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Sarangle Y, Bamel K, Purty RS. Role of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase in improving abiotic stress resistance/tolerance. Commun Integr Biol 2024; 17:2353200. [PMID: 38827581 PMCID: PMC11141473 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2024.2353200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress that plants face may impact their growth and limit their productivity. In response to abiotic stress, several endogenous survival mechanisms get activated, including the synthesis of quaternary amines in plants. Acetylcholine (ACh), a well-known quaternary amine, and its components associated with cholinergic signaling are known to contribute to a variety of physiological functions. However, their role under abiotic stress is not well documented. Even after several studies, there is a lack of a comprehensive understanding of how cholinergic components mitigate abiotic stress in plants. Acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) belongs to the GDSL lipase/acylhydrolase protein family and has been found in several plant species. Several studies have demonstrated that GDSL members are involved in growth, development, and abiotic stress. This review summarizes all the possible mitigating effects of the ACh-AChE system on abiotic stress tolerance and will try to highlight all the progress made so far in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Sarangle
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Bamel
- Department of Botany, Shivaji College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ram Singh Purty
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India
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Kawashima K, Mashimo M, Nomura A, Fujii T. Contributions of Non-Neuronal Cholinergic Systems to the Regulation of Immune Cell Function, Highlighting the Role of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4564. [PMID: 38674149 PMCID: PMC11050324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Loewi's discovery of acetylcholine (ACh) release from the frog vagus nerve and the discovery by Dale and Dudley of ACh in ox spleen led to the demonstration of chemical transmission of nerve impulses. ACh is now well-known to function as a neurotransmitter. However, advances in the techniques for ACh detection have led to its discovery in many lifeforms lacking a nervous system, including eubacteria, archaea, fungi, and plants. Notably, mRNAs encoding choline acetyltransferase and muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) have been found in uninnervated mammalian cells, including immune cells, keratinocytes, vascular endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, respiratory, and digestive epithelial cells. It thus appears that non-neuronal cholinergic systems are expressed in a variety of mammalian cells, and that ACh should now be recognized not only as a neurotransmitter, but also as a local regulator of non-neuronal cholinergic systems. Here, we discuss the role of non-neuronal cholinergic systems, with a focus on immune cells. A current focus of much research on non-neuronal cholinergic systems in immune cells is α7 nAChRs, as these receptors expressed on macrophages and T cells are involved in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. This makes α7 nAChRs an attractive potential therapeutic target.
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Grants
- 19-31: TF; 20-25: TF. Individual Research Grants from the Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
- 24590120, K.K., T.F., K.H.; 22K06638, T.F., A.N., 15K18871, M.M.; 15K07979, T.F., 15K07969-m, K.K.; 18K06903, T.F. The Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masato Mashimo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan; (M.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Atsuo Nomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan; (M.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan; (M.M.); (A.N.)
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Hayashi R, Srisomboon Y, Iijima K, Maniak PJ, Tei R, Kobayashi T, Matsunaga M, Luo H, Masuda MY, O'Grady SM, Kita H. Cholinergic sensing of allergen exposure by airway epithelium promotes type 2 immunity in the lungs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:793-808.e2. [PMID: 38000698 PMCID: PMC10939907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonneuronal cells, including epithelial cells, can produce acetylcholine (ACh). Muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists are used clinically to treat asthma and other medical conditions; however, knowledge regarding the roles of ACh in type 2 immunity is limited. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the roles of epithelial ACh in allergic immune responses. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were cultured with allergen extracts, and their ACh production and IL-33 secretion were studied in vitro. To investigate immune responses in vivo, naive BALB/c mice were treated intranasally with different muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists and then exposed intranasally to allergens. RESULTS At steady state, HBE cells expressed cellular components necessary for ACh production, including choline acetyltransferase and organic cation transporters. Exposure to allergens caused HBE cells to rapidly release ACh into the extracellular medium. Pharmacologic or small-interfering RNA-based blocking of ACh production or autocrine action through the M3 muscarinic ACh receptors in HBE cells suppressed allergen-induced ATP release, calcium mobilization, and extracellular secretion of IL-33. When naive mice were exposed to allergens, ACh was quickly released into the airway lumen. A series of clinical M3 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists inhibited allergen-induced IL-33 secretion and innate type 2 immune response in the mouse airways. In a preclinical murine model of asthma, an ACh receptor antagonist suppressed allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. CONCLUSIONS ACh is released quickly by airway epithelial cells on allergen exposure, and it plays an important role in type 2 immunity. The epithelial ACh system can be considered a therapeutic target in allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Hayashi
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Yotesawee Srisomboon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Koji Iijima
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Peter J Maniak
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Rinna Tei
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Takao Kobayashi
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Mayumi Matsunaga
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Huijun Luo
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Mia Y Masuda
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minn; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Scott M O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz.
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Zhan B, Zhou T, Tong D, Xu Z, Liang X, Ma A, Lü S. Expression of the non-neuronal cholinergic system components in Malpighian tubules of Mythimna separata and evidence for non-neuronal acetylcholine synthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 164:104047. [PMID: 38072082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The non-neuronal cholinergic system, widely distributed in nature, is an ancient system that has not been well studied in insects. This study aims to investigate the key components of the cholinergic system and to identify the non-neuronal acetylcholine (ACh)-producing cells and the acting sites of ACh in the Malpighian tubules (MTs) of Mythimna separata. We found that non-neuronal ACh in MTs is synthesized by carnitine acetyltransferase (CarAT), rather than choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), as confirmed by using enzyme inhibitors and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed the presence of CarAT mRNA within MTs, specifically localized in the principal cells. Immunohistochemistry showed strong staining for A-mAChR, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, in the principal cells. Pharmacological analysis further demonstrated that ACh acts through A-mAChR in the principal cells to increase the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. These findings provide compelling evidence for the existence of a non-neuronal cholinergic system in the MTs of M. separata, and the principal cells play a crucial role in ACh synthesis via CarAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Di Tong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zile Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Anqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shumin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Entomological Museum, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Zhou Y, Zhang J. Neuronal activity and remyelination: new insights into the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic advancements. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1221890. [PMID: 37564376 PMCID: PMC10410458 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1221890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the role of neuronal activity in myelin regeneration and the related neural signaling pathways. The article points out that neuronal activity can stimulate the formation and regeneration of myelin, significantly improve its conduction speed and neural signal processing ability, maintain axonal integrity, and support axonal nutrition. However, myelin damage is common in various clinical diseases such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, dementia, and schizophrenia. Although myelin regeneration exists in these diseases, it is often incomplete and cannot promote functional recovery. Therefore, seeking other ways to improve myelin regeneration in clinical trials in recent years is of great significance. Research has shown that controlling neuronal excitability may become a new intervention method for the clinical treatment of demyelinating diseases. The article discusses the latest research progress of neuronal activity on myelin regeneration, including direct or indirect stimulation methods, and the related neural signaling pathways, including glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, histaminergic, purinergic and voltage-gated ion channel signaling pathways, revealing that seeking treatment strategies to promote myelin regeneration through precise regulation of neuronal activity has broad prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Kanlı Z, Cabadak H, Aydın B. Potential antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of pilocarpine combined with TNF alpha in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s00210-023-02418-4. [PMID: 36781441 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Pilocarpine is a selective M1/M3 agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are different drug targets. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of pilocarpine on the expression of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, the AChE activity, IL-8 release response, and proliferation in K562 cells, via muscarinic receptor activation. Human chronic myeloid leukemic cell cultures were incubated with drugs. Proliferation assays were performed by BrdU assay. Expression of M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and apoptosis proteins such as bcl, bax, cyt C, and caspases was assessed with the semiquantitative Western blotting method. Pilocarpine inhibits chronic myeloid cell proliferation and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor protein expression. Pilocarpine increases caspase-8 and -9 expression levels, upregulating the proapoptotic protein Bax and downregulating the expression levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. The apoptotic activity of pilocarpine is associated with an increase in AChE activity. M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors can activate multiple signal transduction systems and mediate inhibitory effects on chronic myeloid K562 cell proliferation depending on the presence of 1% FBS conditions. This apoptotic effect of pilocarpine may be due to the concentration of pilocarpine and the increase in AChE level. Our results suggest that inhibition of cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis of pilocarpine in K562 cells may be one of the targets. M3 selective agonist may have therapeutic potential in chronic myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Kanlı
- Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Basibuyuk-Maltepe, Istanbul, 34854, Turkey
| | - Hülya Cabadak
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Maltepe, Istanbul, 34854, Turkey.
| | - Banu Aydın
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Building, Maltepe, Istanbul, 34854, Turkey
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Giordani G, Cattabriga G, Becchimanzi A, Di Lelio I, De Leva G, Gigliotti S, Pennacchio F, Gargiulo G, Cavaliere V. Role of neuronal and non-neuronal acetylcholine signaling in Drosophila humoral immunity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 153:103899. [PMID: 36596348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is one the major neurotransmitters in insects, whose role in mediating synaptic interactions between neurons in the central nervous system is well characterized. It also plays largely unexplored regulatory functions in non-neuronal tissues. Here we demonstrate that ACh signaling is involved in the modulation of the innate immune response of Drosophila melanogaster. Knockdown of ACh synthesis or ACh vesicular transport in neurons reduced the activation of drosomycin (drs), a gene encoding an antimicrobial peptide, in adult flies infected with a Gram-positive bacterium. drs transcription was similarly affected in Drosophila α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, nAChRalpha7 (Dα7) mutants, as well as in flies expressing in the nervous system a dominant negative form (Dα7DN) of this specific receptor subunit. Interestingly, Dα7DN elicited a comparable response when it was expressed in non-neuronal tissues and even when it was specifically produced in the hemocytes. Consistently, full activation of the drs gene required Dα7 expression in these cells. Moreover, knockdown of ACh synthesis in non-neuronal cells affected drs expression. Overall, these findings uncover neural and non-neural cholinergic signals that modulate insect immune defenses and shed light on the role of hemocytes in the regulation of the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Giordani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Cattabriga
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Becchimanzi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Laboratorio di Entomologia "E. Tremblay", Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Laboratorio di Entomologia "E. Tremblay", Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Leva
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Laboratorio di Entomologia "E. Tremblay", Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Gigliotti
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Laboratorio di Entomologia "E. Tremblay", Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Portici, Napoli, Italy; Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BATCenter), University of Napoli "Federico II", Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BATCenter), University of Napoli "Federico II", Portici, NA, Italy.
| | - Valeria Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BATCenter), University of Napoli "Federico II", Portici, NA, Italy.
