1
|
Nutritional and Functional Roles of Phytase and Xylanase Enhancing the Intestinal Health and Growth of Nursery Pigs and Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233322. [PMID: 36496844 PMCID: PMC9740087 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper discussed the nutritional and functional roles of phytase and xylanase enhancing the intestinal and growth of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. There are different feed enzymes that are currently supplemented to feeds for nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Phytase and xylanase have been extensively studied showing consistent results especially related to enhancement of nutrient digestibility and growth performance of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. Findings from recent studies raise the hypothesis that phytase and xylanase could play functional roles beyond increasing nutrient digestibility, but also enhancing the intestinal health and positively modulating the intestinal microbiota of nursery pigs and broiler chickens. In conclusion, the supplementation of phytase and xylanase for nursery pigs and broiler chickens reaffirmed the benefits related to enhancement of nutrient digestibility and growth performance, whilst also playing functional roles benefiting the intestinal microbiota and reducing the intestinal oxidative damages. As a result, it could contribute to a reduction in the feed costs by allowing the use of a wider range of feedstuffs without compromising the optimal performance of the animals, as well as the environmental concerns associated with a poor hydrolysis of antinutritional factors present in the diets for swine and poultry.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mun J, Lee C, Hosseindoust A, Ha S, Tajudeen H, Kim J. Calcium chloride is a better calcium source rather than calcium carbonate for weanling pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:871-884. [PMID: 36287786 PMCID: PMC9574615 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of calcium (Ca) levels in
weanling pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc). In experiment 1, one
hundred and eighty weanling pigs were randomly allotted to one of the three
treatments. The treatments were low (Ca 0.60% in phase 1 and 0.50% in phase 2),
standard (Ca 0.72% in phase 1 and 0.66% in phase 2), and high (Ca 0.84% in phase
1 and 0.72% in phase 2). In experiment 2, hundred and forty weanling pigs were
randomly assigned to one of four treatments differing in Ca levels (high and
low) and sources (CaCl2 and CaCO3) in a 2 × 2
factorial arrangement. There were 10 pigs per replicate in both experiments,
with 6 replicates in each treatment, and they were conducted in two phases
(phase 1, days 0–14; phase 2, days 15–28). In experiment 1, body
weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and growth to feed ratio (G/F) increased
as the Ca level decreased (p < 0.05). P digestibility
was higher in the low-Ca diet group than in the high-Ca diet group
(p <0.05). In experiment 2, the final BW, ADG, and
G/F increased in the CaCl2 diet group compared with the case in the
CaCO3 diet group (p < 0.05). The
digestibility of crude protein (CP), Ca, and P was higher in the
CaCl2 diet group than in the CaCO3 diet group
(p < 0.05). Cl− levels were higher
in the CaCl2 diet group than in the CaCO3 diet group
(p < 0.05). The bicarbonate
(HCO3−), base excess (BE), and electrolyte
balance (EB) levels were lower in the CaCl2 diet group than in the
CaCO3 diet group (p < 0.05). Hematocrit
increased as the Ca level decreased (p < 0.05). The
HCO3− interacted with the Ca sources and thus,
affected the Ca levels (p < 0.05). Bone ash, Ca, and P
were downregulated in the low-Ca diet group compared with the case in the
high-Ca diet group. Overall, the low dietary Ca supplementation led to greater
growth performance. Furthermore, CaCl2 appeared to be a better Ca
source than CaCO3 because of the greater digestibility of CP, Ca, and
P, and improved EB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JunYoung Mun
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - ChangBeon Lee
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | | | - SangHun Ha
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Habeeb Tajudeen
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - JinSoo Kim
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Corresponding author JinSoo Kim,
Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341,
