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Zhou D, Li Q, Jia F, Zhang L, Wan S, Li Y, Song Y, Chen H, Cao S, Ye J. The Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS1' Protein Inhibits Type I IFN Production by Targeting MAVS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1287-1298. [PMID: 31996459 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus that causes severe neurologic disease in humans. NS1' is a NS1-related protein only reported in the Japanese encephalitis serogroup members of Flavivirus It is produced through programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift in NS2A. Our previous study demonstrated that JEV NS1' could antagonize type I IFN (IFN-I) production, but the mechanism is still unclear. In the current study, we found that JEV NS1' inhibits the expression of MAVS, and knockdown of MAVS hampers inhibition of IFN-β induction by NS1', suggesting that JEV NS1' inhibits IFN-I production by targeting MAVS. This finding is further supported by the result of the in vivo assay that showed the similar mortality caused by NS1'-deficient virus and its wild type virus in MAVS-deficient mice. Based on our previous sequencing results of noncoding RNA in JEV-infected cells, microRNA-22 (miR-22) was identified to be a key regulator for MAVS expression during JEV infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that JEV NS1' could induce the expression of miR-22 by increasing the binding of transcriptional factors, CREB and c-Rel, to the promoter elements of miR-22. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism by which JEV NS1' antagonizes host MAVS by regulating miR-22, thereby inhibiting the IFN-I production and facilitating viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Fan Jia
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Luping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shengfeng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yunchuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; .,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China; and
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Weikard R, Demasius W, Hadlich F, Kühn C. Different Blood Cell-Derived Transcriptome Signatures in Cows Exposed to Vaccination Pre- or Postpartum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136927. [PMID: 26317664 PMCID: PMC4552870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Periparturient cows have been found to reveal immunosuppression, frequently associated with increased susceptibility to uterine and mammary infections. To improve understanding of the causes and molecular regulatory mechanisms accounting for this phenomenon around calving, we examined the effect of an antigen challenge on gene expression modulation on cows prior to (BC) or after calving (AC) using whole transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq). The transcriptome analysis of the cows’ blood identified a substantially higher number of loci affected in BC cows (2,235) in response to vaccination compared to AC cows (208) and revealed a divergent transcriptional profile specific for each group. In BC cows, a variety of loci involved in immune defense and cellular signaling processes were transcriptionally activated, whereas protein biosynthesis and posttranslational processes were tremendously impaired in response to vaccination. Furthermore, energy metabolism in the blood cells of BC cows was shifted from oxidative phosphorylation to the glycolytic system. In AC cows, the number and variety of regulated pathways involved in immunomodulation and maintenance of immnunocompetence are considerably lower after vaccination, and upregulation of arginine degradation was suggested as an immunosuppressive mechanism. Elevated transcript levels of erythrocyte-specific genes involved in gas exchange processes were a specific transcriptional signature in AC cows pointing to hematopoiesis activation. The divergent and substantially lower magnitude of transcriptional modulation in response to vaccination in AC cows provides evidence for a suppressed immune capacity of early lactating cows on the molecular level and demonstrates that an efficient immune response of cows is related to their physiological and metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Weikard
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Wiebke Demasius
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christa Kühn
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Demasius W, Weikard R, Hadlich F, Müller KE, Kühn C. Monitoring the immune response to vaccination with an inactivated vaccine associated to bovine neonatal pancytopenia by deep sequencing transcriptome analysis in cattle. Vet Res 2013; 44:93. [PMID: 24099437 PMCID: PMC3851820 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) is a new fatal, alloimmune/alloantibody mediated disease of new-born calves induced by ingestion of colostrum from cows, which had been vaccinated with a specific vaccine against the Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV). The hypothesis of pathogenic MHC class I molecules in the vaccine had been put up, but no formal proof of specific causal MHC class I alleles has been provided yet. However, the unique features of the vaccine obviously result in extremely high specific antibody