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Fujii T, Obara H, Matsubara K, Fujimura N, Yagi H, Hibi T, Abe Y, Kitago M, Shinoda M, Itano O, Tanabe M, Masugi Y, Sakamoto M, Kitagawa Y. Oral administration of cilostazol improves survival rate after rat liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2017; 213:207-214. [PMID: 28601316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cilostazol is a type III phosphodiesterase inhibitor used to treat the symptoms of intermittent claudication. Recent studies have shown that cilostazol decreases ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in several organs. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the effects of cilostazol in a rat model of liver I/R injury. Thirty male Wistar rats with liver I/R injury were divided into a cilostazol or saline (control) group (n = 15 each). Each rat was orally administered cilostazol or saline for 3 d before I/R injury. Liver I/R injury was induced via 1 h of warm ischemia of the median and left lateral liver lobes, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. The rats were then euthanized. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were measured. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between the treatment groups. Histologic examination was performed on the liver tissues. We also conducted a survival study to confirm the effect of cilostazol on the mortality rate in rats. For the survival study, a liver I/R injury model with an ischemia time of 1.5 h was used, and the rats were observed for 1 wk. RESULTS Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were significantly lower in the cilostazol group than in the saline group. Treatment with cilostazol significantly improved pathological findings associated with liver I/R injury and increased survival rate compared to that in controls. CONCLUSIONS Cilostazol reduced mortality and alleviated the effects of liver I/R injury in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Fujii
- Department of Surgery, Hiratsuka City Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Obara
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Matsubara
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujimura
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yagi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizo Hibi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Abe
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Kitago
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinoda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Itano
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanabe
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Masugi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiie Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Attenuation of Portal Hypertension by Continuous Portal Infusion of PGE1 and Immunologic Impact in Adult-to-Adult Living-Donor Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2013; 95:1521-7. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31829150a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Shin M, Song SH, Kim JM, Kim SJ, Joh JW, Lee SK, Kwon CHD. Effectiveness of intraportal prostaglandin E1 administration after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2012; 44:500-4. [PMID: 22410055 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) has been used to improve hepatic blood flow and to reduce ischemia reperfusion injuries of allografts in liver transplantation. However, PGE1 undergoes extensive metabolic clearance in the pulmonary and splanchnic circulation during intravenous administration. We analyzed the effect of intraportally administered PGE1. METHODS Sixty living-donor liver transplant recipients received continuous infusions of PGE1 for 10 days immediately after the reperfusion of the allografts. Of them, 40 recipients received PGE1 intravenously (IV group) via the internal jugular vein, and 20 recipients received PGE1 intraportally (IP group) through a catheter in the inferior mesenteric vein. Data were collected for 3 weeks postoperatively. RESULTS The IP group exhibited lower initial aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels compared with the IV group. However, no apparent differences were recognized in the serum albumin, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, r-glutamyl transpeptidase, or prothrombin time levels between the 2 groups. Chylorous ascites were observed more frequently in the IP group. There was no difference in portal venous flow measured by Doppler sonogram between the 2 groups during the first postoperative week. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that intraportal administration of PGE1 had a better cytoprotective effect against hepatocellular damage than intravenous administration, although it did not have additional benefits for perihepatic hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shin
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ischemic preconditioning-like effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diet on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:1679-88. [PMID: 21826546 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1648-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate a possible preconditioning effect of oral diet enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries. METHODS Wistar male rats were fed a standard diet or polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich diet (PRD) enriched with (GII) or without (GIII) ω-3 PUFA. Rats were submitted to partial liver ischemia during 1 h and evaluated in pre- and post-I/R conditions. In pre-I/R condition, livers were collected for determination of fatty acid composition, liver mitochondrial function, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and histological analysis. Four hours after liver reperfusion serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and prostaglandin-E2, liver mitochondrial function, MDA content, and histology were evaluated. RESULTS In the pre-I/R condition, GII and GIII groups had an increase on PUFA content and exhibited slight increased macrosteatosis and microsteatosis in the liver. After 4 h of reperfusion, PRD-fed rats showed a marked decrease on steatosis, diminished necrosis, an increase in MDA formation, and mitochondrial uncoupling. We also observed a marked decrease in plasma levels of cytokines and ALT and AST activities in post-I/R condition in PRD groups. CONCLUSION In this experimental model in the rat, PRD has a preconditioning effect protecting the liver from I/R injury and should be object of future clinical studies.