Korea. Tel: +82-33-250-8614, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Royall RQ, Goodband RD, Tokach MD, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Gebhardt JT. Effects of adding potassium bicarbonate to diets with high or low crystalline lysine to influence dietary cation–anion difference on finishing pig growth performance. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac107. [DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD), calculated as Na+ + K+ – Cl− in mEq/kg of the diet, represents the influence that monovalent cations and anions from these minerals have on the acid–base status of the animal. However, the recommended range of DCAD for optimal grow-finish swine performance is variable, which may indicate an interaction between DCAD and other ingredients. The hypothesis for this study was that the addition of potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) to increase diet DCAD when high levels of l-Lys HCl (>0.35% diet) are used may potentially improve growth performance. A total of 1,944 pigs (PIC L337 × 1050, initially 35.2 ± 0.85 kg) were used in a 120-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of KHCO3 (0% or 0.4%), and l-Lys HCl level (low or high). l-Lys HCl was included between 0.13% and 0.21% in low diets, and between 0.36% and 0.43% in high diets. There were 27 pigs per pen and 18 replicates per treatment. Treatment diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated in four dietary phases (35–60 kg, 60–85 kg, 85–105 kg, and 105–130 kg). Dietary treatments were formulated such that in each phase the diet containing a low level of l-Lys HCl without KHCO3 and the diet containing a high level of l-Lys HCl with KHCO3 had similar calculated DCAD values (169–232 mEq/kg). Additionally, the diet with a low level of l-Lys HCl with KHCO3 was formulated to have the highest DCAD in each phase (220–281 mEq/kg), while the diet with a high level of l-Lys HCl without KHCO3 was formulated to have the lowest DCAD (118–182 mEq/kg). Overall, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for a KHCO3 × l-Lys HCl interaction or main effect for final BW or any observed growth response or carcass characteristics. The results of this study suggest that supplementing KHCO3 to finishing pig diets with either high or low levels of l-Lys HCl and the corresponding changes in DCAD values did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafe Q Royall
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 , USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS 66506-0201 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Helm ET, Patience JF, Romoser MR, Johnson CD, Ross JW, Gabler NK. Evaluation of increased fiber, decreased amino acids, or decreased electrolyte balance as dietary approaches to slow finishing pig growth rates. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skab164. [PMID: 34014285 PMCID: PMC8259844 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In swine production, pig movement restrictions or packing plant closures may create the need to slow growth rates of finishing pigs to ensure they remain at a marketable body weight when packing plant access is restored. Although dietary formulations can be successful at slowing pig growth, precision is needed regarding how to best formulate diets to achieve growth rate reductions. Thus, the objective was to evaluate three dietary experimental approaches aimed at slowing growth rates in finishing pigs. These approaches consisted of either increasing neutral detergent fiber (NDF), reducing essential amino acids, or reducing the dietary electrolyte balance through the addition of acidogenic salts. A total of 94 mixed-sex pigs (72.4 ± 11.2 kg BW) across two replicates were individually penned and assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments (n = 11-12 pigs/treatment): 1) Control diet representative of a typical corn-soybean meal-based finisher diet (CON); 2) diet containing 15% NDF from soybean hulls (15% NDF); 3) diet containing 20% NDF from soybean hulls (20% NDF); 4) diet containing 25% NDF from soybean hulls (25% NDF); 5) diet formulated as per CON but with 50% of the soybean meal replaced with corn (89% Corn); 6) diet containing 97% corn and no soybean meal or synthetic amino acids (97% Corn); 7) diet containing 2% anhydrous calcium chloride (2% CaCl2); and 8) diet containing 4% anhydrous calcium chloride (4% CaCl2). Over 28 d, pig body weights and performance were recorded weekly. At d 28, all pigs were ultrasound scanned and switched to the CON diet to evaluate compensatory gain from d 28 to 35. Overall, increased NDF did not impact any growth performance parameter (P > 0.05). Amino acid restriction reduced average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F) linearly (linear P < 0.001). Similarly, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were linearly reduced with