthermore, E138K, Y181C, and K101E mutant viruses that are associated with ETR and RPV were susceptible to MK-1439 with a fold change (FC) of <3. A two-drug in vitro combination study indicated that MK-1439 acts nonantagonistically in the antiviral activity with each of 18 FDA-licensed drugs for HIV infection. Taken together, these in vitro data suggest that MK-1439 possesses the desired properties for further development as a new antiviral agent.
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Seckler JM, Leioatts N, Miao H, Grossfield A. The interplay of structure and dynamics: insights from a survey of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase crystal structures. Proteins 2013; 81:1792-801. [PMID: 23720322 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) is a critical drug target for HIV treatment, and understanding the exact mechanisms of its function and inhibition would significantly accelerate the development of new anti-HIV drugs. It is well known that structure plays a critical role in protein function, but for RT, structural information has proven to be insufficient-despite enormous effort-to explain the mechanism of inhibition and drug resistance of non-nucleoside RT inhibitors. We hypothesize that the missing link is dynamics, information about the motions of the system. However, many of the techniques that give the best information about dynamics, such as solution nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics simulations, cannot be easily applied to a protein as large as RT. As an alternative, we combine elastic network modeling with simultaneous hierarchical clustering of structural and dynamic data. We present an extensive survey of the dynamics of RT bound to a variety of ligands and with a number of mutations, revealing a novel mechanism for drug resistance to non-nucleoside RT inhibitors. Hydrophobic core mutations restore active-state motion to multiple functionally significant regions of HIV-1 RT. This model arises out of a combination of structural and dynamic information, rather than exclusively from one or the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Seckler
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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34
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Synthesis and evaluation of coumarin derivatives as potential dual-action HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1964-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Agneskog E, Nowak P, Källander CFR, Sönnerborg A. Evaluation of etravirine resistance in clinical samples by a simple phenotypic test. J Med Virol 2013; 85:703-8. [PMID: 23364785 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance testing is an important tool in the management of HIV-1 infection. As access to genotypic resistance assays is limited in low- and middle-income settings, alternatives are warranted. The aim of the study was to adapt a phenotypic drug susceptibility assay, ExaVir Drug, for detection of resistance to the second generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) etravirine (ETR). Five NNRTI resistant mutant forms of RT were produced (L100I, K103N, L100I/K103N, Y181C, V179D) in order to validate the assay for ETR. Furthermore, HIV-1 RT was purified from plasma samples (n = 28) obtained from treatment naïve and experienced HIV-1 infected patients, and ETR drug susceptibility (IC(50)) was estimated. The direct sequencing of the pol gene was performed. The recombinant RT mutants had the expected changes in drug sensitivity patterns. The RTs isolated from plasma of therapy naïve individuals showed low IC(50) for ETR. In the plasma virus from treatment experienced patients with Y181C, A98G, V108I, and/or K101E mutations in the pol gene, higher IC(50) values were found in line with reduced susceptibility data for ETR. This study demonstrates that ExaVir® Drug, a simple enzymatic phenotypic assay, can be used for detection of ETR resistance, including cross-resistance to other NNRTIs, in clinical samples. A further evaluation is needed to define clinical cut-offs; however the assay is an alternative to more costly HIV drug resistance tests, especially in low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Agneskog
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wright DW, Sadiq SK, De Fabritiis G, Coveney PV. Thumbs down for HIV: domain level rearrangements do occur in the NNRTI-bound HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12885-8. [PMID: 22827470 DOI: 10.1021/ja301565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the principal targets in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) therapy is the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) are a class of highly specific drugs which bind to a pocket approximately 10 Å from the polymerase active site, inhibiting the enzyme allosterically. It is widely believed that NNRTIs function as "molecular wedges", disrupting the region between thumb and palm subdomains of the p66 subunit and locking the thumb in a wide-open conformation. Crystal structure data suggest that the binding of NNRTIs forces RT into a wide-open conformation in which the separation between the thumb and fingers subdomains is much higher than in the apo structure. Using ensemble molecular dynamics simulations (aggregate sampling ∼600 ns), we have captured RT bound to the NNRTI efavirenz in a closed conformation similar to that of the apo enzyme, suggesting the constraint of thumb motion is not as complete as previously believed. Rather, our investigation confirms that a conformational distribution across open and closed states must exist in the drug-bound enzyme and that allosteric modulation is effected via the alteration of the kinetic landscape of conformational transitions upon drug-binding. A more detailed understanding of the mechanism of NNRTI inhibition and the effect of binding upon domain motion could aid the design of more effective inhibitors and help identify novel allosteric sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Wright
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London , London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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Global Conformational Dynamics of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Bound to Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors. BIOLOGY 2012; 1:222-44. [PMID: 24832224 PMCID: PMC4009785 DOI: 10.3390/biology1020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme responsible for the transcription of the RNA genome of the HIV virus into DNA suitable for incorporation within the DNA of human host cells. Its crucial role in the viral life cycle has made it one of the major targets for antiretroviral drug therapy. The Non-Nucleoside RT Inhibitor (NNRTI) class of drugs binds allosterically to the enzyme, affecting many aspects of its activity. We use both coarse grained network models and atomistic molecular dynamics to explore the changes in protein dynamics induced by NNRTI binding. We identify changes in the flexibility and conformation of residue Glu396 in the RNaseH primer grip which could provide an explanation for the acceleration in RNaseH cleavage rate observed experimentally in NNRTI bound HIV-1 RT. We further suggest a plausible path for conformational and dynamic changes to be communicated from the vicinity of the NNRTI binding pocket to the RNaseH at the other end of the enzyme.