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Fang L, Du SY, Zhao HC, Yao SK. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatic injury induced by ethanol and carbon tetrachloride in rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:234-239. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of oxidative stress reaction in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatic injury induced by alcohol and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats.
METHODS: Fifty male Wistar rats were divided equally into five groups: A, B, C, D and E. The experiment was continued for 8 weeks in each group. Groups A and B were perfused intragastrically with normal saline and alcohol, respectively. Group C was treated as group B and additionally injected intraperitoneally with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Group D was perfused intragastrically with alcohol for 4 weeks and injected intraperitoneally with CCl4 for another 4 weeks. Group E was treated as group D and additionally injected intraperitoneally with PGE1. At weeks 4 and 8, serum ALT, AST, ALP, TBA, TG, CHO, GSH-Px, and MDA were determined. At week 8, all rats were executed to take hepatic tissue specimens for observation of histopathological alterations.
RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the original body weight (BW) among the five groups before the treatment. Compared with group A, at week 8, the BW and increased BW significantly decreased (249.00 g ± 18.83 g and 258.50 g ± 20.28 g vs 319.00 g ± 29.61 g; 65.00 g ± 15.28 g and 76.50 g ± 15.82 g vs 134.00 g ± 21.58 g, respectively; all P < 0.01), and the liver mass (expressed as the percentage of total BW) significantly increased (3.267% ± 0.3165% and 4.735% ± 0.7567% vs 2.736% ± 0.1988%, respectively; both P < 0.01) in groups B and D. After pre-treatment with PGE1 (groups C and E), the decrease in body weight and the increase in liver mass were improved (all P < 0.01). Alcohol and CCl4 (groups B and D) elevated serum ALT, AST, ALP, TBA, TG, CHO and MDA levels (all P < 0.01 or 0.05), and reduced serum GSH-Px levels (both P < 0.01). After intervention with PGE1, these parameters were improved. In addition, PGE1 pre-treatment could mitigate hepatocyte fatty degeneration, cellular necrosis, inflammatory infiltration and liver fibrosis induced by alcohol and CCl4.
CONCLUSION: Oxidative stress may play an important role during chronic liver injury induced by alcohol and CCl4. Inhibition of oxidative stress may be an important measure for alleviating liver injury.
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Junnarkar SP, Tapuria N, Dutt N, Fuller B, Seifalian AM, Davidson BR. Bucillamine improves hepatic microcirculation and reduces hepatocellular injury after liver warm ischaemia-reperfusion injury. HPB (Oxford) 2009; 11:264-73. [PMID: 19590658 PMCID: PMC2697901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2009.00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation and resection surgery involve a period of ischaemia and reperfusion to the liver which initiates an inflammatory cascade resulting in liver and remote organ injury. Bucillamine is a low-molecular-weight thiol antioxidant that is capable of rapidly entering cells. METHODS The effect of bucillamine was studied in a rat model of liver ischaemia-reperfusion injury with 45 min of partial (70%) liver ischaemia and at 3 and 24 h of reperfusion. Controls included ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) only, sham and bucillamine alone (without ischaemia reperfusion). Liver injury was assessed by serum transaminases (AST and ALT). Sinusoidal blood flow and hepatocyte apoptosis were measured using intravital microscopy (IVM). RESULTS The hepatocellular injury of I/R produced a markedly elevated serum AST which was reduced with bucillamine (2072.5 +/- 511.79 vs. 932 +/- 200.8, P < 0.05) at 3 h reperfusion. Bucillamine treatment with I/R also increased parenchymal blood flow [red blood cell (RBC) velocity 242.66 +/- 16.86 vs. 181.11 +/- 17.59, at the end of 3 h of reperfusion) and reduced hepatocyte necrosis/apoptosis at 3 h as well as 24 h (P > 0.001). CONCLUSION Bucillamine reduces the hepatocellular injury of liver ischaemia reperfusion and improves parenchymal perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer P Junnarkar
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL and Royal Free hospitalLondon, UK
| | - Niteen Tapuria
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL and Royal Free hospitalLondon, UK
| | | | - Barry Fuller
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL and Royal Free hospitalLondon, UK
| | - Alexander M Seifalian
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL and Royal Free hospitalLondon, UK
| | - Brian R Davidson
- University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, UCL and Royal Free hospitalLondon, UK