increased CaCl2 inclusion (linear P < 0.001). ADG differed during the compensatory gain period (P < 0.001), with 4% CaCl2-fed pigs having a 47% increase in ADG compared with CON-fed pigs. Conversely, 15% and 25% NDF-fed pigs had reduced ADG compared with CON-fed pigs during the compensatory gain period. Gain efficiency differed from day 28 to 35 (P < 0.001), with 4% CaCl2-fed pigs having a 36% increase in G:F compared with CON-fed pigs. Altogether, these data demonstrate that both amino acid restriction and CaCl2 inclusion are effective at slowing pig growth, albeit at greater inclusion rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Matthew R Romoser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Colin D Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Helm ET, Ross JW, Patience JF, Lonergan SM, Huff-Lonergan E, Greiner LL, Reever LM, Hastad CW, Arkfeld EK, Gabler NK. Nutritional approaches to slow late finishing pig growth: implications on carcass composition and pork quality. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skaa368. [PMID: 33394016 PMCID: PMC7780493 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pork producers typically aim to optimize growth rates, occasionally it is necessary to slow growth, such as when harvest facility capacity is limited. In finishing pigs, numerous dietary strategies can be used to slow growth so pigs are at optimal slaughter body weights when harvest facility capacity and/or access is restored. However, the impact of these diets on pork carcass quality is largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary strategies to slow growth in late finishing pigs and evaluate their effects on carcass composition and pork quality. Mixed-sex pigs (n = 897; 125 ± 2 kg BW) were randomly allotted across 48 pens and assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens/treatment): (1) Control diet representative of a typical finisher diet (CON); (2) diet containing 3% calcium chloride (CaCl2); (3) diet containing 97% corn and no soybean meal (Corn); (4) diet deficient in isoleucine (LowIle); (5) diet containing 15% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from soybean hulls (15% NDF); and (6) diet containing 20% NDF from soybean hulls (20% NDF). Over 42 d, pen body weights and feed disappearance were collected. Pigs were harvested in 3 groups (14, 28, and 42 d on feed) and carcass data collected. From the harvest group, 1 loin was collected from 120 randomly selected carcasses (20 loins/treatment) to evaluate pork quality traits. Overall, ADG was reduced in CaCl2, Corn, and 20% NDF pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). However, ADFI was only reduced in CaCl2 and 20% NDF pigs compared with CON (P < 0.001). Feed efficiency was reduced in CaCl2 and Corn pigs compared with CON (P < 0.001). Hot carcass weights were reduced in CaCl2 pigs at all harvest dates (P < 0.001) and were reduced in Corn and 20% NDF pigs at days 28 and 42 compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). In general, CaCl2 and 20% NDF diets resulted in leaner carcasses, whereas the Corn diet increased backfat by 42 d on test (P < 0.05). Loin pH was reduced and star probe increased in CaCl2 pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.05); no treatments differed from CON pigs regarding drip loss, cook loss, color, firmness, or marbling (P ≥ 0.117). Overall, these data indicate that several dietary strategies can slow finishing pig growth without evidence of behavioral vices. However, changes to carcass composition and quality were also observed, indicating quality should be taken into consideration when choosing diets to slow growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Steven M Lonergan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Elisabeth Huff-Lonergan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Laura L Greiner
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Leah M Reever
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6916189. [PMID: 31976326 PMCID: PMC6949732 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6916189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Piglets experience severe growth challenges and diarrhea after weaning due to nutritional, social, psychological, environmental, and physiological changes. Among these changes, the nutritional factor plays a key role in postweaning health. Dietary protein, fibre, starch, and electrolyte levels are highly associated with postweaning nutrition diarrhea (PWND). In this review, we mainly discuss the high protein, fibre, resistant starch, and electrolyte imbalance in diets that induce PWND, with a focus on potential mechanisms in weaned piglets.
