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Tempany JC, Zhou JH, Hodgkin PD, Bryant VL. Superior properties of CellTrace Yellow™ as a division tracking dye for human and murine lymphocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 96:149-159. [PMID: 29363164 PMCID: PMC6446909 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of cell division tracking properties of 5‐(and‐6)‐carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) by Lyons and Parish in 1994 led to a broad range of new methods and numerous important biological discoveries. After labeling, CFSE is attached to free amine groups and intracellular proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus of a cell, and halves in fluorescence intensity with each round of cell division, enabling enumeration of the number of divisions a cell has undergone. A range of popular division tracking dyes were subsequently developed, including CellTrace Violet (CTV), making available the green fluorescent channel previously occupied by CFSE. More recently, CellTrace Yellow (CTY) and CellTrace Far Red (CTFR), each with unique fluorescence properties, were introduced. In a comparison, we found that the fluorescence values of both dyes were well separated from autofluorescence, and enabled a greater number of divisions to be identified than CTV, before this limit was reached. These new dyes provided clear and well‐separated peaks for both murine and human B lymphocytes, and should find wide application. The range of excitation/emission spectra available for division tracking dyes now also facilitates multiplexing, that is, the labeling of cells with different combinations of dyes to give a unique fluorescence signature, allowing single cell in vitro and in vivo tracking. The combinatorial possibilities are significantly increased with these additional dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Tempany
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jie Hs Zhou
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Bryant
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Dons’koi BV, Chernyshov VP, Sirenko VY, Strelko GV, Osypchuk DV. Peripheral blood natural killer cells activation status determined by CD69 upregulation predicts implantation outcome in IVF. Immunobiology 2014; 219:167-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dons'koĭ BV, Chernyshov VP, Sirenko VI, Strelko HV, Osypchuk DV. Effect of hypo- and hyper- accentuated NK cell activity on embryo implantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15407/fz60.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Almeida CR, Ashkenazi A, Shahaf G, Kaplan D, Davis DM, Mehr R. Human NK cells differ more in their KIR2DL1-dependent thresholds for HLA-Cw6-mediated inhibition than in their maximal killing capacity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24927. [PMID: 21949790 PMCID: PMC3176315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we have addressed the question of how activation and inhibition of human NK cells is regulated by the expression level of MHC class I protein on target cells. Using target cell transfectants sorted to stably express different levels of the MHC class I protein HLA-Cw6, we show that induction of degranulation and that of IFN-γ secretion are not correlated. In contrast, the inhibition of these two processes by MHC class-I occurs at the same level of class I MHC protein. Primary human NK cell clones were found to differ in the amount of target MHC class I protein required for their inhibition, rather than in their maximum killing capacity. Importantly, we show that KIR2DL1 expression determines the thresholds (in terms of MHC I protein levels) required for NK cell inhibition, while the expression of other receptors such as LIR1 is less important. Furthermore, using mathematical models to explore the dynamics of target cell killing, we found that the observed delay in target cell killing is exhibited by a model in which NK cells require some activation or priming, such that each cell can lyse a target cell only after being activated by a first encounter with the same or a different target cell, but not by models which lack this feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina R. Almeida
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Ashkenazi
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Gitit Shahaf
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Deborah Kaplan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Daniel M. Davis
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramit Mehr
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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5
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Chernyshov VP, Sudoma IO, Dons'koi BV, Kostyuchyk AA, Masliy YV. Elevated NK cell cytotoxicity, CD158a expression in NK cells and activated T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of women with IVF failures. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64:58-67. [PMID: 20236262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of elevated natural killer cytotoxicity (NKc) in women with multiple implantation failures (IF) in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycles. METHODS OF STUDY Seventy-nine antiphospholipid antibodies-negative women with IF including 33 women with elevated NKc were selected for investigation. K-562 cell line was used to evaluate NKc. Lymphocyte subsets, intracellular cytokines [interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, tumour necrosis factor, IL-10], expression of activating markers [CD69, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR], CD8, KIR (CD158a), CD95, and chemokine receptors (CXCR3, CCR4) were estimated by flow cytometry. RESULTS In women with IF, levels of NKc were higher than in IVF successful women. IF was associated with higher expression of CD8, CD158a, and HLA-DR in NK cells, activating markers in T lymphocytes, and lower levels of CCR4+ and IL-4+ T lymphocyte subsets. Predictive value of single elevated NKc for IVF success was 0.85, but addition of two other abnormal parameters resulted in its decrease to <0.39. CONCLUSIONS Elevated NKc is negative factor, though not critical for implantation in IVF cycles. Immune mechanism of IVF failure includes not only elevated NKc but also some other factors, such as elevated expression of CD8 and CD158a on NK cells, T lymphocyte activation, and diminished T helper 2 parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor P Chernyshov
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.