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Emerging Roles of Cholinergic Receptors in Schwann Cell Development and Plasticity. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010041. [PMID: 36672549 PMCID: PMC9855772 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross talk between neurons and glial cells during development, adulthood, and disease, has been extensively documented. Among the molecules mediating these interactions, neurotransmitters play a relevant role both in myelinating and non-myelinating glial cells, thus resulting as additional candidates regulating the development and physiology of the glial cells. In this review, we summarise the contribution of the main neurotransmitter receptors in the regulation of the morphogenetic events of glial cells, with particular attention paid to the role of acetylcholine receptors in Schwann cell physiology. In particular, the M2 muscarinic receptor influences Schwann cell phenotype and the α7 nicotinic receptor is emerging as influential in the modulation of peripheral nerve regeneration and inflammation. This new evidence significantly improves our knowledge of Schwann cell development and function and may contribute to identifying interesting new targets to support the activity of these cells in pathological conditions.
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Tian X, Guo J, Su X, Zhan B, Liang X, Ma A, Zhang Y, Lü S. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the ovary of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:5220-5233. [PMID: 36053883 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylcholine (ACh), as a classical neurotransmitter, plays great roles in the nervous system. There is increasing evidence of its non-neuronal roles in regulating basic cell functions in vertebrates. However, knowledge about the non-neuronal cholinergic system in insects is scarce. RESULTS A comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate differences in the key molecular components of the cholinergic system between the head and ovary. The results showed that expression levels of most cholinergic system-related genes were higher in the head than in the ovary, and some cholinergic components were absent in the ovary. ACh contents ranged from 0.1 to 1.3 μg mg-1 of wet weight during the development of the ovary, and weak acetylcholinesterase activity was also detected. Moreover, the ovary has a capacity for ACh synthesis. Bromoacetylcarnitine (BrACar), a specific carnitine acetyltransferase (CarAT) inhibitor, greatly inhibits ACh synthesis by 83.83% in ovary homogenates, but bromoacetylcholine (BrACh), a specific choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) inhibitor, has no effect on ACh synthesis in the ovary. These findings indicate that non-neuronal ACh in the ovary is only catalyzed by CarAT. CONCLUSION This study reveals the existence of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the ovary of M. separata, whose synthesis and release mechanisms are different from those of the head. These results provide novel insights into the non-neuronal cholinergic system in insects, and will be valuable in the discovery of new target genes and the future development of green pest control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiamin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinxin Su
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baolei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Anqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shumin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources & Pest Management of the Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Satoh R, Kawakami K, Nakadate K. Effects of Smart Drugs on Cholinergic System and Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine in the Mouse Hippocampus: Histopathological Approach. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123310. [PMID: 35743382 PMCID: PMC9224974 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, people in the United States and other countries have been using smart drugs, called nootropic or cognitive enhancers, to improve concentration and memory learning skills. However, these drugs were originally prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and dementia, and their efficacy in healthy people has not yet been established. We focused on acetylcholine in the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory learning, and elucidate the long-term effects of smart drugs on the neural circuits. Smart drugs were administered orally in normal young mice for seven weeks. The hippocampus was sectioned and compared histologically by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry for acetylcholine, and immunoelectron microscopy. There were no significant changes in acetylcholinesterase staining. However, in HE, we found perivascular edema, and choline acetyltransferase staining showed increased staining throughout the hippocampus and new signal induction in the perivascular area in the CA3, especially in the aniracetam and α-glyceryl phosphoryl choline group. Additionally, new muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signals were observed in the CA1 due to smart drug intake, suggesting that vasodilation might cause neuronal activation by increasing the influx of nutrients and oxygen. Moreover, these results suggest a possible new mechanism of acetylcholine-mediated neural circuit activation by smart drug intake.
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Marine Sponge Endosymbionts: Structural and Functional Specificity of the Microbiome within
Euryspongia arenaria
Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0229621. [PMID: 35499324 PMCID: PMC9241883 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02296-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge microbiomes are typically profiled by analyzing the community DNA of whole tissues, which does not distinguish the taxa residing within sponge cells from extracellular microbes. To uncover the endosymbiotic microbiome, we separated the sponge cells to enrich the intracellular microbes. The intracellular bacterial community of sponge Euryspongia arenaria was initially assessed by amplicon sequencing, which indicated that it hosts three unique phyla not found in the extracellular and bulk tissue microbiomes. These three phyla account for 66% of the taxonomically known genera in the intracellular microbiome. The shotgun metagenomic analysis extended the taxonomic coverage to viruses and eukaryotes, revealing the most abundant signature taxa specific to the intracellular microbiome. Functional KEGG pathway annotation demonstrated that the endosymbiotic microbiome hosted the greatest number of unique gene orthologs. The pathway profiles distinguished the intra- and extracellular microbiomes from the tissue and seawater microbiomes. Carbohydrate-active enzyme analysis further discriminated each microbiome based on their representative and dominant enzyme families. One pathway involved in digestion system and family esterase had a consistently higher level in intracellular microbiome and could statistically differentiate the intracellular microbiome from the others, suggesting that triacylglycerol lipases could be the key functional component peculiar to the endosymbionts. The identified higher abundance of lipase-related eggNOG categories further supported the lipid-hydrolyzing metabolism of endosymbiotic microbiota. Pseudomonas members, reported as lipase-producing bacteria, were only in the endosymbiotic microbiome, meanwhile Pseudomonas also showed a greater abundance intracellularly. Our study aided a comprehensive sponge microbiome that demonstrated the taxonomic and functional specificity of endosymbiotic microbiota. IMPORTANCE Sponges host abundant microbial symbionts that can produce an impressive number of novel bioactive metabolites. However, knowledge on intracellular (endosymbiotic) microbiota is scarce. We characterize the composition and function of the endosymbiotic microbiome by separation of sponge cells and enrichment of intracellular microbes. We uncover a noteworthy number of taxa exclusively in the endosymbiotic microbiome. We unlock the unique pathways and enzymes of endosymbiotic taxa. This study achieves a more comprehensive sponge microbial community profile, which demonstrates the structural and functional specificity of the endosymbiotic microbiome. Our findings not only open the possibility to reveal the low abundant and the likely missed microbiota when directly sequencing the sponge bulk tissues, but also warrant future in-depth exploration within single sponge cells.
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He E, Qiu H. Lanthanum and cerium disrupt similar biological pathways and interact synergistically in Triticum aestivum as revealed by metabolomic profiling and quantitative modeling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:127831. [PMID: 34863565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The industrial and agricultural applications of rare earth elements (REEs) lead to considerable REE emissions into environment. Yet, little is known about the molecular-level effects and interactions of REEs in terrestrial plants. Herein, the individual and joint effects of La and Ce in Triticum aestivum were investigated using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Metabolic effect level index (MELI) was utilized as a readable endpoint for quantifying mixture interactions. Exposure to single La/Ce at environmentally relevant levels induced significant dose-dependent metabolic changes. The highly overlap of differential metabolites and perturbed pathways of La and Ce suggested their similar mode of action. Exposure to La-Ce mixtures did not induce additional metabolic pathway perturbation. Specifically, metabolism of amino sugar and nucleotide sugar, starch and sucrose, fructose and mannose, glycerophospholipid and purine were disrupted for both single and binary exposures. These results, together with physiological indicators, point to REE-induced oxidative stress, energy expenditure, DNA damage and membrane disturbance. The MELI calculations showed that La and Ce interacted synergistically at the overall metabolic level, which could be causally linked to synergistic interaction at the individual level (root elongation). This work proved metabolomics could be an important and effective strategy for interpreting toxicity and interactions of REE mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkai He
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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13
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Abstract
Acetylcholine is a central biological signal molecule present in all kingdoms of life. In humans, acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter of the peripheral nervous system; it mediates signal transmission at neuromuscular junctions. Here, we show that the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits chemoattraction toward acetylcholine over a concentration range of 1 μM to 100 mM. The maximal magnitude of the response was superior to that of many other P. aeruginosa chemoeffectors. We demonstrate that this chemoattraction is mediated by the PctD (PA4633) chemoreceptor. Using microcalorimetry, we show that the PctD ligand-binding domain (LBD) binds acetylcholine with a equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 23 μM. It also binds choline and with lower affinity betaine. Highly sensitive responses to acetylcholine and choline, and less sensitive responses to betaine and l-carnitine, were observed in Escherichia coli expressing a chimeric receptor comprising the PctD-LBD fused to the Tar chemoreceptor signaling domain. We also identified the PacA (ECA_RS10935) chemoreceptor of the phytopathogen Pectobacterium atrosepticum, which binds choline and betaine but fails to recognize acetylcholine. To identify the molecular determinants for acetylcholine recognition, we report high-resolution structures of PctD-LBD (with bound acetylcholine and choline) and PacA-LBD (with bound betaine). We identified an amino acid motif in PctD-LBD that interacts with the acetylcholine tail. This motif is absent in PacA-LBD. Significant acetylcholine chemotaxis was also detected in the plant pathogens Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Dickeya solani. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of acetylcholine chemotaxis and extends the range of host signals perceived by bacterial chemoreceptors.
