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Gureev AP, Shaforostova EA, Starkov AA, Popov VN. β-Guanidinopropionic Acid Stimulates Brain Mitochondria Biogenesis and Alters Cognitive Behavior in Nondiseased Mid-Age Mice. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518766524. [PMID: 29636631 PMCID: PMC5888816 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518766524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-guanidinopropionic acid (β-GPA) has been used as a nutritional supplement for increasing physical strength and endurance with positive and predictable results. In muscles, it works as a nonadaptive stimulator of mitochondria biogenesis; it also increases lipid metabolism. There are data indicating that β-GPA can be also neuroprotective, but its mechanisms of action in the brain are less understood. We studied the effects of β-GPA on animal behavior and mitochondrial biogenesis in the cortex and midbrain of mid-age healthy mice. We found that even short-term 3-week-long β-GPA treatment increased the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in the cortex and ventral midbrain, as well as the expression of several key antioxidant and metabolic enzymes—indicators of mitochondria proliferation and the activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling cascade. At the same time, β-GPA downregulated the expression of the β-oxidation genes. Administration of β-GPA in mice for 3 weeks improved the animals’ physical strength and endurance health, ie, increased their physical strength and endurance and alleviated anxiety. Thus, β-GPA might be considered an adaptogene affecting both the muscle and brain metabolism in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem P Gureev
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Shaforostova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Anatoly A Starkov
- Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vasily N Popov
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
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Ross TT, Overton JD, Houmard KF, Kinsey ST. β-GPA treatment leads to elevated basal metabolic rate and enhanced hypoxic exercise tolerance in mice. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/5/e13192. [PMID: 28292879 PMCID: PMC5350188 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments that increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) and enhance exercise capacity may be useful therapeutic approaches for treating conditions such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and associated circulatory problems. β‐guanidinopropionic acid (β‐GPA) supplementation decreases high‐energy phosphate concentrations, such as ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) resulting in an energetic challenge that is similar to both exercise programs and hypoxic conditions. In this study, we administered β‐GPA to mice for 2 or 6 weeks, and investigated the effect on muscle energetic status, body and muscle mass, muscle capillarity, BMR, and normoxic and hypoxic exercise tolerance (NET and HET, respectively). Relative [PCr] and PCr/ATP ratios significantly decreased during both treatment times in the β‐GPA fed mice compared to control mice. Body mass, muscle mass, and muscle fiber size significantly decreased after β‐GPA treatment, whereas muscle capillarity and BMR were significantly increased in β‐GPA fed mice. NET significantly decreased in the 2‐week treatment, but was not significantly different in the 6‐week treatment. HET significantly decreased in 2‐week treatment, but in contrast to NET, significantly increased in the 6‐week‐treated mice compared to control mice. We conclude that β‐GPA induces a cellular energetic response in skeletal muscle similar to that of chronic environmental hypoxia, and this energetic perturbation leads to elevated BMR and increased hypoxic exercise capacity in the absence of hypoxic acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton T Ross
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Jeffrey D Overton
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Katelyn F Houmard
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Stephen T Kinsey
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina
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Oudman I, Clark JF, Brewster LM. The effect of the creatine analogue beta-guanidinopropionic acid on energy metabolism: a systematic review. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52879. [PMID: 23326362 PMCID: PMC3541392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine kinase plays a key role in cellular energy transport. The enzyme transfers high-energy phosphoryl groups from mitochondria to subcellular sites of ATP hydrolysis, where it buffers ADP concentration by catalyzing the reversible transfer of the high-energy phosphate moiety (P) between creatine and ADP. Cellular creatine uptake is competitively inhibited by beta-guanidinopropionic acid. This substance is marked as safe for human use, but the effects are unclear. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the effect of beta-guanidinopropionic acid on energy metabolism and function of tissues with high energy demands. Methods We performed a systematic review and searched the electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and LILACS from their inception through March 2011. Furthermore, we searched the internet and explored references from textbooks and reviews. Results After applying the inclusion criteria, we retrieved 131 publications, mainly considering the effect of chronic oral administration of beta-guanidinopropionic acid (0.5 to 3.5%) on skeletal muscle, the cardiovascular system, and brain tissue in animals. Beta-guanidinopropionic acid decreased intracellular creatine and phosphocreatine in all tissues studied. In skeletal muscle, this effect induced a shift from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism, increased cellular glucose uptake and increased fatigue tolerance. In heart tissue this shift to mitochondrial metabolism was less pronounced. Myocardial contractility was modestly reduced, including a decreased ventricular developed pressure, albeit with unchanged cardiac output. In brain tissue adaptations in energy metabolism resulted in enhanced ATP stability and survival during hypoxia. Conclusion Chronic beta-guanidinopropionic acid increases fatigue tolerance of skeletal muscle and survival during ischaemia in animal studies, with modestly reduced myocardial contractility. Because it is marked as safe for human use, there is a need for human data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Oudman
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Head SI, Greenaway B, Chan S. Incubating isolated mouse EDL muscles with creatine improves force production and twitch kinetics in fatigue due to reduction in ionic strength. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22742. [PMID: 21850234 PMCID: PMC3151260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine supplementation can improve performance during high intensity exercise in humans and improve muscle strength in certain myopathies. In this present study, we investigated the direct effects of acute creatine incubation on isolated mouse fast-twitch EDL muscles, and examined how these effects change with fatigue. METHODS AND RESULTS The extensor digitorum longus muscle from mice aged 12-14 weeks was isolated and stimulated with field electrodes to measure force characteristics in 3 different states: (i) before fatigue; (ii) immediately after a fatigue protocol; and (iii) after recovery. These served as the control measurements for the muscle. The muscle was then incubated in a creatine solution and washed. The measurement of force characteristics in the 3 different states was then repeated. In un-fatigued muscle, creatine incubation increased the maximal tetanic force. In fatigued muscle, creatine treatment increased the force produced at all frequencies of stimulation. Incubation also increased the rate of twitch relaxation and twitch contraction in fatigued muscle. During repetitive fatiguing stimulation, creatine-treated muscles took 55.1±9.5% longer than control muscles to lose half of their original force. Measurement of weight changes showed that creatine incubation increased EDL muscle mass by 7%. CONCLUSION Acute creatine application improves force production in isolated fast-twitch EDL muscle, and these improvements are particularly apparent when the muscle is fatigued. One likely mechanism for this improvement is an increase in Ca(2+) sensitivity of contractile proteins as a result of ionic strength decreases following creatine incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart I Head
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Cairns SP, Taberner AJ, Loiselle DS. Changes of surface and t-tubular membrane excitability during fatigue with repeated tetani in isolated mouse fast- and slow-twitch muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:101-12. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90878.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether impaired sarcolemmal excitability causes severe fatigue during repeated tetani in isolated mouse skeletal muscle. Slow-twitch soleus or fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles underwent intensive stimulation (standard protocol: 125 Hz for 500 ms, every second, parallel plate electrodes, 20 V, 0.1-ms pulses). Interventions with altered stimulation characteristics were tested either on the entire fatigue profile or after 90- to 100-s stimulation. d-tubocurarine did not alter the fatigue profile in soleus thereby eliminating impaired neuromuscular transmission. Lower stimulation frequencies partially restored peak force, especially in soleus. The twitch force-stimulation strength relationship shifted towards higher voltages in both muscle types, with a much larger shift in EDL. Augmenting pulse strength restored tetanic force from 29% (4.4 V) to 79% (20 V), or slowed fatigue in soleus. Increasing pulse duration (0.1 to 1.0 ms) restored tetanic force from 8 to 46% in EDL and from 41 to 90% in soleus; 0.25-ms pulses restored tetanic force to 83% in soleus. Switching from transverse wire to parallel plate stimulation increased tetanic force from 34 to 63%, and fatigue was exacerbated with wires compared with plates in soleus. The combined data suggest that impaired excitability (disrupted action potential generation) within trains is the main contributor (∼50% initial force) to severe fatigue in both muscle types, the surface rather than t-tubular membrane is the main site of impairment during wire stimulation, and extreme fatigue in EDL includes an increased action potential threshold leading to inexcitable fibers. Moreover, mathematical modeling discounts anoxia as the major contributor to fatigue during our stimulation regime in isolated muscles.