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6
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Gujar SA, Michalak TI. Flow Cytometric Quantification of T Cell Proliferation and Division Kinetics in Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B. Immunol Invest 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/imm-55834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Parish CR, Glidden MH, Quah BJC, Warren HS. Use of the intracellular fluorescent dye CFSE to monitor lymphocyte migration and proliferation. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2009; Chapter 4:4.9.1-4.9.13. [PMID: 19235770 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im0409s84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The stable incorporation of the intracellular fluorescent dye 5-(and -6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) into cells provides a powerful tool to monitor cell migration, and to quantify cell division, because of the sequential decrease in fluorescent labeling in daughter cells. CFSE-labeled lymphocytes have been used to analyze the relationship between cell division and differentiation of cell function, and cell proliferation versus apoptosis, both in vivo and in vitro, and have allowed analysis of the site of response to antigens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ben J C Quah
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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8
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Chan A, Filer A, Parsonage G, Kollnberger S, Gundle R, Buckley CD, Bowness P. Mediation of the proinflammatory cytokine response in rheumatoid arthritis and spondylarthritis by interactions between fibroblast-like synoviocytes and natural killer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:707-17. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Quah BJC, Warren HS, Parish CR. Monitoring lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo with the intracellular fluorescent dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. Nat Protoc 2007; 2:2049-56. [PMID: 17853860 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This protocol outlines the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) method for following the proliferation of human lymphocytes in vitro and mouse lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. The method relies on the ability of CFSE to covalently label long-lived intracellular molecules with the highly fluorescent dye, carboxyfluorescein. Following each cell division, the equal distribution of these fluorescent molecules to progeny cells results in a halving of the fluorescence of daughter cells. The CFSE labeling protocol described, which typically takes <1 h to perform, allows the detection of up to eight cell divisions before CFSE fluorescence is decreased to the background fluorescence of unlabeled cells. Protocols are outlined for labeling large and small numbers of human and mouse lymphocytes, labeling conditions being identified that minimize CFSE toxicity but maximize the number of cell divisions detected. An important feature of the technique is that division-dependent changes in the expression of cell-surface markers and intracellular proteins are easily quantified by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J C Quah
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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10
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Chan A, Hong DL, Atzberger A, Kollnberger S, Filer AD, Buckley CD, McMichael A, Enver T, Bowness P. CD56bright human NK cells differentiate into CD56dim cells: role of contact with peripheral fibroblasts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:89-94. [PMID: 17579025 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are divided into CD56(bright)CD16(-) cells and CD56(dim)CD16(+) cells. We tested the hypothesis that CD56(bright) NK cells can differentiate into CD56(dim) cells by prospectively isolating and culturing each NK subset in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that CD56(bright) cells can differentiate into CD56(dim) both in vitro, in the presence of synovial fibroblasts, and in vivo, upon transfer into NOD-SCID mice. In vitro, this differentiation was inhibited by fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 Ab, demonstrating a role of the CD56 and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 interaction in this process. Differentiated CD56(dim) cells had reduced IFN-gamma production but increased perforin expression and cytolysis of cell line K562 targets. Flow cytometric fluorescent in situ hybridization demonstrated that CD56(bright) NK cells had longer telomere length compared with CD56(dim) NK cells, implying the former are less mature. Our data support a linear differentiation model of human NK development in which immature CD56(bright) NK cells can differentiate into CD56(dim) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Chan
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Savani BN, Mielke S, Adams S, Uribe M, Rezvani K, Yong ASM, Zeilah J, Kurlander R, Srinivasan R, Childs R, Hensel N, Barrett AJ. Rapid natural killer cell recovery determines outcome after T-cell-depleted HLA-identical stem cell transplantation in patients with myeloid leukemias but not with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2007; 21:2145-52. [PMID: 17673900 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the first lymphocytes to recover after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) and can exert powerful graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects determining transplant outcome. Conditions governing NK cell alloreactivity and the role of NK recovery in sibling SCT are not well defined. NK cells on day 30 post-transplant (NK30) were measured in 54 SCT recipients with leukemia and donor and recipient killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotype determined. In univariate analysis, donor KIR genes 2DL5A, 2DS1, 3DS1 (positive in 46%) and higher numbers of inhibitory donor KIR correlated with higher NK30 counts and were associated with improved transplant outcome. NK30 counts also correlated directly with the transplant CD34 cell dose and inversely with the CD3+ cell dose. In multivariate analysis, the NK30 emerged as the single independent determinant of transplant outcome. Patients with NK30 >150/microl had less relapse (HR 18.3, P=0.039), acute graft-versus-host disease (HR 3.2, P=0.03), non-relapse mortality (HR 10.7, P=0.028) and improved survival (HR 11.4, P=0.03). Results suggest that T cell-depleted SCT might be improved and the GVL effect enhanced by selecting donors with favorable KIR genotype, and by optimizing CD34 and CD3 doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Savani