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14
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Kinchen JM, Mohney RP, Pappan KL. Long-Chain Acylcholines Link Butyrylcholinesterase to Regulation of Non-neuronal Cholinergic Signaling. J Proteome Res 2021; 21:599-611. [PMID: 34758617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acylcholines are comprised of an acyl chain esterified to a choline moiety; acetylcholine is the best-characterized member of this class, functioning as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as an inhibitor of cytokine production by macrophages and other innate immune cells. Acylcholines are metabolized by a class of cholinesterases, including acetylcholinesterase (a specific regulator of acetylcholine levels) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, an enigmatic enzyme whose function has not been resolved by genetic knockout models). BChE provides reserve capacity to hydrolyze acetylcholine, but its importance is arguable given acetylcholinesterase is the most catalytically efficient enzyme characterized to date. While known to be substrates of BChE in vitro, endogenous production of long-chain acylcholines is a recent discovery enabled by untargeted metabolomics. Compared to acetylcholine, long-chain acylcholines show greater stability in circulation with homeostatic levels-dictated by synthesis and clearance-suggested to impact cholinergic receptor sensitivity of acetylcholine with varying levels of antagonism. Acylcholines then provide a link between BChE and non-neuronal acetylcholine signaling, filling a gap in understanding around how imbalances between acylcholines and BChE could modulate inflammatory disease, such as the "cytokine storm" identified in severe COVID-19. Areas for further research, development, and clinical testing are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Kinchen
- Owlstone Medical Inc., 600 Park Office Drive, Suite 140, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Robert P Mohney
- Owlstone Medical Inc., 600 Park Office Drive, Suite 140, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kirk L Pappan
- Owlstone Medical Inc., 600 Park Office Drive, Suite 140, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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15
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Abstract
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a serine hydrolase whose primary function is to degrade acetylcholine (ACh) and terminate neurotransmission. Apart from its role in synaptic transmission, AChE has several "non-classical" functions in non-neuronal cells. AChE is involved in cellular growth, apoptosis, drug resistance pathways, response to stress signals and inflammation. The observation that the functional activity of AChE is altered in human tumors (relative to adjacent matched normal tissue) has raised several intriguing questions about its role in the pathophysiology of human cancers. Published reports show that AChE is a vital regulator of oncogenic signaling pathways involving proliferation, differentiation, cell-cell adhesion, migration, invasion and metastasis of primary tumors. The objective of this book chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of the AChE-signaling pathway in the growth of progression of human cancers. The AChE isoforms, AChE-T, AChE-R and AChE-S are robustly expressed in human cancer cell lines as well in human tumors (isolated from patients). Traditionally, AChE-modulators have been used in the clinic for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging studies reveal that these drugs could be repurposed for the treatment of human cancers. The discovery of potent, selective AChE ligands will provide new knowledge about AChE-regulatory pathways in human cancers and foster the hope of novel therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Richbart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Justin C Merritt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Nicholas A Nolan
- West Virginia University Medical School, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.
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16
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Halder N, Lal G. Cholinergic System and Its Therapeutic Importance in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660342. [PMID: 33936095 PMCID: PMC8082108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and immunological signals constitute an extensive regulatory network in our body that maintains physiology and homeostasis. The cholinergic system plays a significant role in neuroimmune communication, transmitting information regarding the peripheral immune status to the central nervous system (CNS) and vice versa. The cholinergic system includes the neurotransmitter\ molecule, acetylcholine (ACh), cholinergic receptors (AChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) enzyme, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. These molecules are involved in regulating immune response and playing a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. Most innate and adaptive immune cells respond to neuronal inputs by releasing or expressing these molecules on their surfaces. Dysregulation of this neuroimmune communication may lead to several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Several agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors have been developed to target the cholinergic system to control inflammation in different tissues. This review discusses how various molecules of the neuronal and non-neuronal cholinergic system (NNCS) interact with the immune cells. What are the agonists and antagonists that alter the cholinergic system, and how are these molecules modulate inflammation and immunity. Understanding the various functions of pharmacological molecules could help in designing better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrita Halder
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Tolerance, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
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17
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Wang D, Yao Y, Wang S, Zhang H, He ZX. The Availability of the α7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Early Identification of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaques: A Study Using a Novel 18F-Label Radioligand PET. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:640037. [PMID: 33777911 PMCID: PMC7994753 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.640037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been confirmed that the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is an important target for identifying vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Previously, we successfully designed and synthesized a series of 18F-labeled PET molecular probes targeting α7nAChR, which are mainly used in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Based on the characteristics of α7nAChR in blood vessels, we have firstly screened for a suitable novel 18F-labeled PET molecular probe ([18F]YLF-DW), with high selectivity for α7nAChR over α4β2nAChR and a good effect for the imaging of atherosclerotic animal models, to effectively identify vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques at an early stage. Meanwhile, we compared it with the “gold standard” pathological examination of atherosclerosis, to verify the reliability of [18F]YLF-DW in early diagnosis of atherosclerosis. Methods: The vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques model of ApoE-/-mice were successfully established. Then based on the methods of 3D-QSAR and molecular docking, we designed oxazolo[4,5-b] pyridines and fluorenone compounds, which are targeted at α7nAChR. Through further screening, a novel alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor radioligand ([18F]YLF-DW) was synthesized and automatically 18F-labeled using a Stynthra RNplus module. Subsequently, we employed [18F]YLF-DW for the targeting of α7nAChR in atherosclerotic plaques and control group, using a micro-PET/CT respectively. After imaging, the mice were sacrificed by air embolism and the carotid arteries taken out for making circular sections. The paraffin embedded specimens were sectioned with 5 μm thickness and stained with oil red. After staining, immunohistochemistry experiment was carried out to verify the effect of micro-PET/CT imaging. Results: The micro-PET/CT imaging successfully identified the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries of ApoE-/-mice; whereas, no signal was observed in normal control mice. In addition, compared with the traditional imaging agent [18F]FDG, [18F]YLF-DW had a significant effect on the early plaques imaging of carotid atherosclerosis. The results of oil red staining and immunohistochemistry also showed early formations of carotid plaques in ApoE-/-mice and provided pathological bases for the evaluation of imaging effect. Conclusion: We innovated to apply the novel molecular probe ([18F]YLF-DW) to the identification of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques in carotid arteries, to detect atherosclerosis early inflammatory response and provide powerful input for the early diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions, which may play an early warning role in cardiovascular acute events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huabei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuo-Xiang He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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18
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Islas-Weinstein L, Marquina-Castillo B, Mata-Espinosa D, Paredes-González IS, Chávez J, Balboa L, Marín Franco JL, Guerrero-Romero D, Barrios-Payan JA, Hernandez-Pando R. The Cholinergic System Contributes to the Immunopathological Progression of Experimental Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:581911. [PMID: 33679685 PMCID: PMC7930380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system is present in both bacteria and mammals and regulates inflammation during bacterial respiratory infections through neuronal and non-neuronal production of acetylcholine (ACh) and its receptors. However, the presence of this system during the immunopathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in vivo and in its causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has not been studied. Therefore, we used an experimental model of progressive pulmonary TB in BALB/c mice to quantify pulmonary ACh using high-performance liquid chromatography during the course of the disease. In addition, we performed immunohistochemistry in lung tissue to determine the cellular expression of cholinergic system components, and then administered nicotinic receptor (nAChR) antagonists to validate their effect on lung bacterial burden, inflammation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, we subjected Mtb cultures to colorimetric analysis to reveal the production of ACh and the effect of ACh and nAChR antagonists on Mtb growth. Our results show high concentrations of ACh and expression of its synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) during early infection in lung epithelial cells and macrophages. During late progressive TB, lung ACh upregulation was even higher and coincided with ChAT and α7 nAChR subunit expression in immune cells. Moreover, the administration of nAChR antagonists increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduced bacillary loads and synergized with antibiotic therapy in multidrug resistant TB. Finally, in vitro studies revealed that the bacteria is capable of producing nanomolar concentrations of ACh in liquid culture. In addition, the administration of ACh and nicotinic antagonists to Mtb cultures induced or inhibited bacterial proliferation, respectively. These results suggest that Mtb possesses a cholinergic system and upregulates the lung non-neuronal cholinergic system, particularly during late progressive TB. The upregulation of the cholinergic system during infection could aid both bacterial growth and immunomodulation within the lung to favor disease progression. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of modulating this system suggests that it could be a target for treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Islas-Weinstein
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Iris S. Paredes-González
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Chávez
- Department of Bronchial Hyperreactivity, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (Mexico), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luciana Balboa
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Medicina Experimental del National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Luis Marín Franco
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Medicina Experimental del National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Guerrero-Romero
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Escuela Superior de Física y Matemáticas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alberto Barrios-Payan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernandez-Pando
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
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19
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Multiple Roles for Cholinergic Signaling from the Perspective of Stem Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020666. [PMID: 33440882 PMCID: PMC7827396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have extensive proliferative potential and the ability to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. The mechanisms by which stem cells accomplish self-renewal provide fundamental insight into the origin and design of multicellular organisms. These pathways allow the repair of damage and extend organismal life beyond that of component cells, and they probably preceded the evolution of complex metazoans. Understanding the true nature of stem cells can only come from discovering how they are regulated. The concept that stem cells are controlled by particular microenvironments, also known as niches, has been widely accepted. Technical advances now allow characterization of the zones that maintain and control stem cell activity in several organs, including the brain, skin, and gut. Cholinergic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) that mediates chemical transmission via ACh receptors such as nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Although the cholinergic system is composed of organized nerve cells, the system is also involved in mammalian non-neuronal cells, including stem cells, embryonic stem cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. Thus, cholinergic signaling plays a pivotal role in controlling their behaviors. Studies regarding this signal are beginning to unify our understanding of stem cell regulation at the cellular and molecular levels, and they are expected to advance efforts to control stem cells therapeutically. The present article reviews recent findings about cholinergic signaling that is essential to control stem cell function in a cholinergic niche.