titres in the vaccinated animals, but apparently also in further molecules inducing BNP. Thus, a comprehensive picture of the immune response to the vaccine is essential. Applying the novel approach of next generation RNA sequencing (RNAseq), our study provides a new holistic, comprehensive analysis of the blood transcriptome regulation after vaccination with the specific BVDV vaccine. Our RNAseq approach identified a novel cytokine-like gene in the bovine genome that is highly upregulated after vaccination. This gene has never been described before in any other species and might be specific to ruminant immune response. Furthermore, our data revealed a very coordinated immune response to double-stranded (ds) RNA or a dsRNA analogue after vaccination with the inactivated single-stranded (ss) RNA vaccine. This would suggest either a substantial contamination of the vaccine with dsRNA from host cells after virus culture or a dsRNA analogue applied to the vaccine. The first option would highlight the potential risks associated with virus culture on homologous cells during vaccine production; the latter option would emphasise the potential risks associated with immune stimulating adjuvants used in vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Demasius
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Durrani Z, Weir W, Pillai S, Kinnaird J, Shiels B. Modulation of activation-associated host cell gene expression by the apicomplexan parasite Theileria annulata. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1434-54. [PMID: 22533473 PMCID: PMC3532605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection of bovine leucocytes by Theileria annulata results in establishment of transformed, infected cells. Infection of the host cell is known to promote constitutive activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors that have the potential to be beneficial or detrimental. In this study we have compared the effect of LPS activation on uninfected bovine leucocytes (BL20 cells) and their Theileria-infected counterpart (TBL20). Gene expression profiles representing activated uninfected BL20 relative to TBL20 cells were also compared. The results show that while prolonged stimulation with LPS induces cell death and activation of NF-κB in BL20 cells, the viability of Theileria-infected cells was unaffected. Analysis of gene expression networks provided evidence that the parasite establishes tight control over pathways associated with cellular activation by modulating reception of extrinsic stimuli and by significantly altering the expression outcome of genes targeted by infection-activated transcription factors. Pathway analysis of the data set identified novel candidate genes involved in manipulation of cellular functions associated with the infected transformed cell. The data indicate that the T. annulata parasite can irreversibly reconfigure host cell gene expression networks associated with development of inflammatory disease and cancer to generate an outcome that is beneficial to survival and propagation of the infected leucocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Durrani
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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Mandal S, Abebe F, Chaudhary J. 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase 1 polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer. Cancer 2011; 117:5509-18. [PMID: 21638280 PMCID: PMC3167978 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antiviral, proapoptotic, antiproliferative gene 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5OAS1) converts adenosine triphosphate into a series of 2'-5' oligoadenylates (2-5A). In turn, 2-5A activates latent ribonuclease (RNaseL), a candidate hereditary prostate cancer gene. OAS1 polymorphism (reference single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] 2660 [rs2660]) has been associated with increased susceptibility to infections and various diseases. In general, the low-enzyme-activity adenine-adenine (AA) genotype promotes susceptibility, whereas the high-enzyme-activity guanosine-guanosine (GG) genotype confers protection. In this study, the authors investigated the association of this functional OAS1 polymorphism (rs2660) with prostate cancer. METHODS Sample size and power were calculated using a power calculation software program for case-control genetic association analyses. Genomic DNA samples from a control group (n = 140) and from a case group of patients with prostate cancer (n = 164) were used for genotyping SNPs rs2660, rs1131454, and rs34137742 in all samples. Statistical analyses were performed using a logistic regression model. RESULTS A significant association was observed between the rs2660 genotype (A/G) and prostate cancer. Genotype AA increased the risk, whereas genotype GG decreased the risk of prostate cancer. The GG genotype was not observed in the African American samples. The AA genotype also increased the risk of prostate cancer with age. CONCLUSIONS The OAS1 SNP rs2660 AA genotype was associated significantly with prostate cancer, whereas the GG genotype protected against prostate cancer. OAS1 rs2660 may be a prostate cancer susceptibility polymorphism, which is a significant observation, especially in a context of the OAS1-RNaseL pathway. Thus, a functional defect in OAS1 because of the rs2660 SNP not only can attenuate RNaseL function but also can alter cell growth and apoptosis independent of RNaseL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mandal