- Stem Cell Transplantation Section, Hematology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1202, USA
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12
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Gumá M, Budt M, Sáez A, Brckalo T, Hengel H, Angulo A, López-Botet M. Expansion of CD94/NKG2C+ NK cells in response to human cytomegalovirus-infected fibroblasts. Blood 2005; 107:3624-31. [PMID: 16384928 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD94/NKG2C(+) natural killer (NK) cells are increased in healthy individuals infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), suggesting that HCMV infection may shape the NK cell receptor repertoire. To address this question, we analyzed the distribution of NK cell subsets in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) cocultured with HCMV-infected fibroblasts. A substantial increase of NK cells was detected by day 10 in samples from a group of HCMV(+) donors, and CD94/NKG2C(+) cells outnumbered the CD94/NKG2A(+) subset. Fibroblast infection was required to induce the preferential expansion of CD94/NKG2C(+) NK cells that was comparable with allogeneic or autologous fibroblasts, and different virus strains. A CD94-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) abrogated the effect, supporting an involvement of the lectinlike receptor. Purified CD56(+) populations stimulated with HCMV-infected cells did not proliferate, but the expansion of the CD94/NKG2C(+) subset was detected in the presence of interleukin-15 (IL-15). Experiments with HCMV deletion mutants indicated that the response of CD94/NKG2C(+) NK cells was independent of the UL16, UL18, and UL40 HCMV genes, but was impaired when cells were infected with a mutant lacking the US2-11 gene region. Taken together the data support that the interaction of CD94/NKG2C with HCMV-infected fibroblasts, concomitant to the inhibition of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression, promotes an outgrowth of CD94/NKG2C(+) NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gumá
- Molecular Immunopathology Unit, DCEXS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr Aiguader 80, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Richardson SM, Walker RV, Parker S, Rhodes NP, Hunt JA, Freemont AJ, Hoyland JA. Intervertebral disc cell-mediated mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Stem Cells 2005; 24:707-16. [PMID: 16223853 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain is one of the largest health problems in the Western world today, and intervertebral disc degeneration has been identified as a main cause. Currently, treatments are symptomatic, but cell-based tissue engineering methods are realistic alternatives for tissue regeneration. However, the major problem for these strategies is the generation of a suitable population of cells. Adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are undifferentiated, multipotent cells that have the ability to differentiate into a number of cell types, including the chondrocyte-like cells found within the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the intervertebral disc; however, no method exists to differentiate these cells in an accessible monolayer environment. We have conducted coculture experiments to determine whether cells from the human NP can initiate the differentiation of human MSCs with or without cell-cell contact. Fluorescent labeling of the stem cell population and high-speed cell sorting after coculture with cell-cell contact allowed examination of individual cell populations. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed significant increases in NP marker genes in stem cells when cells were cocultured with contact for 7 days, and this change was regulated by cell ratio. No significant change in NP marker gene expression in either NP cells or stem cells was observed when cells were cultured without contact, regardless of cell ratio. Thus, we have shown that human NP and MSC coculture with contact is a viable method for generating a large population of differentiated cells that could be used in cell-based tissue engineering therapies for regeneration of the degenerate intervertebral disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Richardson
- UK Centre for Tissue Engineering, Division of Laboratory and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Tuschl H, Schwab CE. The use of flow cytometric methods in acute and long-term in vitro testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:845-52. [PMID: 16081244 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One principal demand for in vitro screening for toxic effects is the ease of performance and the high throughput of test methods. Flow cytometry offers the possibility to study several parameters simultaneously, e.g. cell cycle modulation, mode of cell death, activity of mitochondria. Aim of the present study was to assess the suitability of flow cytometry for the determination of cytotoxicity of test chemicals. Six chemicals chosen from the MEIC list (acetaminophen, isoniazid, paraquat, malathion, digoxin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) were tested in HepG2, AAH-1, YAC-1 cells and human lymphocytes. Chemicals were applied for 24, 48 h or 28 days. The phases of the cell cycle were determined and the induction of apoptosis and necrosis was demonstrated by annexin binding, analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA strand breaks. The results of the present study show that flow cytometric methods are well suited to screen for the cytotoxicity of chemicals, both in adherent cells and cells grown in suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Tuschl
- Department of Toxicology, ARC Seibersdorf Research GmbH, A 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria.
