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Abe M, Tabei KI, Satoh M, Fukuda M, Daikuhara H, Shiga M, Kida H, Tomimoto H. Impairment of the Missing Fundamental Phenomenon in Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Neuropsychological and Voxel-Based Morphometric Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2018. [PMID: 29515620 PMCID: PMC5836147 DOI: 10.1159/000486331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The missing fundamental phenomenon (MFP) is a universal pitch perception illusion that occurs in animals and humans. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the MFP is impaired in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using an auditory pitch perception experiment. We further examined anatomical correlates of the MFP in patients with AD by measuring gray matter volume (GMV) on magnetic resonance images via voxel-based morphometric analysis. Methods We prospectively enrolled 29 patients with AD and 20 healthy older adults. Auditory stimuli included 12 melodies of Japanese nursery songs that were expected to be familiar to participants. We constructed the melodies using pure and missing fundamental tones (MFTs). Results Patients with AD exhibited significantly poorer performance on the MFT task than healthy controls. MFT scores were positively correlated with GMV in the bilateral insula and temporal poles, left inferior frontal gyrus, right entorhinal cortex, and right cerebellum. Conclusions These results suggest that impairments in the MFP represent a manifestation of the degeneration of auditory-related brain regions in AD. Further studies are required to more fully elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying auditory impairments in patients with AD and related dementia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Abe
- aDepartment of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Tabei
- aDepartment of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
- bDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
- *Ken-ichi Tabei and Masayuki Satoh, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi Tsu-shi, Mie 514-8507 (Japan), E-Mail (K.T.) and (M.S.)
| | - Masayuki Satoh
- aDepartment of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Mari Fukuda
- aDepartment of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | | | - Mariko Shiga
- dMie Prefectural Dementia-Related Disease Medical Center, Mie, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kida
- aDepartment of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- aDepartment of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
- bDepartment of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
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Jiwani S, Papsin BC, Gordon KA. Early unilateral cochlear implantation promotes mature cortical asymmetries in adolescents who are deaf. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:135-52. [PMID: 26456629 PMCID: PMC6867517 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral cochlear implant (CI) stimulation establishes hearing to children who are deaf but compromises bilateral auditory development if a second implant is not provided within ∼ 1.5 years. In this study we asked: 1) What are the cortical consequences of missing this early sensitive period once children reach adolescence? 2) What are the effects of unilateral deprivation on the pathways from the opposite ear? Cortical responses were recorded from 64-cephalic electrodes within the first week of bilateral CI activation in 34 adolescents who had over 10 years of unilateral right CI experience and in 16 normal hearing peers. Cortical activation underlying the evoked peaks was localized to areas of the brain using beamformer imaging. The first CI evoked activity which was more strongly lateralized to the contralateral left hemisphere than normal, with abnormal recruitment of the left prefrontal cortex (involved in cognition/attention), left temporo-parietal-occipital junction (multi-modal integration), and right precuneus (visual processing) region. CI stimulation in the opposite deprived ear evoked atypical cortical responses with abnormally large and widespread dipole activity across the cortex. Thus, using a unilateral CI to hear beyond the period of cortical maturation causes lasting asymmetries in the auditory system, requires recruitment of additional cortical areas to support hearing, and does little to protect the unstimulated pathways from effects of auditory deprivation. The persistence of this reorganization into maturity could signal a closing of a sensitive period for promoting auditory development on the deprived side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Jiwani
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Ontario
| | - Blake C Papsin
- Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen A Gordon
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Ontario
- Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Herholz SC, Coffey EBJ, Pantev C, Zatorre RJ. Dissociation of Neural Networks for Predisposition and for Training-Related Plasticity in Auditory-Motor Learning. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3125-34. [PMID: 26139842 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Skill learning results in changes to brain function, but at the same time individuals strongly differ in their abilities to learn specific skills. Using a 6-week piano-training protocol and pre- and post-fMRI of melody perception and imagery in adults, we dissociate learning-related patterns of neural activity from pre-training activity that predicts learning rates. Fronto-parietal and cerebellar areas related to storage of newly learned auditory-motor associations increased their response following training; in contrast, pre-training activity in areas related to stimulus encoding and motor control, including right auditory cortex, hippocampus, and caudate nuclei, was predictive of subsequent learning rate. We discuss the implications of these results for models of perceptual and of motor learning. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual predisposition in plasticity research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle C Herholz
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H2A 3B4, Canada International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Holbeinstr 13-15, Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Emily B J Coffey
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H2A 3B4, Canada International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christo Pantev
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University of Münster, Malmedyweg 15, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Robert J Zatorre
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H2A 3B4, Canada International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Saenz M, Langers DRM. Tonotopic mapping of human auditory cortex. Hear Res 2013; 307:42-52. [PMID: 23916753 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the early days of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), retinotopic mapping emerged as a powerful and widely-accepted tool, allowing the identification of individual visual cortical fields and furthering the study of visual processing. In contrast, tonotopic mapping in auditory cortex proved more challenging primarily because of the smaller size of auditory cortical fields. The spatial resolution capabilities of fMRI have since advanced, and recent reports from our labs and several others demonstrate the reliability of tonotopic mapping in human auditory cortex. Here we review the wide range of stimulus procedures and analysis methods that have been used to successfully map tonotopy in human auditory cortex. We point out that recent studies provide a remarkably consistent view of human tonotopic organisation, although the interpretation of the maps continues to vary. In particular, there remains controversy over the exact orientation of the primary gradients with respect to Heschl's gyrus, which leads to different predictions about the location of human A1, R, and surrounding fields. We discuss the development of this debate and argue that literature is converging towards an interpretation that core fields A1 and R fold across the rostral and caudal banks of Heschl's gyrus, with tonotopic gradients laid out in a distinctive V-shaped manner. This suggests an organisation that is largely homologous with non-human primates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Human Auditory Neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Saenz
