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Dorsch MA, Francia ME, Tana LR, González FC, Cabrera A, Calleros L, Sanguinetti M, Barcellos M, Zarantonelli L, Ciuffo C, Maya L, Castells M, Mirazo S, da Silva Silveira C, Rabaza A, Caffarena RD, Doncel Díaz B, Aráoz V, Matto C, Armendano JI, Salada S, Fraga M, Fierro S, Giannitti F. Diagnostic Investigation of 100 Cases of Abortion in Sheep in Uruguay: 2015–2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:904786. [PMID: 35664842 PMCID: PMC9161216 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.904786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify causes of abortion through laboratory investigations in sheep flocks in Uruguay. One hundred cases of abortion, comprising 58 fetuses, 36 fetuses with their placentas, and 6 placentas were investigated in 2015–2021. Cases were subjected to gross and microscopic pathologic examinations, and microbiological and serological testing for the identification of causes of abortion, including protozoal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. An etiologic diagnosis was determined in 46 (46%) cases, including 33 (33%) cases caused by infectious pathogens, as determined by the detection of a pathogen along with the identification of fetoplacental lesions attributable to the detected pathogen. Twenty-seven cases (27%) were caused by Toxoplasma gondii, 5 (5%) by Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus, and 1 (1%) by an unidentified species of Campylobacter. Fourteen cases (14%) had inflammatory and/or necrotizing fetoplacental lesions compatible with an infectious etiology. Although the cause for these lesions was not clearly identified, T. gondii was detected in 4 of these cases, opportunistic bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis, Streptococcus sp.) were isolated in 2 cases, and bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subtype i (BVDV-1i) was detected in another. Campylobacter jejuni was identified in 1 (1%) severely autolyzed, mummified fetus. BVDV-2b was identified incidentally in one fetus with an etiologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Microscopic agglutination test revealed antibodies against ≥1 Leptospira serovars in 15/63 (23.8%) fetuses; however, Leptospira was not identified by a combination of qPCR, culture, fluorescent antibody testing nor immunohistochemistry. Neospora caninum, Chlamydia abortus, Chlamydia pecorum, Coxiella burnetii and border disease virus were not detected in any of the analyzed cases. Death was attributed to dystocia in 13 (13%) fetuses delivered by 8 sheep, mostly from one highly prolific flock. Congenital malformations including inferior prognathism, a focal hepatic cyst, and enterohepatic agenesis were identified in one fetus each, the latter being the only one considered incompatible with postnatal life. Toxoplasmosis, campylobacteriosis and dystocia were the main identified causes of fetal losses. Despite the relatively low overall success rate in establishing an etiologic diagnosis, a systematic laboratory workup in cases of abortion is of value to identify their causes and enables zoonotic pathogens surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías A. Dorsch
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - María E. Francia
- Laboratorio de Biología de Apicomplejos, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Parasitología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leandro R. Tana
- Laboratorio de Biología de Apicomplejos, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fabiana C. González
- Laboratorio de Biología de Apicomplejos, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Hospedero-Patógeno, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad de Microbiología, Departamento de Patobiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Calleros
- Sección de Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Margarita Sanguinetti
- Sección de Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Maila Barcellos
- Sección de Genética Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leticia Zarantonelli
- Unidad Mixta Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (UMPI), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Camila Ciuffo
- Unidad Mixta Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo e Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (UMPI), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leticia Maya
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Matías Castells
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Universitario Regional (CENUR) Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mirazo
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Caroline da Silva Silveira
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Ana Rabaza
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Rubén D. Caffarena
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
- Unidad Académica Salud de los Rumiantes, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Benjamín Doncel Díaz
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Patología Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Virginia Aráoz
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Matto
- Laboratorio Regional Noroeste, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios (DILAVE) Miguel C. Rubino, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP), Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Joaquín I. Armendano
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Sofía Salada
- Secretariado Uruguayo de la Lana (SUL), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Fraga
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Sergio Fierro
- Secretariado Uruguayo de la Lana (SUL), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
- *Correspondence: Federico Giannitti
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Singhal N, Maurya AK, Virdi JS. Bacterial Whole Cell Protein Profiling: Methodology, Applications and Constraints. CURR PROTEOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164615666180905102253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:In the era of modern microbiology, several methods are available for identification and typing of bacteria, including whole genome sequencing. However, in microbiological laboratories or hospitals where genomic based molecular typing methods and/or trained manpower are unavailable, whole cell protein profiling using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis might be a useful alternative/supplementary method for bacterial identification, strain typing and epidemiology. Whole cell protein profiling by SDS-PAGE is based on the principle that under standard growth conditions, a bacterial strain expresses the same set of proteins, the pattern of which can be used for bacterial identification.Objective:The objective of this review is to assess the current status of whole cell protein profiling by SDS-PAGE and its advantages and constraints for bacterial identification and typing.Results and Conclusions:Several earlier and recent studies prove the potential and utility of this technique as an adjunct or supplementary method for bacterial identification, strain typing and epidemiology. There is no denying the fact that utility of this technique as an adjunct or supplementary method for bacterial identification and typing has already been demonstrated and its practical applications need to be evaluated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelja Singhal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Anay Kumar Maurya
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Jugsharan Singh Virdi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi-110021, India
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Abstract