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Abstract
Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids are the fatty acids designated as "essential" since they are not synthesized by mammalian cells and must be provided in the diet. The recent dietary shift towards the consumption of n-6 (omega-6) at the expense of n-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is thought to be a primary cause of many diseases related to the Western diet. The body converts linoleic acid to arachidonic acid and derives eicosapentaenoic acid from alpha-linolenic acid. Ideally the effects of these fatty acids and their eicosanoid derivatives are tailored to the specific biological needs of the body. The balance between n-3 and n-6 PUFAs is essential for metabolism and maintenance of the functions of both classes. The availability of n-3 long chain PUFAs plays a major role in regulating both fat accumulation and its elimination by the liver. Derangement of hepatic n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio impacts on the histological pattern of fatty liver through modulation of the amount of intrahepatic lipids. Moreover, the influence of PUFAs and their eicosanoid products on hepatic microcirculation and ischemia/reperfusion injury has been demonstrated in many studies. This concise review article will focus on the role of PUFAs and eicosanoids in hepatic steatosis, microcirculation and ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Mohammad El-Badry
- Swiss HPB (Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary) Centre, Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Ramistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hafez T, Moussa M, Nesim I, Baligh N, Davidson B, Abdul-Hadi A. The effect of intraportal prostaglandin E1 on adhesion molecule expression, inflammatory modulator function, and histology in canine hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2006; 138:88-99. [PMID: 17174338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is known to protect the liver from I/R, however, the mechanism of cytoprotection is not well understood. This study investigates the effect of intraportal infusion of PGE1 in a warm liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model on cytokines, adhesion molecules and liver structure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty dogs underwent laparotomy under general anesthesia. PGE1 (0.02 microg\kg\min) was perfused through the portal vein in the PGE1 group (n = 10), or a similar volume of Ringer's solution in the control group (n = 10) for 15 min. Liver ischemia was induced by hepatic artery and portal vein occlusion and PGE1 was infused via the portal vein for 60 min. The occlusion was released and PGE1 infusion recommenced for 30 min. Blood and liver biopsies were sampled at baseline, 60 min ischemia, and 30 min reperfusion and assessed for transaminases, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and electron microscopy. RESULTS PGE1 infusion significantly reduced transaminases TNF-alpha, sICAM-1, sP-selectin, and sE-selectin on ischemia and reperfusion. PGE1 reduced hepatocytic degeneration, portal and central ICAM-1 expression, central and sinusoidal VCAM-1 expression, portal and central P-selectin expression, and portal and sinusoidal E-selectin expression on reperfusion. CONCLUSION Intraportal PGE1 infusion reduced I/R injury and was associated with down-regulation of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, and E-selectin on reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hafez
- Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Shimazu M, Kitajima M. Living donor liver transplantation with special reference to ABO-incompatible grafts and small-for-size grafts. World J Surg 2003; 28:2-7. [PMID: 14639495 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-003-7263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has developed on the basis of increased safety of conventional liver surgery and the need for expanding donor sources, especially in children. Indications for LDLT were soon extended to adult patients in Japan, where cadaveric donation was limited. The right liver is now routinely transplanted to adults to avoid small-for-size graft syndrome, even though the right liver graft has the disadvantages of less remaining donor liver and the question of donor safety. Assessing the suitable size or quality of the graft, as well as of the remnant donor liver, is one of the most important problems in adult LDLT. Although several tactics have been proposed to manage the small-for-size syndrome, their efficacy remains a question. We suggest that small-for-size syndrome is preventable by engaging in careful donor selection or using effective agents for hepatic microcirculatory disturbance control. Sometimes for LDLT only ABO-incompatible grafts are available from relatives, but they must be transplanted despite the expected poor outcome in adults and older children. To overcome the problems in this situation, we developed a novel protocol including intraportal infusion therapy with methylprednisolone, prostaglandin E1, and gabexate mesylate. Two adult patients undergoing ABO-incompatible LDLT have now survived 53 and 35 months after transplantation with good liver function. However, the other two patients suffered thrombotic microangiopathy postoperatively and died owing to cerebral hemorrhage or multiple organ failure, respectively. Further investigation is needed to improve the outcome of liver transplantation across the ABO blood group barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohide Shimazu