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Zhou W, Viswanathan K, Hill D, Anderson AC, Wright DL. Acetylenic linkers in lead compounds: a study of the stability of the propargyl-linked antifolates. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:2002-8. [PMID: 22815313 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.046870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Propargyl-linked antifolates that target dihydrofolate reductase are potent inhibitors of several species of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This novel class of antifolates possesses a relatively uncommon acetylenic linker designed to span a narrow passage in the enzyme active site and join two larger functional domains. Because the use of alkyne functionality in drug molecules is limited, it was important to evaluate some key physicochemical properties of these molecules and specifically to assess the overall stability of the acetylene. Herein, we report studies on four compounds from our lead series that vary specifically in the environment of the alkyne. We show that the compounds are soluble, chemically stable in water, as well as simulated gastric and intestinal fluids with half-lives of approximately 30 min after incubation with mouse liver microsomes. Their primary in vitro route of metabolism involves oxidative transformations of pendant functionality with little direct alteration of the alkyne. Identification of several major metabolites indicated the formation of N-oxides; the rate of formation of these oxides was highly influenced by branching substitutions around the propargyl linker. On the basis of the lessons of these metabolic studies, a more advanced inhibitor was designed, synthesized, and shown to have increased (t(1/2) = 65 min) metabolic stability while maintaining potent enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangda Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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The HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase M184I Mutation Enhances the E138K-Associated Resistance to Rilpivirine and Decreases Viral Fitness. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 59:47-54. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31823aca74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Minkara MS, Davis PH, Radhakrishnan ML. Multiple drugs and multiple targets: An analysis of the electrostatic determinants of binding between non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors and variants of HIV-1 RT. Proteins 2011; 80:573-90. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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8-Modified-2'-deoxyadenosine analogues induce delayed polymerization arrest during HIV-1 reverse transcription. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27456. [PMID: 22087320 PMCID: PMC3210175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of resistant viruses to any of the anti-HIV-1 compounds used in the current therapies against AIDS underlies the urge for the development of new drug targets and/or new drugs acting through novel mechanisms. While all anti-HIV-1 nucleoside analogues in clinical use and in clinical trials rely on ribose modifications for activity, we designed nucleosides with a natural deoxyribose moiety and modifications of position 8 of the adenine base. Such modifications might induce a steric clash with helix αH in the thumb domain of the p66 subunit of HIV-1 RT at a distance from the catalytic site, causing delayed chain termination. Eleven new 2′-deoxyadenosine analogues modified on position 8 of the purine base were synthesized and tested in vitro and in cell-based assays. In this paper we demonstrate for the first time that chemical modifications on position 8 of 2′-deoxyadenosine induce delayed chain termination in vitro, and also inhibit DNA synthesis when incorporated in a DNA template strand. Furthermore, one of them had moderate anti-HIV-1 activity in cell-culture. Our results constitute a proof of concept indicating that modification on the base moiety of nucleosides can induce delayed polymerization arrest and inhibit HIV-1 replication.