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20
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Pfitzinger PL, Fangmann L, Wang K, Demir E, Gürlevik E, Fleischmann-Mundt B, Brooks J, D'Haese JG, Teller S, Hecker A, Jesinghaus M, Jäger C, Ren L, Istvanffy R, Kühnel F, Friess H, Ceyhan GO, Demir IE. Indirect cholinergic activation slows down pancreatic cancer growth and tumor-associated inflammation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:289. [PMID: 33357230 PMCID: PMC7758936 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Nerve-cancer interactions are increasingly recognized to be of paramount importance for the emergence and progression of pancreatic cancer (PCa). Here, we investigated the role of indirect cholinergic activation on PCa progression through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) via clinically available AChE-inhibitors, i.e. physostigmine and pyridostigmine. Methods We applied immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, MTT-viability, invasion, flow-cytometric-cell-cycle-assays, phospho-kinase arrays, multiplex ELISA and xenografted mice to assess the impact of AChE inhibition on PCa cell growth and invasiveness, and tumor-associated inflammation. Survival analyses were performed in a novel genetically-induced, surgically-resectable mouse model of PCa under adjuvant treatment with gemcitabine+/−physostigmine/pyridostigmine (n = 30 mice). Human PCa specimens (n = 39) were analyzed for the impact of cancer AChE expression on tumor stage and survival. Results We discovered a strong expression of AChE in cancer cells of human PCa specimens. Inhibition of this cancer-cell-intrinsic AChE via pyridostigmine and physostigmine, or administration of acetylcholine (ACh), diminished PCa cell viability and invasion in vitro and in vivo via suppression of pERK signaling, and reduced tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration and serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. In the novel genetically-induced, surgically-resectable PCa mouse model, adjuvant co-therapy with AChE blockers had no impact on survival. Accordingly, survival of resected PCa patients did not differ based on tumor AChE expression levels. Patients with higher-stage PCa also exhibited loss of the ACh-synthesizing enzyme, choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT), in their nerves. Conclusion For future clinical trials of PCa, direct cholinergic stimulation of the muscarinic signaling, rather than indirect activation via AChE blockade, may be a more effective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo L Pfitzinger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Fangmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Kun Wang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Hepatic, Biliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100710, China
| | - Elke Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Engin Gürlevik
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Fleischmann-Mundt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Brooks
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan G D'Haese
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Teller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Department of General Surgery (Gastrointestinal Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Rouzanna Istvanffy
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kühnel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp Onur Ceyhan
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany. .,CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Munich, Germany. .,Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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21
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Rocha-Resende C, da Silva AM, Prado MAM, Guatimosim S. Protective and anti-inflammatory effects of acetylcholine in the heart. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C155-C161. [PMID: 33264077 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00315.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The innate and adaptive immune systems play an important role in the development of cardiac diseases. Therefore, it has become critical to identify molecules that can modulate inflammation in the injured heart. In this regard, activation of the cholinergic system in animal models of heart disease has been shown to exert protective actions that include immunomodulation of cardiac inflammation. In this mini-review, we briefly present our current understanding on the cardiac cellular sources of acetylcholine (ACh) (neuronal vs. nonneuronal), followed by a discussion on its contribution to the regulation of inflammatory cells. Although the mechanism behind ACh-mediated protection still remains to be fully elucidated, the beneficial immunomodulatory role of the cholinergic signaling emerges as a potential key regulator of cardiac inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Rocha-Resende
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aristóbolo Mendes da Silva
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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22
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Pernarella M, Piovesana R, Matera C, Faroni A, Fiore M, Dini L, Reid AJ, Dallanoce C, Tata AM. Effects mediated by the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on cell proliferation and migration in rat adipose-derived stem cells. Eur J Histochem 2020; 64. [PMID: 33334089 PMCID: PMC7643034 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are an attractive source for regenerative medicine as they can be easily isolated, rapidly expandable in culture and show excellent in vitro differentiation potential. Acetylcholine (ACh), one of the main neurotransmitters in central and peripheral nervous systems, plays key roles in the control of several physiological processes also in non-neural tissues. As demonstrated in our previous studies, ACh can contribute to the rat ASCs physiology, negatively modulating ASCs proliferation and migration via M2 muscarinic receptor (mAChR) activation. In the present work we show that rat ASCs also express α7 nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). In particular, we have investigated the effects mediated by the selective activation of α7 nAChRs, which causes a reduction of ASC proliferation without affecting cell survival and morphology, and significantly promotes cell migration via upregulation of the CXCR4 expression. Interestingly, the activation of the α7 nAChR also upregulates the expression of M2 mAChR protein, indicating a cooperation between muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in the inhibition of ASC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pernarella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Roberta Piovesana
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Carlo Matera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan.
| | - Alessandro Faroni
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester.
| | - Mario Fiore
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology-CNR, Rome.
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome.
| | - Adam J Reid
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, University of Manchester.
| | - Clelia Dallanoce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section "Pietro Pratesi", University of Milan.
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin"; Research Centre of Neurobiology "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University of Rome.
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Functional Characterization of Cholinergic Receptors in Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113141. [PMID: 33120929 PMCID: PMC7693616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the scientific community has come to terms with the importance of non-neural acetylcholine in light of its multiple biological and pathological functions within and outside the nervous system. Apart from its well-known physiological role both in the central and peripheral nervous systems, in the autonomic nervous system, and in the neuromuscular junction, the expression of the acetylcholine receptors has been detected in different peripheral organs. This evidence has contributed to highlight new roles for acetylcholine in various biological processes, (e.g., cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, migration, secretion). In addition, growing evidence in recent years has also demonstrated new roles for acetylcholine and its receptors in cancer, where they are involved in the modulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and epithelial mesenchymal transition. In this review, we describe the functional characterization of acetylcholine receptors in different tumor types, placing attention on melanoma. The latest set of data accessible through literature, albeit limited, highlights how cholinergic receptors both of muscarinic and nicotinic type can play a relevant role in the migratory processes of melanoma cells, suggesting their possible involvement in invasion and metastasis.
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Liu EY, Xia Y, Kong X, Guo MS, Yu AX, Zheng BZ, Mak S, Xu ML, Tsim KW. Interacting with α 7 nAChR is a new mechanism for AChE to enhance the inflammatory response in macrophages. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1926-1942. [PMID: 33163344 PMCID: PMC7606108 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) regulates inflammation via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme hydrolyzing ACh, is expressed in immune cells suggesting non-classical function in inflammatory responses. Here, the expression of PRiMA-linked G4 AChE was identified on the surface of macrophages. In lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory processes, AChE was upregulated by the binding of NF-κB onto the ACHE promotor. Conversely, the overexpression of G4 AChE inhibited ACh-suppressed cytokine release and cell migration, which was in contrast to that of applied AChE inhibitors. AChEmt, a DNA construct without enzymatic activity, was adopted to identify the protein role of AChE in immune system. Overexpression of G4 AChEmt induced cell migration and inhibited ACh-suppressed cell migration. The co-localization of α7 nAChR and AChE was found in macrophages, suggesting the potential interaction of α7 nAChR and AChE. Besides, immunoprecipitation showed a close association of α7 nAChR and AChE protein in cell membrane. Hence, the novel function of AChE in macrophage by interacting with α7 nAChR was determined. Together with hydrolysis of ACh, AChE plays a direct role in the regulation of inflammatory response. As such, AChE could serve as a novel target to treat age-related diseases by anti-inflammatory responses.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- AChE
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- BChE, butyrylcholinesterase
- CAP pathway, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
- CDC42, cell division cycle
- ChAT, choline acetyltransferase
- Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
- DPZ, donepezil
- GAL, galantamine hydrobromide
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MLA, methyllycaconitine citrate salt
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- Macrophage
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PHA, PHA-543613
- PRiMA, proline-rich membrane anchor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- nAChR, nicotinic AChR
- α7 nAChR
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Díaz-Resendiz KJG, Bernal-Ortega JA, Covantes-Rosales CE, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Ventura-Ramon GH, Girón-Pérez MI. In-vitro effect of diazoxon, a metabolite of diazinon, on proliferation, signal transduction, and death induction in mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:8-15. [PMID: 32629105 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune response of teleosts (bonefish) is altered by diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate pesticide. It has been suggested that such alteration is due to the extraneuronal cholinergic system in fish leukocytes that renders these cells a target of pesticides. Diazoxon (DZO), the oxon metabolite of DZN, has been attributed immunotoxic effects. Still, to date there are no reports on the effects of DZO upon parameters involved in the signaling cascade of immune response cells. Therefore, this work evaluated the effect of DZO on key parameters of cell signaling (intracellular Ca2+ flux, ERK 1/2 phosphorylation), cell proliferation, and antiproliferative processes (apoptosis, senescence, mitochondrial membrane potential) in spleen mononuclear cells of Nile tilapia fish. The results obtained show that DZO does not affect cell proliferation but causes a lack of response to stimulation with PMA and ionomycin to release intracellular calcium. In addition, it inhibits ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and senescence. These results suggest that the lack of cell response to release intracytoplasmic Ca2+ inhibits ERK which disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to cell apoptosis and senescence. These findings prove that DZO significantly affects key parameters involved in the survival of immune response cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J G Díaz-Resendiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico
| | - J A Bernal-Ortega
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicobiológicas y Farmacéuticas, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - C E Covantes-Rosales
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - P C Ortiz-Lazareno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico
| | - G A Toledo-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico
| | - G H Ventura-Ramon
- Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico; Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicobiológicas y Farmacéuticas, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Cd de la Cultura s/n, Z.P. 63000, Tepic Nayarit, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional de Investigación para la Inocuidad Alimentaria (LANIIA)-Unidad Nayarit, Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Calle Tres s/n. Col. Cd Industrial, Z.P. 63173, Tepic, Mexico.