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15
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Cerboni C, Oberg L, Terrazzano G, Zappacosta S, Carbone E, Kärre K. Proliferative and cytotoxic response of human natural killer cells exposed to transporter associated with antigen-processing-deficient cells. Scand J Immunol 2004; 59:159-67. [PMID: 14871292 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In transporter associated with antigen-processing (TAP)-deficient patients affected by a severe downmodulation of human leucocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules, natural killer (NK) cells have an increased expression of the inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A. Focusing our attention on NK cells, we have investigated the phenotype, function and proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) derived from healthy donors after coculturing with TAP (T2)- or HLA-I-deficient (721.221) cell lines and their related HLA-I-expressing transfectants (T3 and DT360, respectively). After 4 days, NK cells cocultured with T2 cells had a threefold increased CD94 expression compared to NK cells cocultured with T3. This increase was due to proliferation of the CD56brightCD94bright subset. In contrast, expression of other inhibitory receptors [killer cell immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptors] was variable during time and was not related to HLA-I molecules expressed by stimulating cells. Similar results were obtained using HLA-I-deficient cells (721.221). The PBLs cocultured for 4 days with T2 cells displayed enhanced cytotoxic responses. The results suggest that CD56brightCD94bright NK cells are induced to proliferate and kill in response to a TAP-deficient environment. The changes seen in the NK-cell compartment were partially contributed by T lymphocytes present in the coculture. These data could explain the increased CD94 expression and autoimmune manifestations observed in TAP-deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cerboni
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Goodridge JP, Witt CS, Christiansen FT, Warren HS. KIR2DL4 (CD158d) genotype influences expression and function in NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1768-74. [PMID: 12902476 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.4.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression and function of the NK cell receptor KIR2DL4 are controversial. Two common alleles of the transmembrane domain of KIR2DL4 exist. The 10A allele with 10 adenines at the end of the transmembrane exon encodes a full length receptor, whereas the 9A allele has only 9 adenines resulting in a frame shift which in turn generates a stop codon early in the first cytoplasmic exon. The possibility that the 10A and 9A alleles might result in differences in expression and function of KIR2DL4 was explored using mAbs to KIR2DL4. Transfection experiments with cDNA from the 10A and 9A alleles revealed significant membrane expression only with the protein encoded by the 10A allele. Analysis of peripheral blood NK cells demonstrated that only in subjects with at least one 10A allele was cell surface expression of KIR2DL4 detectable, and then only on the minor CD56(bright) NK cell subset. The major CD56(dim) NK cell subset did not cell surface express KIR2DL4 but, interestingly, did so after in vitro culture. Functional analysis using cultured NK cells in redirected lysis assays demonstrated that KIR2DL4 is an activating receptor for NK cells with at least one 10A allele. No significant activity was detected for NK cells generated from subjects homozygous for the 9A allele. These data show that genotype influences cell surface expression and function of KIR2DL4 which may account for reported differences in KIR2DL4 expression and function.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions/genetics
- CD56 Antigen/biosynthesis
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Exons/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Genotype
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL4
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie P Goodridge
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Biochemical Genetics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
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Warren HS, Christiansen FT, Witt CS. Functional inhibitory human leucocyte antigen class I receptors on natural killer (NK) cells in patients with chronic NK lymphocytosis. Br J Haematol 2003; 121:793-804. [PMID: 12780796 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic natural killer (NK) lymphocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by an indolent clinical course. Despite high NK cell numbers, many patients present with only mild clinical symptoms, and are often asymptomatic. NK cells are equipped with a range of receptors that bind human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-class I molecules. The killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR, CD158) bind groups of HLA alleles, the CD94/NKG2 receptors bind HLA-E, and the CD85j (ILT2, LIR-1) receptor binds to the relatively non-polymorphic alpha3 domain of HLA molecules. Inhibitory HLA class I receptors silence NK cells against cells expressing normal levels of HLA class I. Analysis of NK cells in six patients with chronic NK lymphocytosis revealed a high level of the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptor on all NK cells. In four patients, KIR were absent, in one patient a single KIR was expressed in the absence of self-ligand, and in one patient CD85j and multiple KIR were expressed. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that all HLA class I receptors were functional. The ability of monoclonal antibodies to block the receptors and allow killing of autologous target cells established that both receptor and ligand expression were adequate for inhibitory function. We propose that the silent behaviour of NK cells in patients with chronic NK lymphocytosis is due to effective inhibitory HLA class I receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Warren