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Boyer J, Arnoult E, Médebielle M, Guillemont J, Unge J, Jochmans D. Difluoromethylbenzoxazole Pyrimidine Thioether Derivatives: A Novel Class of Potent Non-Nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7974-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200766b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Boyer
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de
Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
(ICBMS), UMR CNRS-UCBL-INSA, Equipe “Synthèse de Molécules
d’Intérêt Thérapeutique (SMITH)”,
Bâtiment Curien, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622
Villeurbanne, France
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Chemistry
Lead Antimicrobial Research, Janssen-Cilag/Tibotec, Campus de Maigremont BP615,
F-27106 Val de Reuil Cedex, France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de
Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
(ICBMS), UMR CNRS-UCBL-INSA, Equipe “Synthèse de Molécules
d’Intérêt Thérapeutique (SMITH)”,
Bâtiment Curien, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622
Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jérôme Guillemont
- Chemistry
Lead Antimicrobial Research, Janssen-Cilag/Tibotec, Campus de Maigremont BP615,
F-27106 Val de Reuil Cedex, France
| | - Johan Unge
- MAX-lab, Lund University, P.O. Box 118,
SE-221 00
Lund, Sweden
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Tibotec-Virco BVBA, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, BE-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Menéndez-Arias L, Betancor G, Matamoros T. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase connection subdomain mutations involved in resistance to approved non-nucleoside inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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[Bioinformatics studies on drug resistance against anti-HIV-1 drugs]. Uirusu 2011; 61:35-47. [PMID: 21972554 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.61.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
More than 20 drugs have been available for anti-HIV-1 treatment in Japan. Combination therapy with these drugs dramatically decreases in morbidity and mortality of AIDS. However, due to high mutation rate of HIV-1, treatment with ineffective drugs toward patients infected with HIV-1 causes accumulation of mutations in the virus, and emergence of drug resistant viruses. Thus, to achieve appropriate application of the drugs toward the respective patients living with HIV-1, methods for predicting the level of drug-resistance using viral sequence information has been developed on the basis of bioinformatics. Furthermore, ultra-deep sequencing by next-generation sequencer whose data analysis is also based on bioinformatics, or in silico structural modeling have been achieved to understand drug resistant mechanisms. In this review, I overview the bioinformatics studies about drug resistance against anti-HIV-1 drugs.
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Alcaro S, Alteri C, Artese A, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Costa G, Ortuso F, Bertoli A, Forbici F, Santoro MM, Parrotta L, Flandre P, Masquelier B, Descamps D, Calvez V, Marcelin AG, Perno CF, Sing T, Svicher V. Docking analysis and resistance evaluation of clinically relevant mutations associated with the HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors nevirapine, efavirenz and etravirine. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2203-13. [PMID: 21953939 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An integrated computational and statistical approach was used to determine the association of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) nevirapine, efavirenz and etravirine with resistance mutations that cause therapeutic failure and their impact on NNRTI resistance. Mutations detected for nevirapine virological failure with a prevalence greater than 10% in the used patient set were: K103N, Y181C, G190A, and K101E. A support vector regression model, based on matched genotypic/phenotypic data (n=850), showed that among 6365 analyzed mutations, K103N, Y181C and G190A have the first, third, and sixth greatest significance for nevirapine resistance, respectively. The most common indicator of treatment failure for efavirenz was K103N mutation present in 56.7% of the patients where the drug failed, followed by V108I, L100I, and G190A. For efavirenz resistance, K103N, G190, and L100I have the first, fourth, and eighth greatest significance, respectively, as determined in support vector regression model. No positive interactions were observed among nevirapine resistance mutations, while a more complex situation was observed with treatment failure of efavirenz and etravirine, characterized by the accumulation of multiple mutations. Docking simulations and free energy analysis based on docking scores of mutated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RT complexes were used to evaluate the influence of selected mutations on drug recognition. Results from support vector regression were confirmed by docking analysis. In particular, for nevirapine and efavirenz, a single mutation K103N was associated with the most unfavorable energetic profile compared to the wild-type sequence. This is in line with recent clinical data reporting that diarylpyrimidine etravirine, a very potent third generation drug effective against a wide range of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants, shows increased affinity towards K103N/S mutants due to its high conformational flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università degli Studi Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