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26
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Salem A, Martínez Pulido P, Sanchez F, Sanchez Y, Español A, Sales M. Effect of low dose metronomic therapy on MCF-7 tumor cells growth and angiogenesis. Role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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27
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Lü S, Jiang M, Tian X, Hong S, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Characterization of an A-Type Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor and Its Possible Non-neuronal Role in the Oriental Armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Front Physiol 2020; 11:400. [PMID: 32425811 PMCID: PMC7203735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) regulates many neurophysiological functions in insects. In this report, a full-length cDNA encoding an A-type mAChR was cloned from the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata. Pharmacological properties studies revealed that nanomolar to micromolar concentrations of carbachol or muscarine induced an increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+] i ), with the EC50 values of 124.6 and 388.1 nM, respectively. The increases of [Ca2+] i can be greatly blocked by the antagonist atropine, with an IC50 value of 0.09 nM. The receptor mRNA is expressed in all developmental stages, with great differential expression between male and female adults. The tissue expression analysis identified novel target tissues for this receptor, including ovaries and Malpighian tubules. The distribution of Ms A-type mAChR protein in the male brain may suggest the neurophysiological roles that are mediated by this receptor. However, the receptor protein was found to be distributed on the membranes of oocytes that are not innervated by neurons at all. These results indicate that Ms A-type mAChR selectively mediates intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. And the high level of receptor protein in the membrane of oocytes may indicate a possible non-neuronal role of A-type mAChR in the reproductive system of M. separata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, National Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, National Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, National Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Shanwang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, National Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, National Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, National Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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Grando SA, Kawashima K, Wessler I. A historic perspective on the current progress in elucidation of the biologic significance of non-neuronal acetylcholine. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106289. [PMID: 32113128 PMCID: PMC10612399 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The "5th International Symposium on Non-neuronal Acetylcholine: from bench to bedside" was held on September 27-29, 2019 in Hyatt Regency, Long Beach, CA, USA. Approximately 50 scientists from 11 countries over 6 continents participated in this meeting. The major topics included an overall biologic significance of non-neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) and the roles of the non-neuronal cholinergic systems in mucocutaneous, respiratory, digestive, immunologic, endocrine, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and kidney diseases, and cancer. This meeting facilitated continued work to advance the fundamental science and translational aspects of the interdisciplinary studies on non-neuronal ACh. The progress made has opened a new chapter in the field of cholinergic pharmacology, and advanced our knowledge beyond regulation of individual cell- and tissue-types, defining a new paradigm of selective pharmacological regulation of vital function of practically all types of non-neuronal cells. It is now clear that the autocrine and paracrine control of non-neuronal cells by non-neuronal ACh is implemented through synergistic, additive, and reciprocal effects triggered by two different cholinergic receptor classes. Each biologic effect of ACh is determined by a unique combination of cholinergic receptors subtype expressed at each stage of cell development and differentiation. The plasticity of the non-neuronal cholinergic system helps adjust homeostasis to new environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Koichiro Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Ignaz Wessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz D-55101, Germany
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29
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Wessler I, Kirkpatrick CJ. Cholinergic signaling controls immune functions and promotes homeostasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106345. [PMID: 32203906 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) was created by nature as one of the first signaling molecules, expressed already in procaryotes. Based on the positively charged nitrogen, ACh could initially mediate signaling in the absence of receptors. When evolution established more and more complex organisms the new emerging organs systems, like the smooth and skeletal muscle systems, energy-generating systems, sexual reproductive system, immune system and the nervous system have further optimized the cholinergic signaling machinery. Thus, it is not surprising that ACh and the cholinergic system are expressed in the vast majority of cells. Consequently, multiple common interfaces exist, for example, between the nervous and the immune system. Research of the last 20 years has unmasked these multiple regulating mechanisms mediated by cholinergic signaling and thus, the biological role of ACh has been revised. The present article summarizes new findings and describes the role of both non-neuronal and neuronal ACh in protecting the organism from external and internal health threats, in providing energy for the whole organism and for the individual cell, controling immune functions to prevent inflammatory dysbalance, and finally, the involvement in critical brain functions, such as learning and memory. All these capacities of ACh enable the organism to attain and maintain homeostasis under changing external conditions. However, the existence of identical interfaces between all these different organ systems complicates the research for new therapeutic interventions, making it essential that every effort should be undertaken to find out more specific targets to modulate cholinergic signaling in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignaz Wessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55101 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Charles James Kirkpatrick
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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30
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Słoniecka M, Danielson P. Acetylcholine decreases formation of myofibroblasts and excessive extracellular matrix production in an in vitro human corneal fibrosis model. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4850-4862. [PMID: 32176460 PMCID: PMC7176861 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) has been reported to play various physiological roles, including wound healing in the cornea. Here, we study the role of ACh in the transition of corneal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and in consequence its role in the onset of fibrosis, in an in vitro human corneal fibrosis model. Primary human keratocytes were obtained from healthy corneas. Vitamin C (VitC) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) were used to induce fibrosis in corneal fibroblasts. qRT‐PCR and ELISA analyses showed that gene expression and production of collagen I, collagen III, collagen V, lumican, fibronectin (FN) and alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) were reduced by ACh in quiescent keratocytes. ACh treatment furthermore decreased gene expression and production of collagen I, collagen III, collagen V, lumican, FN and α‐SMA during the transition of corneal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, after induction of fibrotic process. ACh inhibited corneal fibroblasts from developing contractile activity during the process of fibrosis, as assessed with collagen gel contraction assay. Moreover, the effect of ACh was dependent on activation of muscarinic ACh receptors. These results show that ACh has an anti‐fibrotic effect in an in vitro human corneal fibrosis model, as it negatively affects the transition of corneal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Therefore, ACh might play a role in the onset of fibrosis in the corneal stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Słoniecka
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Patrik Danielson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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31
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Malin SG, Shavva VS, Tarnawski L, Olofsson PS. Functions of acetylcholine-producing lymphocytes in immunobiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 62:115-121. [PMID: 32126362 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroscience and immunology have shown that cholinergic signals are vital in the regulation of inflammation and immunity. Choline acetyltransferase+ (ChAT+) lymphocytes have the capacity to biosynthesize and release acetylcholine, the cognate ligand for cholinergic receptors. Acetylcholine-producing T cells relay neural signals in the 'inflammatory reflex' that regulate cytokine release in spleen. Mice deficient in acetylcholine-producing T cells have increased blood pressure, show reduced local vasodilatation and viral control in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and display changes in gut microbiota compared with littermates. These observations indicate that ChAT+ lymphocytes play physiologically important roles in regulation of inflammation and anti-microbial defense. However, the full scope and importance of ChAT+ lymphocytes in immunity and vascular biology remains to be elucidated. Here, we review key findings in this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Malin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladmir S Shavva
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Cabadak H, Aydın B. Role of cholinergic agents in proliferation and caspase activity of hemin-induced erythroid differentiated K562 cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:42-48. [PMID: 31910706 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1710849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Muscarinic receptors have many functions in the cells and tissues. Acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important role in cellular physiology. ACh also acts at the different parts of the central nervous system and nonneuronal cells. Cholinergic receptors also have different functions in many cell types and tissues. Caspases (cysteine aspartic proteases and cysteine aspartases) are cysteine dependent aspartate-specific proteases. They are an important role in necrosis and cell death and inflammation signaling pathways. They are also the primary mediators of apoptosis. During apoptosis, different caspase types participate in different functions. We have previously shown that carbachol (CCh) inhibits K562 cell proliferation. This study was performed to investigate the anti-tumor efficacy of cholinergic drugs in hemin-induced erythroid differentiated K562 cells. The aim of this study was to address the mechanism of cholinergic drugs on hemin-induced erythroid differentiated K562 cell proliferation and caspase activities. We detected M3 muscarinic receptor expression in erythroid differentiated K562 cell line.Methods: K562 cells were differentiated with hemin (50 μM). The expression of the M3 muscarinic receptor was detected by the western blotting technique. Erythroid differentiated K562 cells treated with CCh (100 μM). After 24 and 48 h, cells were counted by BrdU cell proliferation kit. Caspase 3,8, and 9 activities were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits according to the manufacturer's instructions.Results: Erythroid differentiated K562 cell proliferation was not significantly increased after CCh treatment. In the meantime, caspases 8 and 9 activities in erythroid differentiated K562 cell line was significantly higher than undifferentiated K562 cells (p < .05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Cabadak
- Department of Biophysics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Banu Aydın
- Department of Biophysics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Rangarajan S, Rezonzew G, Chumley P, Fatima H, Golovko MY, Feng W, Hua P, Jaimes EA. COX-2-derived prostaglandins as mediators of the deleterious effects of nicotine in chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F475-F485. [PMID: 31841390 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00407.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking has been identified as a risk factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In previous studies, we showed that nicotine induces cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in vivo and in vitro and that the administration of nicotine in vivo worsens the severity of renal injury in a model of subtotal renal ablation. In the present study, we tested the role of COX-2-derived prostaglandins on the deleterious effects of nicotine in CKD. Sham and 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) rats received tap water or nicotine (100 μg/mL) in the drinking water for 12 wk. Additional groups also systemically received the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (1.5 mg·kg-1·day-1 via osmotic minipump). The administration of nicotine worsened renal injury and proteinuria in 5/6Nx rats and increased proteinuria in sham rats. 5/6Nx rats had increased cortical production of the prostaglandins PGE2, PGI2, PGD2, and PGF2α and of thromboxane A2. In these rats, nicotine reduced the production of all prostaglandins examined except thromboxane A2. Treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 resulted in complete inhibition of all prostaglandins studied and ameliorated renal injury and proteinuria in 5/6Nx rats on nicotine but not in 5/6 Nx rats on tap water. Nicotine also reduced the expression of megalin in all groups examined, and this was partially prevented by COX-2 inhibition. In the present study, we showed that in CKD, nicotine worsens renal injury at least in part by producing an imbalance in the production of prostaglandins. This imbalance in the production of prostaglandins likely plays a role in the deleterious effects of smoking on the progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rangarajan
- Renal Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - G Rezonzew
- Renal Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - P Chumley
- Renal Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - H Fatima
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - M Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - W Feng
- Renal Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - P Hua
- Renal Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - E A Jaimes
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Chen J, Cheuk IWY, Shin VY, Kwong A. Acetylcholine receptors: Key players in cancer development. Surg Oncol 2019; 31:46-53. [PMID: 31536927 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) was first identified as a classic neuromodulator and transmit signals through two subgroups of receptors, namely muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) and nicotinic receptors (nAChRs). Apart from its well-established physiological role in central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), autonomic nervous system and neuromuscular junction, the widely distributed expression of AChRs in different human organs suggests roles in other biological processes in addition to synaptic transmission. Accumulating evidence revealed that cancer cell processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and even epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are mediated by overexpression of AChRs in different kinds of tumors. In breast cancer, α7-nAChR and α9-nAChR were reported to be oncogenic. On the other hand, research on the role of mAChRs in breast cancer tumorgenesis is limited and confined to M3 receptor only. Since AChRs distributed in both CNS and PNS even non-neuronal tissues, there is an urgent need for the development of subtype-specific AChR antagonist which inhibits cancer cell progression with minimal intervention on the normal acetylcholine-regulated system within human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Ava Kwong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Hong Kong; Centre of Cancer Genetics Centre, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Hong Kong.