Collapse
|
7
|
Adedokun S, Dong K, Harmon D. Evaluating the effects of adaptation length, dietary electrolyte balance, and energy source on ileal endogenous amino acid losses in pigs fed nitrogen-free diets. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2018-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Adedokun
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - K. Dong
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - D.L. Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lagos LV, Lee SA, Fondevila G, Walk CL, Murphy MR, Loor JJ, Stein HH. Influence of the concentration of dietary digestible calcium on growth performance, bone mineralization, plasma calcium, and abundance of genes involved in intestinal absorption of calcium in pigs from 11 to 22 kg fed diets with different concentrations of digestible phosphorus. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:47. [PMID: 31149337 PMCID: PMC6537374 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 21-day experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Ca requirements to maximize growth performance expressed as the standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca to STTD P ratio is less than 1.40:1. The second hypothesis was that increasing dietary Ca increases plasma Ca concentration and downregulates abundance of genes related to Ca absorption (TRPV6, S100G, and ATP2B1) in the duodenum, and tight junction proteins (OCLN, CLDN1, and ZO1) in the duodenum and ileum. METHODS Twenty corn-soybean meal diets were formulated using a 4 × 5 factorial design with diets containing 0.16%, 0.33%, 0.42%, or 0.50% STTD P, and 0.14%, 0.29%, 0.44%, 0.59%, or 0.74% STTD Ca. Six hundred and forty pigs (initial weight: 11.1 ± 1.4 kg) were allotted to 20 diets and 5 blocks in a randomized complete block design. On day 21, weights of pigs and feed left in feeders were recorded and blood, duodenal tissue, ileal mucosa, and the right femur were collected from 1 pig per pen. Abundance of mRNA was determined in duodenal and ileal tissue via quantitative RT-PCR. Data were analyzed using a response surface model. RESULTS The predicted maximum ADG (614 g), G:F (0.65), and bone ash (11.68 g) was obtained at STTD Ca:STTD P ratios of 1.39:1, 1.25:1, and 1.66:1, respectively, when STTD P was provided at the requirement (0.33%). If dietary STTD P was below the requirement, increasing dietary Ca resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F. However, if dietary STTD P was above the requirement, negative effects (P < 0.05) on ADG and G:F of increasing STTD Ca were observed only if dietary STTD Ca exceeded 0.6%. Plasma Ca concentration was positively affected by STTD Ca over the range studied (quadratic, P < 0.01) and negatively affected by increasing STTD P (linear, P < 0.01). There was a linear negative effect (P < 0.05) of STTD Ca on the abundance of S100G, TRPV6, OCLN, and ZO1 in duodenum, and CLDN and ZO1 in ileum. CONCLUSIONS The STTD Ca:STTD P ratio needed to maximize growth performance of 11- to 25-kg pigs is less than 1.40:1, if P is at the estimated requirement. Increasing dietary Ca reduces transcellular absorption of Ca and increases paracellular absorption of Ca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Vanessa Lagos
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Su A. Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | | | | | - Michael R. Murphy
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Hans H. Stein
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jones AM, Wu F, Woodworth JC, Dritz SS, Tokach MD, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD. Evaluation of dietary electrolyte balance on nursery pig performance. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 3:378-383. [PMID: 32704808 PMCID: PMC7200553 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) has been reported to linearly improve pig growth performance up to approximately 200 to 250 mEq/kg. However, recent data indicate that increasing dietary dEB reduced growth performance of nursery pigs. To attempt to solve this discrepancy, a total of 2,880 weanling pigs (327 × 1,050; PIC, Hendersonville, TN; 5.2 kg initial BW) were used to determine the effects of increasing dEB on nursery pig performance. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and gender on arrival. Within block, pens were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments. There were 30 pigs per pen (60 pigs per double-sided feeder) and 12 replications (feeder) per treatment. Dietary treatments were fed in two phases. The phase 1 diet was based on corn–soybean meal, contained dried distillers grains with soblubles (DDGS), spray-dried whey, and specialty protein sources, and was fed from days 0 to 8. The phase 2 (days 8 to 21) diets contained corn, soybean meal, and DDGS with reduced amounts of specialty protein sources. Dietary electrolyte balance was determined using the following equation: dEB = [(Na × 434.98) + (K × 255.74) − (Cl × 282.06)] mEq/kg. The dEB of the four phase 1 diets were 84, 137, 190, and 243 mEq/kg, and dEB of the four phase 2 diets were 29, 86, 143, and 199 mEq/kg. After feeding experimental diets for 21 day, a common, commercial corn–soybean meal diet was fed to all pigs from days 21 to 35 and contained a dEB of 257 mEq/kg. During days 0 to 8, increasing dEB increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F. From days 8 to 21, increasing dEB improved ADG (quadratic, P = 0.022) and ADFI (linear, P = 0.001), resulting in an improvement (quadratic, P = 0.001) in G:F. Overall (days 0 to 21), increasing dEB increased (linear, P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and improved (quadratic, P < 0.001) G:F. When a common diet was fed to all pigs from days 21 to 35, there was a linear reduction in ADG and G:F with increasing dietary dEB, but no effect of ADFI. For the overall nursery period (days 0 to 35), increasing dEB from days 0 to 21 increased (linear, P < 0.001) ADG and final BW, which was the result of increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) G:F and marginally greater (linear, P = 0.077) ADFI. In conclusion, increasing dietary dEB up to 243 and 199 mEq/kg (in phases 1 and 2, respectively) in nursery diets improved growth performance of weanling pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Fangzhou Wu
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lei XJ, Chung JY, Park JH, Kim IH. Evaluation of different dietary electrolyte balance in weanling pigs diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
AbstractThe effect of two dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na+ + K+ – Cl-) levels (–135 and 145 mEq/kg diet) on heat production, energy and nitrogen retention in piglets was assessed. The experiment consisted of a 13-day adaptation period and a 7-day balance period in two open-circuit climate respiration chambers. Nine groups of three (4 weeks old) crossbred barrows were assigned to one of two diets (five and four groups for –135 and 145 mEq/kg dEB diets respectively). During the balance period, diets were provided at 2·3 times the energy requirement for maintenance in two equal meals daily. Total heat production for each group was determined every 9 minutes from the exchange of CO2 and O2. Faeces and urine mixture was quantitatively collected during the balance period to measure energy and nitrogen balance. Total heat production and metabolizable energy costs for maintenance tended (P 0·10) to be higher in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group (681 and 443 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively) than in the –135 mEq/kg dEB group (660 and 412 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively). Differences in total heat production between the two dEB groups mainly occurred in the daytime (light period), when significance level was P 0·01. The respiratory quotient and energy retention as fat were numerically (but not statistically significantly) lower in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group compared with –135 mEq/kg dEB. In conclusion, energy balances were similar for both treatments. However in the daytime (light period), piglets needed more energy for maintenance after ingesting a diet with a dEB level of 145 mEq/kg compared to a diet with a dEB level of –135 mEq/kg at a restricted feeding level.
Collapse
|
12
|
Guzmán-Pino SA, Solà-Oriol D, Davin R, Manzanilla EG, Pérez JF. Influence of dietary electrolyte balance on feed preference and growth performance of postweaned piglets1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:2840-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Guzmán-Pino
- Servei de Nutrició i Benestar Animal (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Solà-Oriol
- Servei de Nutrició i Benestar Animal (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Davin
- Servei de Nutrició i Benestar Animal (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. G. Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, TEAGASC, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - J. F. Pérez