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Zhang H, Qin F, Ye W, Li Z, Ma S, Xia Y, Jiang Y, Zhu J, Li Y, Zhang J, Chen HF. Revealing the Drug-Resistant Mechanism for Diarylpyrimidine Analogue Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:427-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Das K, Bauman JD, Rim AS, Dharia C, Clark AD, Camarasa MJ, Balzarini J, Arnold E. Crystal structure of tert-butyldimethylsilyl-spiroaminooxathioledioxide-thymine (TSAO-T) in complex with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) redefines the elastic limits of the non-nucleoside inhibitor-binding pocket. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2727-37. [PMID: 21446702 PMCID: PMC3361896 DOI: 10.1021/jm101536x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
tert-Butyldimethylsilyl-spiroaminooxathioledioxide (TSAO) compounds have an embedded thymidine-analogue backbone; however, TSAO compounds invoke non-nucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance mutations. Our crystal structure of RT:7 (TSAO-T) complex shows that 7 binds inside the NNRTI-binding pocket, assuming a "dragon" shape, and interacts extensively with almost all the pocket residues. The structure also explains the structure-activity relationships and resistance data for TSAO compounds. The binding of 7 causes hyper-expansion of the pocket and significant rearrangement of RT subdomains. This nonoptimal complex formation is apparently responsible (1) for the lower stability of a RT (p66/p51) dimer and (2) for the lower potency of 7 despite of its extensive interactions with RT. However, the HIV-1 RT:7 structure reveals novel design features such as (1) interactions with the conserved Tyr183 from the YMDD-motif and (2) a possible way for an NNRTI to reach the polymerase active site that may be exploited in designing new NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Das
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Joseph D. Bauman
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Angela S. Rim
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Chhaya Dharia
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Arthur D. Clark
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - María-José Camarasa
- Instituto de Química Médica (C.S.I.C.). Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eddy Arnold
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine (CABM), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Seckler JM, Barkley MD, Wintrode PL. Allosteric suppression of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase structural dynamics upon inhibitor binding. Biophys J 2011; 100:144-53. [PMID: 21190666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz is a second-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and a common component of clinically approved anti-AIDS regimens. NNRTIs are noncompetitive inhibitors that bind in a hydrophobic pocket in the p66 subunit of reverse transcriptase (RT) ∼10 Å from the polymerase active site. Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS) shows that efavirenz binding reduces molecular flexibility in multiple regions of RT heterodimer in addition to the NNRTI binding site. Of the 47 peptic fragments monitored by HXMS, 15 showed significantly altered H/D exchange rates in the presence of efavirenz. The slow cooperative unfolding of a β-sheet in the NNRTI binding pocket, which was previously observed in unliganded RT, is dramatically suppressed by efavirenz. HXMS also defines an extensive network of allosterically coupled sites, including four distinct regions of allosteric stabilization, and one region of allosteric destabilization. The effects of efavirenz binding extend > 60 Å from the NNRTI binding pocket. Allosteric changes to the structural dynamics propagate to the thumb and connection subdomains and RNase H domain of the p66 subunit as well as the thumb and palm subdomains of the p51 subunit. These allosteric regions may represent potential new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Seckler
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Alcaro S, Alteri C, Artese A, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Costa G, Ortuso F, Parrotta L, Perno CF, Svicher V. Molecular and structural aspects of clinically relevant mutations related to the approved non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Drug Resist Updat 2011; 14:141-9. [PMID: 21295512 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years relevant progress has been made in the treatment of HIV-1 with a consequent decrease in mortality. The availability of potent antiretroviral drugs and the ability of viral load assays that accurately evaluate the true level of viral replication, have led to a better understanding of pathogenesis of the disease and how to obtain improved therapeutic profiles. The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), based on a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs, has radically changed the clinical outcome of HIV. In particular, reverse transcriptase non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNRTIs) play an essential role in most protocols and are often used in first line treatment. The high specificity of these inhibitors towards HIV-1 has increased the number of structural and molecular modeling studies of enzyme complexes and that have led to chemical syntheses of more selective second and third-generation NNRTIs. However, a considerable percentage of new HIV-1 infections are caused by the emergence of drug-resistant mutant viruses that complicate treatment strategies. In this review we discuss relevant clinical and structural aspects for the management of antiretroviral drug resistance, with detailed explanations of mechanisms and mutation patterns useful to better understand the relation between drug resistance and therapy failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Alcaro
- Laboratorio di Chimica Farmaceutica Computazionale, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche Università"Magna Græcia" di Catanzaro, Campus Universitario, Italy
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50
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Boonsri P, Kuno M, Hannongbua S. Key interactions of the mutant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase/efavirenz: an evidence obtained from ONIOM method. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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