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35
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Rocha-Resende C, Weinheimer C, Bajpai G, Adamo L, Matkovich SJ, Schilling J, Barger PM, Lavine KJ, Mann DL. Immunomodulatory role of non-neuronal cholinergic signaling in myocardial injury. JCI Insight 2019; 5:128961. [PMID: 31162139 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas prior studies have demonstrated an important immunomodulatory role for the neuronal cholinergic system in the heart, the role of the non-neuronal cholinergic system is not well understood. To address the immunomodulatory role of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the heart we used a previously validated diphtheria toxin (DT)-induced cardiomyocyte ablation model (Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre mice). DT-injected Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre mice were treated with diluent or Pyridostigmine Bromide (PYR), a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. PYR treatment resulted in increased survival and decreased numbers of MHC-IIlowCCR2+ macrophages in DT-injected Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre mice compared to diluent treated Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre mice. Importantly, the expression of CCL2/7 mRNA and protein was reduced in the hearts of PYR-treated mice. Backcrossing Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre mice with a transgenic mouse line (Chat-ChR2) that constitutively overexpresses the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) resulted in decreased expression of Ccl2/7 mRNA and decreased numbers of CD68+ cells in DT-injured Rosa26-DTMlc2v-Cre/Chat-ChR2 mouse hearts, consistent with the pharmacologic studies with PYR. In vitro studies with cultures of LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages revealed a concentration-dependent reduction in CCL2 secretion following stimulation with ACh, nicotine and muscarine. Viewed together, these findings reveal a previously unappreciated immunomodulatory role for the non-neuronal cholinergic system in regulating homeostatic responses in the heart following tissue injury.
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Cao M, MacDonald JW, Liu HL, Weaver M, Cortes M, Durosier LD, Burns P, Fecteau G, Desrochers A, Schulkin J, Antonelli MC, Bernier RA, Dorschner M, Bammler TK, Frasch MG. α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling Modulates Ovine Fetal Brain Astrocytes Transcriptome in Response to Endotoxin. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1063. [PMID: 31143190 PMCID: PMC6520997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation in utero may result in lifelong neurological disabilities. Astrocytes play a pivotal role in this process, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. No early postnatal treatment strategies exist to enhance neuroprotective potential of astrocytes. We hypothesized that agonism on α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in fetal astrocytes will augment their neuroprotective transcriptome profile, while the inhibition of α7nAChR will achieve the opposite. Using an in vivo–in vitro model of developmental programming of neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we validated this hypothesis in primary fetal sheep astrocytes cultures re-exposed to LPS in the presence of a selective α7nAChR agonist or antagonist. Our RNAseq findings show that a pro-inflammatory astrocyte transcriptome phenotype acquired in vitro by LPS stimulation is reversed with α7nAChR agonistic stimulation. Conversely, α7nAChR inhibition potentiates the pro-inflammatory astrocytic transcriptome phenotype. Furthermore, we conducted a secondary transcriptome analysis against the identical α7nAChR experiments in fetal sheep primary microglia cultures. Similar to findings in fetal microglia, in fetal astrocytes we observed a memory effect of in vivo exposure to inflammation, expressed in a perturbation of the iron homeostasis signaling pathway (hemoxygenase 1, HMOX1), which persisted under pre-treatment with α7nAChR antagonist but was reversed with α7nAChR agonist. For both glia cell types, common pathways activated due to LPS included neuroinflammation signaling and NF-κB signaling in some, but not all comparisons. However, overall, the overlap on the level of signaling pathways was rather minimal. Astrocytes, not microglia—the primary immune cells of the brain, were characterized by unique inhibition patterns of STAT3 pathway due to agonistic stimulation of α7nAChR prior to LPS exposure. Lastly, we discuss the implications of our findings for fetal and postnatal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingju Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Neurosciences, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - James W MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hai L Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Neurosciences, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Molly Weaver
- UW Medicine Center for Precision Diagnostics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marina Cortes
- Animal Reproduction Research Centre (CRRA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lucien D Durosier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Neurosciences, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Burns
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - André Desrochers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jay Schulkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marta C Antonelli
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo De Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael Dorschner
- UW Medicine Center for Precision Diagnostics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Martin G Frasch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Neurosciences, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Animal Reproduction Research Centre (CRRA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Braid LR, Wood CA, Ford BN. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells: A novel source of the organophosphate antidote butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 305:66-78. [PMID: 30926319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a well-characterized bioscavenger with significant potential as a prophylactic or post-exposure treatment for organophosphate poisoning. Despite substantial efforts, BChE has proven technically challenging to produce in recombinant systems. Recombinant BChE tends to be insufficiently or incorrectly glycosylated, and consequently exhibits a truncated half-life, compromised activity, or is immunogenic. Thus, expired human plasma remains the only reliable source of the benchmark BChE tetramer, but production is costly and time intensive and presents possible blood-borne disease hazards. Here we report a human BChE production platform that produces functionally active, tetrameric BChE enzyme, without the addition of external factors such as polyproline peptides or chemical or gene modification required by other systems. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) are a rich population of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) derived from Wharton's jelly. We show that HUCPVCs naturally and stably secrete BChE during culture in xeno- and serum-free media, and can be gene-modified to increase BChE output. However, BChE secretion from HUCPVCs is limited by innate feedback mechanisms that can be interrupted by addition of miR 186 oligonucleotide mimics or by competitive inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic signalling receptors by addition of atropine. By contrast, adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells neither secrete measurable levels of BChE naturally, nor after gene modification. Further work is required to fully characterize and disable the intrinsic ceiling of HUCPVC-mediated BChE secretion to achieve commercially relevant enzyme output. However, HUCPVCs present a unique opportunity to produce both native and strategically engineered recombinant BChE enzyme in a human platform with the innate capacity to secrete the benchmark human plasma form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena R Braid
- Aurora BioSolutions Inc., PO Box 21053, Crescent Heights PO, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 6N0, Canada.
| | - Catherine A Wood
- Aurora BioSolutions Inc., PO Box 21053, Crescent Heights PO, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 6N0, Canada
| | - Barry N Ford
- DRDC Suffield Research Centre, Casualty Management Section, Box 4000 Station Main, Medicine Hat, AB, T1A 8K6, Canada
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Moreno A, Endicott K, Skancke M, Dwyer MK, Brennan J, Efimov IR, Trachiotis G, Mendelowitz D, Kay MW. Sudden Heart Rate Reduction Upon Optogenetic Release of Acetylcholine From Cardiac Parasympathetic Neurons in Perfused Hearts. Front Physiol 2019; 10:16. [PMID: 30745877 PMCID: PMC6360159 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic tone provides exquisite control of heart rate and contractility and has also been shown to modulate coronary flow and inflammation. Understanding how autonomic balance is altered by cardiac disease is an active area of research, and developing new ways to control this balance provides insights into disease therapies. However, achieving acute neuron-specific stimulation of autonomic neurons can be difficult in experiments that measure the acute effects of nerve stimulation on the heart. Conventional electrical and pharmacological approaches can be spatially and temporally non-selective. Cell-specific expression of light-activated channels (channelrhodopsin, ChR2) is a powerful approach that enables control of the timing and distribution of cellular stimulation using light. We present such an optogenetic approach where parasympathetic cardiac neurons are selectively photoactivated at high temporal precision to initiate cholinergic-mediated slowing of heart rate. Mice were crossbred to express ChR2 in peripheral cholinergic neurons using Cre-Lox recombination driven by a choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) promoter. Hearts from adult mice were excised, perfused, and the epicardium was illuminated (peak 460–465 nm) to photoactivate ChR2. In one set of studies, hearts were illuminated using a large-field LED light source. In other studies, a micro LED was placed on the right atrium to selectively illuminate the junction of the superior vena cava (SVC) and right atrium. The ECG was acquired before, during, and after tissue illumination to measure changes in heart rate. Upon illumination, hearts exhibited sudden and dramatic reductions in heart rate with restoration of normal heart rate after cessation of illumination. Delays in atrioventricular conduction were also observed. Heart rate reductions at the highest irradiance levels were similar to heart rate reductions caused by application of bethanechol (10 μM) or acetylcholine (800 μM). Atropine (50 nM) completely blocked the effect of ChR2 photoactivation, confirming cholinergic mediation. Optogenetic activation of intrinsic parasympathetic neurons reduced heart rate in an immediate, dose-dependent fashion, resembling the slowing of sinus rate in response to acetylcholine. Our results demonstrate a new approach for controlling parasympathetic modulation of cardiac function by selectively activating the endogenous release of acetylcholine from intrinsic cardiac cholinergic neurons. Key Message: Optogenetic photoactivation of intrinsic cardiac neurons provides immediate, tissue-specific stimulation with minimal cross-reactivity. Our results demonstrate that selective expression of channelrhodopsin within cardiac cholinergic neurons enables photoactivated release of acetylcholine, thereby instantaneously slowing sinus rate and altering atrioventricular conduction. This provides for in-depth examination of the endogenous interplay between cardiac autonomic neurons and the functional outcomes of downstream post-synaptic receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Moreno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kendal Endicott