- Servei de Nutrició i Benestar Animal (SNiBA), Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brumm PJ, De Maayer P, Mead DA, Cowan DA. Genomic analysis of six new Geobacillus strains reveals highly conserved carbohydrate degradation architectures and strategies. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:430. [PMID: 26029180 PMCID: PMC4428132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report the whole genome sequences of six new Geobacillus xylanolytic strains along with the genomic analysis of their capability to degrade carbohydrates. The six sequenced Geobacillus strains described here have a range of GC contents from 43.9% to 52.5% and clade with named Geobacillus species throughout the entire genus. We have identified a ~200 kb unique super-cluster in all six strains, containing five to eight distinct carbohydrate degradation clusters in a single genomic region, a feature not seen in other genera. The Geobacillus strains rely on a small number of secreted enzymes located within distinct clusters for carbohydrate utilization, in contrast to most biomass-degrading organisms which contain numerous secreted enzymes located randomly throughout the genomes. All six strains are able to utilize fructose, arabinose, xylose, mannitol, gluconate, xylan, and α-1,6-glucosides. The gene clusters for utilization of these seven substrates have identical organization and the individual proteins have a high percent identity to their homologs. The strains show significant differences in their ability to utilize inositol, sucrose, lactose, α-mannosides, α-1,4-glucosides and arabinan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J. Brumm
- C5•6 TechnologiesMiddleton, WI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
| | - Pieter De Maayer
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - David A. Mead
- C5•6 TechnologiesMiddleton, WI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA
- Lucigen CorporationMiddleton, WI, USA
| | - Don A. Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nørgaard J, Højberg O, Sørensen K, Eriksen J, Medina J, Poulsen H. The effect of long-term acidifying feeding on digesta organic acids, mineral balance, and bone mineralization in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Dietary electrolyte balance affects the nutrient digestibility and maintenance energy expenditure of Nile tilapia. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1948-57. [PMID: 23631834 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acid-base disturbances caused by environmental factors and physiological events including feeding have been well documented in several fish species, but little is known about the impact of dietary electrolyte balance (dEB). In the present study, we investigated the effect of feeding diets differing in dEB (-100, 200, 500 or 800 mEq/kg diet) on the growth, nutrient digestibility and energy balance of Nile tilapia. After 5 weeks on the test diet, the growth of the fish was linearly affected by the dEB levels (P< 0·001), with the lowest growth being observed in the fish fed the 800 dEB diet. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of fat was unaffected by dEB, whereas the ADC of DM and protein were curvilinearly related to the dEB levels, being lowest and highest in the 200 and 800 dEB diets, respectively. Stomach chyme pH at 3 h after feeding was linearly related to the dEB levels (P< 0·05). At the same time, blood pH of the heart (P< 0·05) and caudal vein (P< 0·01) was curvilinearly related to the dEB levels, suggesting the influence of dEB on postprandial metabolic alkalosis. Consequently, maintenance energy expenditure (MEm) was curvilinearly related to the dEB levels (P< 0·001), being 54 % higher in the 800 dEB group (88 kJ/kg(0·8) per d) than in the 200 dEB group (57 kJ/kg(0·8) per d). These results suggest that varying dEB levels in a diet have both positive and negative effects on fish. On the one hand, they improve nutrient digestibility; on the other hand, they challenge the acid-base homeostasis (pH) of fish, causing an increase in MEm, and thereby reduce the energy required for growth.
Collapse
|
16
|
Pedersen KS, Stege H, Nielsen JP. Evaluation of a microwave method for dry matter determination in faecal samples from weaned pigs with or without clinical diarrhoea. Prev Vet Med 2011; 100:163-70. [PMID: 21571379 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Microwave drying as a procedure for determination of faecal dry matter in weaned pigs was evaluated and clinical relevant cut-off values between faecal consistency scores were determined. Repeatability and reproducibility were evaluated. Overall coefficient of variation was 0.03. The 95% confidence limits for any future faecal subsample examined by any operator in any replica were ± 0.85% faecal dry matter. Robustness in relation to weight of wet faeces was evaluated. The weight categories were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 g. Samples of 0.5 g gave significantly different mean faecal dry matter content compared to weighing of 1.0-3.0 g. Agreement with freeze-drying was evaluated. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient was 0.94. On average the faecal dry matter values was 1.7% (SD=1.99%) higher in freeze dried compared to micro waved samples. Non-parametric ROC analyses were used to determine optimal faecal dry matter cut-off values for clinical faecal consistency scores. The 4 consistency scores were score 1=firm and shaped, score 2=soft and shaped, score 3=loose and score 4=watery. The cut-off values were score 1: faecal dry matter content >19.5%, score 2: faecal dry matter content ≤ 19.5% and >18.0%, score 3: faecal dry matter content ≤ 18.0% and >11.3%, score 4: faecal dry matter content ≤ 11.3%. In conclusion, the microwave procedure has an acceptable repeatability/reproducibility and good agreement with freeze drying can be expected. A minimum of 1.0 g of wet faeces must be used for analyses. Faecal dry matter cut-off values between 4 different clinical consistency scores were determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Steen Pedersen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 2, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tachibana L, Pinto L, Gonçalves G, Pezzato L. Xilanase e β-glucanase na digestibilidade aparente de nutrientes do triticale pela Tilápia-do-nilo. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes níveis do composto enzimático Natugrain Blend L®, que contém endo-xilanase e endo-beta-glucanase, sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e a energia do triticale pela tilápia-do-nilo. O método para a determinação da digestibilidade foi o indireto, utilizando-se o óxido de crômio III (0,10%). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. O nível de substituição da dieta-referência foi 50,0% pelo triticale. Os tratamentos foram 0,0; 150,0; 300,0; 450,0 e 600,0mg kg-1 de Natugrain Blend L, que contém 800 unidades g-1 de endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (BGU) e 36.600 unidades g-1 de endo-1,4-β-xylanase (EXU). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente foram: da matéria seca, 76,42; 74,01; 83,39; 82,97 e 78,34%; da proteína bruta 88,19; 88,39; 90,52; 92,05 e 88,34%, da energia bruta 75,93; 71,31; 81,78; 80,27 e 78,62%, respectivamente, para os níveis de inclusão na dieta 0,0; 150,0; 300,0; 450,0 e 600,0mg kg-1 de Natugrain Blend L.Os resultados demonstram que 300mg kg-1 do complexo de enzimas foi suficiente para aumentar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca. O composto de enzimas pode ser utilizado para aumentar a eficiência de aproveitamento dos nutrientes do triticale.
Collapse
|
18
|
Jänis J, Hakanpää J, Hakulinen N, Ibatullin FM, Hoxha A, Derrick PJ, Rouvinen J, Vainiotalo P. Determination of thioxylo-oligosaccharide binding to family 11 xylanases using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. FEBS J 2005; 272:2317-33. [PMID: 15853815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent binding of thioxylo-oligosaccharide inhibitors, methyl 4-thio-alpha-xylobioside (S-Xyl2-Me), methyl 4,4II-dithio-alpha-xylotrioside (S-Xyl3-Me), methyl 4,4II,4III-trithio-alpha-xylotetroside (S-Xyl4-Me), and methyl 4,4II,4III,4IV-tetrathio-alpha-xylopentoside (S-Xyl5-Me), to three family 11 endo-1,4-beta-xylanases from Trichoderma reesei (TRX I and TRX II) and Chaetomium thermophilum (CTX) was characterized using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS and X-ray crystallography. Ultra-high mass-resolving power and mass accuracy inherent to FT-ICR allowed mass measurements for noncovalent complexes to within |DeltaM|average of 2 p.p.m. The binding constants determined by MS titration experiments were in the range 10(4)-10(3) M-1, decreasing in the series of S-Xyl5-Me>or=S-Xyl4-Me>S-Xyl3-Me. In contrast, S-Xyl2-Me did not bind to any xylanase at the initial concentration of 5-200 microM, indicating increasing affinity with increasing number of xylopyranosyl units, with a minimum requirement of three. The crystal structures of CTX-inhibitor complexes gave interesting insights into the binding. Surprisingly, none of the inhibitors occupied any of the aglycone subsites of the active site. The binding to only the glycone subsites is nonproductive for catalysis, and yet this has also been observed for other family 11 xylanases in complex with beta-d-xylotetraose [Wakarchuk WW, Campbell RL, Sung WL, Davoodi J & Makoto Y (1994) Protein Sci3, 465-475, and Sabini E, Wilson KS, Danielsen S, Schulein M & Davies GJ (2001) Acta CrystallogrD57, 1344-1347]. Therefore, the role of the aglycone subsites remains controversial despite their obvious contribution to catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Jänis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Freire J, Dias R, Cunha L, Aumaitre A. The effect of genotype and dietary fibre level on the caecal bacterial enzyme activity of young piglets: digestive consequences. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|