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Takahashi HK, Iwagaki H, Tamura R, Xue D, Sano M, Mori S, Yoshino T, Tanaka N, Nishibori M. Unique regulation profile of prostaglandin e1 on adhesion molecule expression and cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307:1188-95. [PMID: 14561849 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.056432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, B7.1, B7.2, CD40, and CD40 ligand (CD40L) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis as well as its effects on cytokine production using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whereas no inhibitor of spontaneous expression of adhesion molecules was reported, we found that PGE1 inhibited spontaneous ICAM-1, B7.2, and CD40 expression on monocytes in a concentration-dependent manner but had no effect on the expression of B7.1 and CD40L. Although interleukin (IL)-18 induced the expression of ICAM-1, B7.2, CD40, and CD40L, PGE1 prevented IL-18-induced expression of ICAM-1, B7.2, and CD40. We examined the involvement of five subtypes of PGE1 receptors (IP, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) in the effect of PGE1 on the expression of these adhesion molecules using subtype-specific agonists. Among EP receptor agonists, EP2 and EP4 receptor agonists inhibited IL-18-elicited ICAM-1, B7.2, and CD40 expression. ONO-1301 (IP receptor agonist) prevented the expression of ICAM-1, B7.2, and CD40 regardless of the presence of IL-18 with the same potency as PGE1. The effect of a combination of ONO-1301 and 11-deoxy (D)-PGE1 (EP2/EP4 receptor agonist) on ICAM-1, B7.2, and CD40 expression mimicked that of PGE1. Moreover, PGE1 inhibited the production of IL-12 and interferon-gamma in PBMC in the presence and absence of IL-18, whereas PGE1 induced IL-10 production. In conclusion, IP receptor and EP2/EP4 receptor play an important role in the action of PGE1 on the expression of adhesion molecules on monocytes and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kohka Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Morioka D, Kubota T, Sekido H, Matsuo K, Saito S, Ichikawa Y, Endo I, Togo S, Shimada H. Prostaglandin E1 improved the function of transplanted fatty liver in a rat reduced-size-liver transplantation model under conditions of permissible cold preservation. Liver Transpl 2003; 9:79-86. [PMID: 12514777 DOI: 10.1053/jlts.2003.36845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the minimum necessary volume of a moderate fatty liver graft was similar to the normal liver volume and to elucidate means for improving the function of the transplanted fatty liver if it were inferior in volume to a normal liver under conditions of permissible cold preservation. Nine-week-old male Wistar rats were used. Normal rat chow was fed to the normal liver group, and fat-enriched rat chow was fed to the fatty liver group for 4 weeks to induce a moderately fatty liver. Liver transplantation with various volumes of reduced-size grafts, including whole liver graft (100%LT), 70% volume graft (70%LT), and 30% volume graft (30%LT), was performed with both groups of rats as donors. All procedures were performed under the conditions of 2-hour cold preservation. All rats with an implanted normal liver were surviving at 7 days after the operation regardless of the graft volume (100%LT, 5 of 5; 70%LT, 5 of 5; 30%LT, 5/5). In contrast, the survival rates decreased according to the graft volume in rats implanted with fatty livers (100%LT, 8 of 8; 70%LT, 5 of 8; 30%LT, 2/8). To improve the survival of 30%LT with fatty liver, we employed two potent inhibitors of ischemia-reperfusion injury: FK506 and prostaglandin E1. Though FK506 had no advantageous effect, prostaglandin E1 significantly improved the survival rate and diminished serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and hyaluronic acid. In conclusion, the volume of graft necessary for successful transplantation is larger in fatty livers than in normal livers in permissible cold preservation. Also, prostaglandin E1 protects grafts against ischemia-reperfusion injury and improves the functioning of a transplanted fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Morioka