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Matthew Skancke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mary Kate Dwyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jaclyn Brennan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Igor R Efimov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Gregory Trachiotis
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - David Mendelowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Matthew W Kay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Sales ME, Español AJ, Salem AR, Pulido PM, Sanchez Y, Sanchez F. Role of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Breast Cancer: Design of Metronomic Chemotherapy. CURRENT CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 14:91-100. [PMID: 30501602 PMCID: PMC7011678 DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666181203095437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) have attracted interest as targets for therapeutic interventions in different illnesses like Alzheimer´s disease, viral infections and different tumors. Regarding the latter, many authors have studied each subtype of mAChRs, which seem to be involved in the progression of distinct types of malignancies. METHODS We carefully revised research literature focused on mAChRs expression and signaling as well as in their involvement in cancer progression and treatment. The characteristics of screened papers were described using the mentioned conceptual framework. RESULTS Muscarinic antagonists and agonists have been assayed for the treatment of tumors established in lung, brain and breast with beneficial effects. We described an up-regulation of mAChRs in mammary tumors and the lack of expression in non-tumorigenic breast cells and normal mammary tissues. We and others demonstrated that muscarinic agonists can trigger anti-tumor actions in a dose-dependent manner on tumors originated in different organs like brain or breast. At pharmacological concentrations, they exert similar effects to traditional chemotherapeutic agents. Metronomic chemotherapy refers to the administration of anti-cancer drugs at low doses with short intervals among them, and it is a different regimen applied in cancer treatment reducing malignant growth and angiogenesis, and very low incidence of adverse effects. CONCLUSION The usage of subthreshold concentrations of muscarinic agonists combined with conventional chemotherapeutic agents could be a promising tool for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E. Sales
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-CONICET. 2da Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro J. Español
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-CONICET. 2da Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina R. Salem
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-CONICET. 2da Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola M. Pulido
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-CONICET. 2da Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Y. Sanchez
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-CONICET. 2da Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Sanchez
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO)-CONICET. 2da Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kim YB, Lee S, Choi HR, In J, Chang YJ, Kim HJ, Ro YJ, Yang HS. Effects of adenosine receptor agonist on the rocuroniuminduced neuromuscular block and sugammadex-induced recovery. Korean J Anesthesiol 2018; 71:476-482. [PMID: 29690754 PMCID: PMC6283708 DOI: 10.4097/kja.d.17.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several types of receptors are found at neuromuscular presynaptic membranes. Presynaptic inhibitory A1 and facilitatory A2A receptors mediate different modulatory functions on acetylcholine release. This study investigated whether adenosine A1 receptor agonist contributes to the first twitch tension (T1) of train-of-four (TOF) stimulation depression and TOF fade during rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade, and sugammadex-induced recovery. Methods Phrenic nerve-diaphragm tissues were obtained from 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Each tissue specimen was randomly allocated to either control group or 2-chloroadenosine (CADO, 10 μM) group. One hour of reaction time was allowed before initiating main experimental data collection. Loading and boost doses of rocuronium were sequentially administered until > 95% depression of the T1 was achieved. After confirming that there was no T1 twitch tension response, 15 min of resting time was allowed, after which sugammadex was administered. Recovery profiles (T1, TOF ratio [TOFR], and recovery index) were collected for 1 h and compared between groups. Results There were statistically significant differences on amount of rocuronium (actually used during experiment), TOFR changes during concentration-response of rocuronium (P = 0.04), and recovery profiles (P < 0.01) of CADO group comparing with the control group. However, at the initial phase of this experiment, dose-response of rocuronium in each group demonstrated no statistically significant differences (P = 0.12). Conclusions The adenosine A1 receptor agonist (CADO) influenced the TOFR and the recovery profile. After activating adenosine receptor, sugammadex-induced recovery from rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block was delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Beom Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sangseok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Hey Ran Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junyong In
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Jin Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ha Jung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jin Ro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Seuk Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Stefan-van Staden RI, Diaconeasa AG, Surdu-Bob CC. Disposable Stochastic Sensors for the Simultaneous Assay of Acetylcholine and Dopamine in Whole Blood Samples. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1396335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB, National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Amalia Gabriela Diaconeasa
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Cristina Surdu-Bob
- Low Temperature Plasma Laboratory, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics (NILPRP), Magurele, Romania
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Kim YB, Lee S, Lee KC, Kim HJ, Ro YJ, Yang HS. Effects of presynaptic muscarinic cholinoreceptor blockade on neuromuscular transmission as assessed by the train-of-four and the tetanic fade response to rocuronium. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 44:795-802. [PMID: 28394450 PMCID: PMC5519946 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of muscarinic M1 and M2 receptor antagonists on the rocuronium‐induced train of four (TOF) fade and tetanic fade, respectively. Ex‐vivo phrenic nerves and diaphragms were obtained from adult Sprague‐Dawley rats and stabilized in Krebs buffer; the nerve‐stimulated muscle TOF fade was observed at 20 s intervals. For the TOF study, phrenic nerves and diaphragms were incubated with pirenzepine (an M1 blocker) at concentrations of 0 nmol L−1 (control), 10 nmol L−1 (PZP10), or 100 nmol L−1 (PZP100). Rocuronium was then administered incrementally until the first twitch tension had depressed by >95% during TOF stimulation. The mean TOF ratios were compared when the first twitch tensions were depressed by 40%‐50%. For the tetanic fade study, 50 Hz/5 s tetani was applied initially, 30 min after the administration of a loading dose of rocuronium and methoctramine (an M2 receptor blocker, loaded at 0 μmol L−1 [control], 1 μmol L−1 [MET1], or 10 μmol L−1 [MET10]). The EC95 of rocuronium was significantly lower in the PZP10 group than in the control group. In the PZP10 group, the TOF ratios at 50% and first twitch tension depression were significantly lower than those in the control group (P=.02). During tetanic stimulation, the tetanic fade was significantly enhanced in the MET10 group compared to the other groups. This study shows that antagonists of muscarinic M1 and M2 receptors affect the rocuronium‐induced neuromuscular block as demonstrated by the reduced EC95 and TOF ratios (M1 antagonist, pirenzepine) or the enhanced 50‐Hz tetanic fade (M2 antagonist, methoctramine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Beom Kim
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sangseok Lee
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Sangye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Chun Lee
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ha Jung Kim
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jin Ro
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Seuk Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea
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The Coordinated Activities of nAChR and Wnt Signaling Regulate Intestinal Stem Cell Function in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030738. [PMID: 29510587 PMCID: PMC5877599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic signaling, which modulates cell activities via nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (n- and mAChRs) in response to internal or external stimuli, has been demonstrated in mammalian non-neuronal cells that synthesize acetylcholine (ACh). One of the major pathways of excitatory transmission in the enteric nervous system (ENS) is mediated by cholinergic transmission, with the transmitter ACh producing excitatory potentials in postsynaptic effector cells. In addition to ACh-synthesizing and ACh-metabolizing elements in the ENS, the presence of non-neuronal ACh machinery has been reported in epithelial cells of the small and large intestines of rats and humans. However, little is known about how non-neuronal ACh controls physiological function in the intestine. Here, experiments using crypt-villus organoids that lack nerve and immune cells in culture suggest that endogenous ACh is synthesized in the intestinal epithelium to drive organoid growth and differentiation through activation of nAChRs. Treatment of organoids with nicotine enhanced cell growth and the expression of marker genes for stem and epithelial cells. On the other hand, the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine strongly inhibited the growth and differentiation of organoids, suggesting the involvement of nAChRs in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of Lgr5-positive stem cells. More specifically, RNA sequencing analysis revealed that Wnt5a expression was dramatically upregulated after nicotine treatment, and Wnt5a rescued organoid growth and differentiation in response to mecamylamine. Taken together, our results indicate that coordinated activities of nAChR and Wnt signaling maintain Lgr5-positive stem cell activity and balanced differentiation. Furthermore, we could clearly separate the two groups, neuronal ACh in the ENS and non-neuronal ACh in the intestinal epithelium. Dysfunction of the non-neuronal cholinergic system is involved in the pathogenesis of disease. The data will increase our understanding of the cholinergic properties of non-neuronal cells and lead to optimization of drug therapy.