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Cairns SP, Robinson DM, Loiselle DS. Double-sigmoid model for fitting fatigue profiles in mouse fast- and slow-twitch muscle. Exp Physiol 2008; 93:851-62. [DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.041285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Murphy RM, Stephenson DG, Lamb GD. Effect of creatine on contractile force and sensitivity in mechanically skinned single fibers from rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287:C1589-95. [PMID: 15282195 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00276.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the intramuscular stores of total creatine [TCr = creatine (Cr) + creatine phosphate (CrP)] can result in improved muscle performance during certain types of exercise in humans. Initial uptake of Cr is accompanied by an increase in cellular water to maintain osmotic balance, resulting in a decrease in myoplasmic ionic strength. Mechanically skinned single fibers from rat soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were used to examine the direct effects on the contractile apparatus of increasing [Cr], increasing [Cr] plus decreasing ionic strength, and increasing [Cr] and [CrP] with no change in ionic strength. Increasing [Cr] from 19 to 32 mM, accompanied by appropriate increases in water to maintain osmolality, had appreciable beneficial effects on contractile apparatus performance. Compared with control conditions, both SOL and EDL fibers showed increases in Ca2+ sensitivity (+0.061 ± 0.004 and +0.049 ± 0.009 pCa units, respectively) and maximum Ca2+-activated force (to 104 ± 1 and 105 ± 1%, respectively). In contrast, increasing [Cr] alone had a small inhibitory effect. When both [Cr] and [CrP] were increased, there was virtually no change in Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus, and maximum Ca2+-activated force was ∼106 ± 1% compared with control conditions in both SOL and EDL fibers. These results suggest that the initial improvement in performance observed with Cr supplementation is likely due in large part to direct effects of the accompanying decrease in myoplasmic ionic strength on the properties of the contractile apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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Eijnde BO, Lebacq J, Ramaekers M, Hespel P. Effect of muscle creatine content manipulation on contractile properties in mouse muscles. Muscle Nerve 2004; 29:428-35. [PMID: 14981743 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of muscle creatine manipulation on contractile properties in oxidative and glycolytic muscles were evaluated. Whereas control mice (NMRi; n = 12) received normal chow (5 g daily), three experimental groups were created by adding creatine monohydrate (CR group; 5%, 1 week; n = 13); beta-guanidinoproprionic acid, an inhibitor of cellular creatine uptake (beta-GPA group; 1%, 2 weeks; n = 12); or CR following beta-GPA (beta-GPA+CR group; n = 11). Total creatine (TCr) and the contractile properties of incubated soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were determined. For the soleus, compared with control, TCr increased in the CR group (+25%), decreased in beta-GPA group (-50%), and remained stable in the beta-GPA+CR group, whereas, for the EDL, TCr was similar in the CR, and lower in the beta-GPA (-40%) and beta-GPA+CR (-15%) groups. None of the experimental groups (CR, beta-GPA, or beta-GPA+CR) showed changes in peak tension (P(peak)), time to peak tension, or relaxation in soleus or EDL during twitch or tetanic stimulation. For the soleus, fatigue reduced P(peak) to approximately 60% of initial P(peak); 5 min of recovery restored P(peak) to values approximately 15% higher in CR than in controls. P(peak) recovery was not affected by beta-GPA or beta-GPA+CR in the soleus or any treatment in the EDL. Thus, peak tension recovery is enhanced by creatine intake in oxidative but not glycolytic muscles. This may be implicated in the beneficial action of creatine loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert O Eijnde
- Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Kinesiology, Katholieke Université Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Louis M, Raymackers JM, Debaix H, Lebacq J, Francaux M. Effect of creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle ofmdx mice. Muscle Nerve 2004; 29:687-92. [PMID: 15116372 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophic mice (mdx) and their controls (C57/Bl10) were fed for 1 month with a diet with or without creatine (Cr) enrichment. Cr supplementation reduced mass (by 19%, P < 0.01) and mean fiber surface (by 25%, P < 0.05) of fast-twitch mdx muscles. In both strains, tetanic tension increased slightly (9.2%) without reaching statistical significance (P = 0.08), and relaxation time increased by 16% (P < 0.001). However, Cr had no protective effect on the other hallmarks of dystrophy such as susceptibility to eccentric contractions; large numbers of centrally nucleated fibers in tibialis anterior; and elevated total calcium content, which increased by 85% (P = 0.008) in gastrocnemius mdx muscles. In conclusion, Cr may be a positive intervention for improving function of dystrophic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Louis
- Institut d'Education Physique et de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Pierre de Coubertin, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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