- Second Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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Shinoda M, Shimazu M, Wakabayashi G, Tanabe M, Hoshino K, Kitajima M. Tumor necrosis factor suppression and microcirculatory disturbance amelioration in ischemia/reperfusion injury of rat liver after ischemic preconditioning. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17:1211-9. [PMID: 12453282 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brief periods of hepatic ischemia produce immediate tolerance for subsequent prolonged ischemia. Although the beneficial effect of this ischemic preconditioning is recognized, the mechanism itself remains poorly understood. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a control group that was subjected to 30 min of ischemia + following reperfusion, and an ischemic preconditioning group that was subjected to 5 min of ischemia + 5 min of reperfusion + 30 min of ischemia + following reperfusion. By using this model, hepatic damage, microcirculatory disturbances, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein production and mRNA expression were analyzed during the course of reperfusion in both groups. For the hepatic damage evaluations, hepatic enzyme levels, histology, apoptosis analysis, and intravital microfluorography for dead cells were examined. For the microcirculatory disturbance analysis, an adhesion molecule and intravital microfluorography for endothelial-adherent leukocytes were examined. RESULTS In the ischemic preconditioning group, ischemia/reperfusion injuries (shown by hepatic enzymes elevation, histological degeneration, and increases in the number of apoptotic cells and microfluorographic dead cells) were markedly reduced. Moreover, microcirculatory disturbances represented by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and leukocyte adhesion on the endothelium were ameliorated. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha protein production and mRNA expression were also suppressed in the ischemic preconditioning group. CONCLUSION The suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and the subsequent amelioration of microcirculatory disturbances were observed, suggesting that the mechanism underlying the protective effect of ischemic preconditioning in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injuries may involve tumor necrosis factor-alpha and microcirculatory regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shinoda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Riser BL, Varani J, Cortes P, Yee J, Dame M, Sharba AK. Cyclic stretching of mesangial cells up-regulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and leukocyte adherence: a possible new mechanism for glomerulosclerosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:11-7. [PMID: 11141473 PMCID: PMC1850278 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intraglomerular hypertension is a primary causal factor in the progressive glomerulosclerosis that characterizes diabetic nephropathy or severe renal ablation. However, inflammation of the glomerular mesangium also participates in at least the early phase of these diseases. In glomerulonephritis, where inflammation is thought to be the predominant causal factor, intraglomerular hypertension is also often present. Mesangial cells (MCs) are critical in orchestrating key functions of the glomerulus including extracellular matrix metabolism, cytokine production, and interaction with leukocytes. Because MCs are subject to increased stretching when intraglomerular hypertension is present, and in glomerulonephritis MC/leukocyte interactions seem to be mediated primarily via the up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), we examine the possibility that cyclic stretching is a stimulus for increased MC ICAM-1 activity. We demonstrate that the normal low levels of MC ICAM-1 mRNA and protein are dramatically up-regulated by even short intervals of cyclic stretch. This effect is dose- and time-dependent, and requires little amplitude and a brief period of elongation for significant induction. Stretch-induced MC ICAM-1 also leads to a marked elevation in phagocytic leukocyte adherence. This stimulated adherence is equal or greater than that induced by the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha, whereas an additive effect occurs when both are applied in combination. Our results indicate that stretch-induced ICAM-1 may provide a direct link between hypertension and inflammation in the progression of injury and glomerulosclerosis in diabetes, renal ablation, and other forms of glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Riser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Tolman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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