- Center For Cancer Research and Therapeutics Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
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Evidence for interferon production and its correlation with YF 17DD vaccine virus yields in primary chick embryo cells. Virus Res 2008; 137:106-11. [PMID: 18621087 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Early experiments have resulted in the establishment of an efficient methodology for the production of a yellow fever vaccine in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) using the 17DD virus strain [Freire, M.S., Mann, G.F., Marchevsky, R.S., Yamamura, A.M., Almeida, L.F., Jabor, A.V., Malachias, J.M., Coutinho, E.S., Galler, R., 2005. Production of yellow fever 17DD vaccine virus in primary culture of chicken embryo fibroblasts: yields, thermo and genetic stability, attenuation and immunogenicity. Vaccine 23, 2501-2512]. To investigate the role of the interferon system in vaccine virus yields, CEF cultures seeded at high and low cell densities and infected with the yellow fever 17DD virus were used. The supernatants of these cultures were tested for the presence of interferon by an assay based on the reduction of cytopathic effect of a challenge virus (Sindbis), for the enzymatic activity of the interferon-induced 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and for the expression of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase mRNA. The presence of interferon and its influence in the replication of yellow fever 17DD virus in CEF cultures was clearly demonstrated.
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Lin RJ, Liao CL, Lin E, Lin YL. Blocking of the alpha interferon-induced Jak-Stat signaling pathway by Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Virol 2004; 78:9285-94. [PMID: 15308723 PMCID: PMC506928 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.17.9285-9294.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) is a powerful host defense mechanism against viral infection, and many viruses have evolved strategies to overcome the antiviral effects of IFN. In this study, we found that IFN-alpha had only some degree of antiviral activity against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, in contrast to another flavivirus, dengue virus serotype 2, which was highly sensitive to IFN-alpha in the cultured cell system. JEV infection appeared to render cells resistant to IFN-alpha since the IFN-alpha-induced luciferase reporter activity driven by the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) was gradually reduced as the JEV infection progressed. Since the biological activities of IFNs are triggered by the Janus kinase (Jak) signal transducer and activation of transcription (Stat) signaling cascade, we then studied the activation of Jak-Stat pathway in the virus-infected cells. The IFN-alpha-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1, Stat2, and Stat3 was suppressed by JEV in a virus replication and de novo protein synthesis-dependent manner. Furthermore, JEV infection blocked the tyrosine phosphorylation of IFN receptor-associated Jak kinase, Tyk2, without affecting the expression of IFN-alpha/beta receptor on the cell surface. Consequently, expression of several IFN-stimulated genes in response to IFN-alpha stimulation was also reduced in the JEV-infected cells. Overall, our findings suggest that JEV counteracts the effect of IFN-alpha/beta by blocking Tyk2 activation, thereby resulting in inhibition of Jak-Stat signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jye Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Cinatl Jr J, Michaelis M, Scholz M, Doerr HW. Role of interferons in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2004; 4:827-36. [PMID: 15174965 PMCID: PMC7103669 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.6.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by the SARS coronavirus (SCV). The disease appeared in the Guandong province of southern China in 2002. The epidemic affected > 8422 patients and caused 908 deaths in 29 countries on 5 continents. Several treatment modalities were tried with limited success to treat SARS and a variety of experimental drugs are under development. Type I interferons (IFNs-alpha/beta) were suggested as potential candidates to treat SARS. Several animal and human coronaviruses, including SCV, were shown to be sensitive to IFNs both in vitro and in vivo. A pilot clinical report showed effectiveness of IFN-alpha for the treatment of SARS patients. This review summarises antiviral activities of IFNs with special regard to SARS, and reviews the published clinical and experimental data describing the use of IFNs for SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindrich Cinatl Jr
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Martin Scholz
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Hans Wilhelm Doerr
- Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Institut fur Medizinische Virologie, Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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