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Weist R, Flörkemeier T, Roger Y, Franke A, Schwanke K, Zweigerdt R, Martin U, Willbold E, Hoffmann A. Differential Expression of Cholinergic System Components in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Stromal Cells, and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Multipotent Stromal Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:166-183. [PMID: 29205106 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The components of the cholinergic system are evolutionary very old and conserved molecules that are expressed in typical spatiotemporal patterns. They are involved in signaling in the nervous system, whereas their functions in nonneuronal tissues are hardly understood. Stem cells present an attractive cellular system to address functional issues. This study therefore compared human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs; from cord blood endothelial cells), mesenchymal stromal cells derived from iPSCs (iPSC-MSCs), and bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) from up to 33 different human donors with respect to gene expressions of components of the cholinergic system. The status of cells was identified and characterized by the detection of cell surface antigens using flow cytometry. Acetylcholinesterase expression in iPSCs declined during their differentiation into MSCs and was comparably low in BM-MSCs. Butyrylcholinesterase was present in iPSCs, increased upon transition from the three-dimensional embryoid body phase into monolayer culture, and declined upon further differentiation into iPSC-MSCs. In BM-MSCs a notable butyrylcholinesterase expression could be detected in only four donors, but was elusive in other patient-derived samples. Different nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits were preferentially expressed in iPSCs and during early differentiation into iPSC-MSCs, low expression was detected in iPS-MSCs and in BM-MSCs. The m2 and m3 variants of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors were detected in all stem cell populations. In BM-MSCs, these gene expressions varied between donors. Together, these data reveal the differential expression of cholinergic signaling system components in stem cells from specific sources and suggest the utility of our approach to establish informative biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Weist
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graded Implants and Regenerative Strategies, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,2 Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Thilo Flörkemeier
- 3 Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Roger
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graded Implants and Regenerative Strategies, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,4 Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering , Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Franke
- 5 Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,6 REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Schwanke
- 5 Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,6 REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- 5 Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,6 REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- 5 Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery (HTTG), Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,6 REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Willbold
- 3 Laboratory for Biomechanics and Biomaterials, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,4 Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering , Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graded Implants and Regenerative Strategies, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,4 Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering , Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover, Germany
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45
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Koval L, Kalashnyk O, Lykhmus O, Skok M. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are involved in suppression of the antibody immune response. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 318:8-14. [PMID: 29395323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate mouse B lymphocyte proliferation and IgM production in ion-independent manner. The high α7 nAChR levels were found in CD5+ and Foxp3+ B cells; induction of Foxp3+ cells in vitro was attenuated in the absence or upon inhibition of α7 nAChRs. The adoptively transferred B lymphocytes, stimulated in presence of methyllicaconitine, decreased the IgM response and abolished the IgG response in the host. The data obtained demonstrate the importance of cholinergic regulation for the antibody immune response and immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmyla Koval
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str., 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Olena Kalashnyk
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str., 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Lykhmus
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str., 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maryna Skok
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 9, Leontovycha str., 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Piovesana R, Melfi S, Fiore M, Magnaghi V, Tata AM. M2 muscarinic receptor activation inhibits cell proliferation and migration of rat adipose-mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5348-5360. [PMID: 29227527 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also known as stromal mesenchymal stem cells, are multipotent cells, which can be found in many tissues and organs as bone marrow, adipose tissue and other tissues. In particular MSCs derived from Adipose tissue (ADSCs) are the most frequently used in regenerative medicine because they are easy to source, rapidly expandable in culture and excellent differentiation potential into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and other cell types. Acetylcholine (ACh), the most important neurotransmitter in Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), plays important roles also in non-neural tissue, but its functions in MSCs are still not investigated. Although MSCs express muscarinic receptor subtypes, their role is completely unknown. In the present work muscarinic cholinergic effects were characterized in rat ADSCs. Analysis by RT-PCR demonstrates that ADSCs express M1-M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes, whereas M2 is one of the most expressed subtype. For this reason, our attention was focused on M2 subtype. By using the selective M2 against Arecaidine Propargyl Ester (APE) we performed cell proliferation and migration assays demonstrating that APE causes cell growth and migration inhibition without affecting cell survival. Our results indicate that ACh via M2 receptors, may contribute to the maintaining of the ADSCs quiescent status. These data are the first evidence that ACh, via muscarinic receptors, might contribute to control ADSCs physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Piovesana
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin,", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Melfi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Fiore
- IBPM, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin,", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center of Neurobiology "Daniel Bovet,", "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Albano GD, Bonanno A, Moscato M, Anzalone G, Di Sano C, Riccobono L, Wenzel SE, Profita M. Crosstalk between mAChRM3 and β2AR, via acetylcholine PI3/PKC/PBEP1/Raf-1 MEK1/2/ERK1/2 pathway activation, in human bronchial epithelial cells after long-term cigarette smoke exposure. Life Sci 2018; 192:99-109. [PMID: 29175450 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) affects the expression of non-neuronal components of cholinergic system in bronchial epithelial cells and, as PEBP1/Raf-mediated MAPK1/2 and ERK1/2 pathway, promotes inflammation and oxidative stress. AIMS We studied whether Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in the mechanism of crosstalk between mAChRM3 and β2Adrenergic receptors (β2AR) promoting, via PI3/PKC/PBEP1/Raf/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 activation, β2AR desensitization, inflammation and, oxidative stress in a bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE) after long-term exposure to cigarette smoke extract (LECSE). METHODS We evaluated mAChRM3 and Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression, ACh production, PEBP1, ERk1/2, and β2AR phosphorylation, as well as NOX-4, ROS production and IL-8 release in 16HBE after LECSE. The inhibitory activity of Hemicholinium (HCh-3) (a potent choline uptake blocker), LY294002 (a highly selective inhibitor of PI3 kinase), Tiotropium (Spiriva®) (anticholinergic drug) and Olodaterol (β2AR agonist), were tested in 16HBE after LECSE. RESULTS mAChRM3, ChAT, ACh activity, pPEBP1, pβ2AR, pERK1/2, ROS, NOX-4 and IL-8 increased after LECSE in 16HBE LECSE compared to untreated cells. HCh-3 and LY294002 (alone or in combination) as well as Tiotropium (Spiriva®) or Olodaterol (alone or in combination) all reduced the levels of pPEBP1, pβ2AR, pERK1/2, ROS, NOX-4, and IL-8 in 16HBE LECSE compared to untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS LECSE promotes ACh production which enhances PI3/PKC/PEBP1/Raf-ERK1/2 pathway activation, heterologous β2AR desensitization, as well as release of inflammatory and oxidative mediators in bronchial epithelial cells. The use of anticholinergic drugs and long-acting β2-agonists, alone or in combination may be dampen these inflammatory mechanisms when used in combination in some epithelial cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Bonanno
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Moscato
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Loredana Riccobono
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy" (IBIM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy.
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Regina TMR, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Pochini L, Indiveri C. Bacterial production and reconstitution in proteoliposomes of Solanum lycopersicum CAT2: a transporter of basic amino acids and organic cations. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:657-667. [PMID: 28695314 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The vacuolar SlCAT2 was cloned, over-produced in E. coli and reconstituted in proteoliposomes. Arg, Ornithine and Lys were identified as substrates. Unexpectedly, also the organic cations Tetraethylammonium and Acetylcholine were transported indicating involvement of SlCAT2 in signaling. In land plants several transporters are involved in ion and metabolite flux across membranes of cells or intracellular organelles. The vacuolar amino acid transporter CAT2 from Solanum lycopersicum was investigated in this work. SlCAT2 was cloned from tomato flower cDNA, over-produced in Escherichia coli and purified by Nichel-chelating chromatography. For functional studies, the transporter was reconstituted in proteoliposomes. Competence of SlCAT2 for Arg transport was demonstrated measuring uptake of [3H]Arg in proteoliposomes which was trans-stimulated by internal Arg or ornithine. Uptake of [3H]Ornithine and [3H]Lys was also detected at lower efficiency with respect to [3H]Arg. Transport was activated by the presence of intraliposomal ATP suggesting regulation by the nucleotide. The prototype for organic cations tetraethylammonium (TEA) was also transported by SlCAT2. However, scarce reciprocal inhibition between TEA and Arg was found, while the biguanide metformin was able to strongly inhibit uptake of both substrates. These findings suggest that amino acids and organic cations may interact with the transporter through different functional groups some of which are common for the two types of substrates. Interestingly, reconstituted SlCAT2 showed competence for acetylcholine transport, which was also inhibited by metformin. Kinetics of Arg and Ach transport were performed from which Km values of 0.29 and 0.79 mM were derived, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Maria Rosaria Regina
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Lorena Pochini
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4C, 87036, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
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Potential of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor PET imaging in atherosclerosis. Methods 2017; 130:90-104. [PMID: 28602809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic events are usually acute and often strike otherwise asymptomatic patients. Although multiple clinical risk factors have been associated with atherosclerosis, as of yet no further individual prediction can be made as to who will suffer from its consequences based on biomarker analysis or traditional imaging methods like CT, MRI or angiography. Previously, non-invasive imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET was shown to potentially fill this niche as it offers high sensitive detection of metabolic processes associated with inflammatory changes in atherosclerotic plaques. However, 18F-FDG PET imaging of arterial vessels suffers from non-specificity and has still to be proven to reliably identify vulnerable plaques, carrying a high risk of rupture. Therefore, it may be regarded only as a secondary marker for monitoring treatment effects and it does not offer alternative treatment options or direct insight in treatment mechanisms. In this review, an overview is given of the current status and the potential of PET imaging of inflammation and angiogenesis in atherosclerosis in general and special emphasis is given to imaging of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs). Due to the gaps that still exist in our understanding of atherogenesis and the limitations of the available PET tracers, the search continues for a more specific radioligand, able to differentiate between stable atherosclerosis and plaques prone to rupture. The potential role of the α7 nAChR as imaging marker for plaque vulnerability is explored. Today, strong evidence exists that nAChRs are involved in the atherosclerotic disease process. They are suggested to mediate the deleterious effects of the major tobacco component, nicotine, a nAChR agonist. Mainly based on in vitro data, α7 nAChR stimulation might increase plaque burden via increased neovascularization. However, in animal studies, α7 nAChR manipulation appears to reduce plaque size due to its inhibitory effects on inflammatory cells. Thus, reliable identification of α7 nAChRs by in vivo imaging is crucial to investigate the exact role of α7 nAChR in atherosclerosis before any therapeutic approach in the human setting can be justified. In this review, we discuss the first experience with α7 nAChR PET tracers and developmental considerations regarding the "optimal" PET tracer to image vascular nAChRs.
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Wessler IK, Kirkpatrick CJ. Non-neuronal acetylcholine involved in reproduction in mammals and honeybees. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:144-150. [PMID: 28072454 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria and archaea synthesize acetylcholine (ACh). Thus, it can be postulated that ACh was created by nature roughly three billion years ago. Therefore, the wide expression of ACh in nature (i.e., in bacteria, archaea, unicellular organisms, plants, fungi, non-vertebrates and vertebrates and in the abundance of non-neuronal cells of mammals) is not surprising. The term non-neuronal ACh and non-neuronal cholinergic system have been introduced to describe the auto- and paracrine, that is, local regulatory actions of ACh in cells not innervated by neuronal cholinergic fibers and to communicate among themselves. In this way non-neuronal ACh binds to the nicotinic or muscarinic receptors expressed on these local and migrating cells and modulates basic cells functions such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and the transport of ions and water. The present article is focused to the effects of non-neuronal ACh linked to reproduction; data on the expression and function of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the following topics are summarized: (i) Sperm, granulosa cells, oocytes; (ii) Auxiliary systems (ovary, oviduct, placenta); (iii) Embryonic stem cells as first step for reproduction of a new individual after fertilization; (iv) Larval food as an example of reproduction in insects (honeybees) and adverse effects of the neonicotinoids, a class of world-wide applied insecticides. The review article will show that non-neuronal ACh is substantially involved in the regulation of reproduction in mammals and also non-mammals like insects (honeybees). There is a need to learn more about this biological role of ACh. In particular, we have to consider that insecticides like the neonicotinoids, but also carbamates and organophosphorus pesticides, interfere with the non-neuronal cholinergic system thus compromising for example the breeding of honeybees. But it is possible that other species may also be adversely affected as well, a mechanism which may contribute to the observed decline in biodiversity. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignaz Karl Wessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles James Kirkpatrick
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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