Campylobacter includes a group of genetically diverse species causing a range of diseases in animals and humans. The bacterium is frequently associated with two economically important and epidemiologically distinct reproductive diseases in ruminants: enzootic infectious infertility in cattle owing to Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis and abortions in sheep, goats, and cattle. Septic abortion, usually epizootic in sheep, has been historically associated with C. fetus subsp. fetus and to a lesser extent with Campylobacter jejuni. However, there has been a dramatic species shift in the etiology of Campylobacter abortions in recent years: C. jejuni has now replaced C. fetus subsp. fetus as the predominant cause of sheep abortion in the United States, which appears to be driven primarily by clonal expansion of a hypervirulent tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni clone. Here we provide a review on the recent advances in understanding the pathobiology of Campylobacter infections in animals, with an emphasis on the diseases in ruminants, covering epidemiology, pathogenesis, genomics, and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
| | - Michael Yaeger
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
| | - Zuowei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; ,
| | - Qijing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011; ,
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Burrough ER, Wu Z, Sahin O, Zhang Q, Yaeger MJ. Spatial Distribution of Putative Growth Factors in the Guinea Pig Placenta and the Effects of These Factors, Plasma, and Bile on the Growth and Chemotaxis of Campylobacter jejuni. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:470-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811424755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pregnant guinea pig is an effective model for studying abortifacient Campylobacter spp, and previous experiments have demonstrated that C. jejuni IA3902 has a marked predilection for the subplacenta while sparing the placental disc in this species. In the study described here, the growth and chemotaxis of IA3902 and a reference strain (NCTC 11168) are compared in the presence of subplacental and placental factors, as well as bile and plasma, from pregnant and nonpregnant guinea pigs. Both strains grew better in subplacental versus placental disc tissue extracts at 24 hours; however, only IA3902 maintained this enhancement at 48 hours. Histochemistry and lectin histochemistry were used to localize mucin, iron, and l-fucose within the placental unit. Mucin was most abundant in subplacental lacunae, the junctional zone, and visceral yolk sac placenta, while iron was most abundant in the placental disc, and l-fucose-containing surface glycans were limited to the visceral yolk sac placenta. These 3 individual factors, along with progesterone and estradiol, were evaluated for effects on growth and chemotaxis of C. jejuni. Mucin, iron, and l-fucose were growth promoting, while l-fucose was also chemoattractive for both strains. Progesterone, estradiol, and pregnant guinea pig plasma did not affect growth or chemotaxis, and no difference was observed when bile from pregnant and nonpregnant animals was compared. These findings demonstrate the presence of specific factors within the guinea pig placental unit that drive chemotaxis and enhance growth of C. jejuni, shedding light on potential mechanisms underlying the fetoplacental tropism observed with this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
- Current address: Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Z. Wu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - O. Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Q. Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - M. J. Yaeger
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Hoang KV, Stern NJ, Lin J. Development and stability of bacteriocin resistance in Campylobacter spp. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1544-50. [PMID: 21973216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several bacteriocins (BCNs) that were identified from chicken commensal bacteria dramatically reduced Campylobacter colonization in poultry and are being directed toward on-farm control of this important foodborne human pathogen. A recent study has shown that BCN resistance in Campylobacter jejuni is very difficult to develop in vitro. In this study, in vivo development and stability of BCN resistance in Campylobacter was examined. METHODS AND RESULTS Chickens infected with Camp. jejuni NCTC 11168 were treated with BCN E-760 at the dose of 5 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) via oral gavages for three consecutive days, which selected BCN-resistant (BCN(r)) mutants in the treated birds. However, all the in vivo-selected mutants only displayed low levels of resistance to BCN (MIC = 2-8 mg l(-1)) when compared to parent strain (MIC = 0.5 mg l(-1)). Inactivation of CmeABC efflux pump of the BCN(r) mutants led to increased susceptibility to BCN (8-32 fold MIC reduction). Three different BCN(r) Campylobacter strains (in vitro- or in vivo-derived) were examined for the stability of BCN resistance using both in vitro and in vivo systems. The low level of BCN resistance in these strains was not stable in vitro or in vivo in the absence of BCN selection pressure. CONCLUSIONS Usage of BCN E-760 only selected low-level BCN(r) Camp. jejuni mutants in vivo, and the low-level BCN resistance was not stable in vitro and in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study provides helpful information for risk assessment of the future practical application of the anti-Campylobacter BCNs in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Hoang
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4574, USA
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Burrough ER, Sahin O, Plummer PJ, DiVerde KD, Zhang Q, Yaeger MJ. Comparison of two commercial ovine Campylobacter vaccines and an experimental bacterin in guinea pigs inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:799-805. [PMID: 21627526 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.6.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare efficacy of 2 commercial ovine Campylobacter vaccines and an experimental bacterin in guinea pigs following IP inoculation with Campylobacter jejuni IA3902. ANIMALS 51 female guinea pigs. PROCEDURES Pregnant and nonpregnant animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups and administered a commercial Campylobacter vaccine labeled for prevention of campylobacteriosis in sheep via two 5-mL doses 14 days apart (vaccine A; n = 13), another labeled for prevention of campylobacteriosis via two 2-mL doses (vaccine B; 12), an experimental bacterin prepared from the challenge strain (12), or a sham vaccine (14). Ten days later, animals were challenged IP with C jejuni IA3902; 48 hours later, animals were euthanized, complete necropsy was performed, and blood and tissue samples were obtained for bacteriologic culture. RESULTS Administration of vaccine B or the experimental bacterin, but not vaccine A, significantly reduced 48-hour infection rates versus administration of the sham vaccine. A significantly reduced 48-hour infection rate was associated with administration of vaccine B independent of pregnancy status. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Administration of vaccine B significantly reduced infection in guinea pigs challenged with C jejuni IA3902, similar to a homologous bacterin. Results suggested that vaccine B or an autogenous product may be effective in controlling ovine campylobacteriosis caused by this emergent abortifacient strain. Bacteriologic culture of blood, liver, bile, and uterus in nonpregnant guinea pigs 48 hours after inoculation may be a useful screening tool for comparing efficacy of C jejuni vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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