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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18
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Bernard S, Pujo-Menjouet L, Mackey MC. Analysis of cell kinetics using a cell division marker: mathematical modeling of experimental data. Biophys J 2003; 84:3414-24. [PMID: 12719268 PMCID: PMC1302899 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)70063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2002] [Accepted: 01/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider an age-maturity structured model arising from a blood cell proliferation problem. This model is "hybrid", i.e., continuous in time and age but the maturity variable is discrete. This is due to the fact that we include the cell division marker carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. We use our mathematical analysis in conjunction with experimental data taken from the division analysis of primitive murine bone marrow cells to characterize the maturation/proliferation process. Cell cycle parameters such as proliferative rate beta, cell cycle duration tau, apoptosis rate gamma, and loss rate micro can be evaluated from CarboxyFluorescein diacetate Succinimidyl Ester + cell tracking experiments. Our results indicate that after three days in vitro, primitive murine bone marrow cells have parameters beta = 2.2 day(-1), tau = 0.3 day, gamma = 0.3 day(-1), and micro = 0.05 day(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bernard
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique and Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Warren HS, Campbell AJ, Waldron JC, Lanier LL. Biphasic response of NK cells expressing both activating and inhibitory killer Ig-like receptors. Int Immunol 2001; 13:1043-52. [PMID: 11470774 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.8.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells can co-express inhibitory and activating killer Ig-like receptors (KIR) recognizing the same HLA class I ligand. We present evidence from experiments with NK cells expressing both activating (KIR2DS2) and inhibitory (KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3) receptors that the activating KIR can function without apparent interference from the inhibitory KIR. These studies used CD158b mAb that is equally reactive with KIR2DS2, KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3. First, we show using plastic-immobilized CD158b mAb that the activating KIR2DS2 is stimulated, resulting in NK cell division and degranulation. Second, we show using soluble CD158b mAb and FcRII (+) P815 cells that high concentrations of CD158b mAb trigger the inhibitory KIR, whereas low concentrations stimulate the activating KIR2DS2 resulting in NK cell division and cytolysis. These results demonstrate that the activating KIR2DS2 can function on cells co-expressing the inhibitory KIR2DL2 and/or KIR2DL3, indicating the potential for independent function of activating KIR with natural ligand.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Degranulation/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Mice
- Plastics/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, KIR
- Receptors, KIR2DL2
- Receptors, KIR2DL3
- Sarcoma, Experimental
- Solubility
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Warren
- Cancer Research Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT 2606, Australia
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Sheehy ME, McDermott AB, Furlan SN, Klenerman P, Nixon DF. A novel technique for the fluorometric assessment of T lymphocyte antigen specific lysis. J Immunol Methods 2001; 249:99-110. [PMID: 11226468 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 51Cr release assay has traditionally been used to investigate effector cell cytotoxic function against labeled targets, but this method has inherent problems that include hazards associated with radioactivity, cell labeling and high spontaneous release. Here we describe a novel flow cytometric assay which addresses and improves upon the problems currently encountered with the 51Cr release assay. The fluorometric assessment of T lymphocyte antigen specific lysis (FATAL) assay employs dual staining (PKH-26 and CFSE) to identify and evaluate the target population. We found that the PKH-26/CFSE combination efficiently labeled target cells. Evaluation of the spontaneous leakage from dye labeled target cells was forty fold lower than the spontaneous leakage seen with the 51Cr release assay. The FATAL assay permitted a more accurate assessment of the effector: target ratio, and detected low levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated lysis. There was a strong correlation between the 51Cr release and FATAL assays, when performed in parallel with identical effector and target cells (r(2)=0.998, P=<0.0001). This novel method of detecting cytolysis represents a qualitative and quantitative improvement over standard 51Cr release analysis. The FATAL assay will be of value to further investigate mechanisms of cytolysis by effector cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Sheehy
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
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