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN), CHUV, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Mont Paisible 16, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland; Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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Alho K, Grimm S, Mateo-León S, Costa-Faidella J, Escera C. Early processing of pitch in the human auditory system. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2972-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Soeta Y, Nakagawa S. Auditory evoked responses in human auditory cortex to the variation of sound intensity in an ongoing tone. Hear Res 2012; 287:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Behroozmand R, Korzyukov O, Larson CR. ERP correlates of pitch error detection in complex tone and voice auditory feedback with missing fundamental. Brain Res 2012; 1448:89-100. [PMID: 22386045 PMCID: PMC3309166 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the pitch of a sound is perceived in the absence of its fundamental frequency (F0), suggesting that a distinct mechanism may resolve pitch based on a pattern that exists between harmonic frequencies. The present study investigated whether such a mechanism is active during voice pitch control. ERPs were recorded in response to +200 cents pitch shifts in the auditory feedback of self-vocalizations and complex tones with and without the F0. The absence of the fundamental induced no difference in ERP latencies. However, a right-hemisphere difference was found in the N1 amplitudes with larger responses to complex tones that included the fundamental compared to when it was missing. The P1 and N1 latencies were shorter in the left hemisphere, and the N1 and P2 amplitudes were larger bilaterally for pitch shifts in voice and complex tones compared with pure tones. These findings suggest hemispheric differences in neural encoding of pitch in sounds with missing fundamental. Data from the present study suggest that the right cortical auditory areas, thought to be specialized for spectral processing, may utilize different mechanisms to resolve pitch in sounds with missing fundamental. The left hemisphere seems to perform faster processing to resolve pitch based on the rate of temporal variations in complex sounds compared with pure tones. These effects indicate that the differential neural processing of pitch in the left and right hemispheres may enable the audio-vocal system to detect temporal and spectral variations in the auditory feedback for vocal pitch control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Behroozmand
- Speech Physiology Lab, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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8
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Arnott SR, Bardouille T, Ross B, Alain C. Neural generators underlying concurrent sound segregation. Brain Res 2011; 1387:116-24. [PMID: 21362407 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although an object-based account of auditory attention has become an increasingly popular model for understanding how temporally overlapping sounds are segregated, relatively little is known about the cortical circuit that supports such ability. In the present study, we applied a beamformer spatial filter to magnetoencephalography (MEG) data recorded during an auditory paradigm that used inharmonicity to promote the formation of multiple auditory objects. Using this unconstrained, data-driven approach, the evoked field component linked with the perception of multiple auditory objects (i.e., the object-related negativity; ORNm), was found to be associated with bilateral auditory cortex sources that were distinct from those coinciding with the P1m, N1m, and P2m responses elicited by sound onset. The right hemispheric ORNm source in particular was consistently positioned anterior to the other sources across two experiments. These findings are consistent with earlier proposals of multiple auditory object detection being associated with generators in the auditory cortex and further suggest that these neural populations are distinct from the long latency evoked responses reflecting the detection of sound onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Arnott
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1.
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9
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The analysis of simple and complex auditory signals in human auditory cortex: magnetoencephalographic evidence from M100 modulation. Ear Hear 2010; 31:515-26. [PMID: 20445455 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0b013e3181d99a75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ecologically valid signals (e.g., vowels) have multiple components of substantially different frequencies and amplitudes that may not be equally cortically represented. In this study, we investigate a relatively simple signal at an intermediate level of complexity, two-frequency composite tones, a stimulus lying between simple sinusoids and ecologically valid signals such as speech. We aim to characterize the cortical response properties to better understand how complex signals may be represented in auditory cortex. DESIGN Using magnetoencephalography, we assessed the sensitivity of the M100/N100m auditory-evoked component to manipulations of the power ratio of the individual frequency components of the two-frequency complexes. Fourteen right-handed subjects with normal hearing were scanned while passively listening to 10 complex and 12 simple signals. The complex signals were composed of one higher frequency and one lower frequency sinusoid; the lower frequency sinusoidal component was at one of the five loudness levels relative to the higher frequency one: -20, -10, 0, +10, +20 dB. The simple signals comprised all the complex signal components presented in isolation. RESULTS The data replicate and extend several previous findings: (1) the systematic dependence of the M100 latency on signal intensity and (2) the dependence of the M100 latency on signal frequency, with lower frequency signals ( approximately 100 Hz) exhibiting longer latencies than higher frequency signals ( approximately 1000 Hz) even at matched loudness levels. (3) Importantly, we observe that, relative to simple signals, complex signals show increased response amplitude-as one might predict-but decreased M100 latencies. CONCLUSION : The data suggest that by the time the M100 is generated in auditory cortex ( approximately 70 to 80 msecs after stimulus onset), integrative processing across frequency channels has taken place which is observable in the M100 modulation. In light of these data models that attribute more time and processing resources to a complex stimulus merit reevaluation, in that our data show that acoustically more complex signals are associated with robust temporal facilitation, across frequencies and signal amplitude level.
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10
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Monahan PJ, Idsardi WJ. Auditory Sensitivity to Formant Ratios:Toward an Account of Vowel Normalization. LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES 2010; 25:808-839. [PMID: 20606713 PMCID: PMC2893733 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2010.490047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing question in speech perception research is how do listeners extract linguistic content from a highly variable acoustic input. In the domain of vowel perception, formant ratios, or the calculation of relative bark differences between vowel formants, have been a sporadically proposed solution. We propose a novel formant ratio algorithm in which the first (F1) and second (F2) formants are compared against the third formant (F3). Results from two magnetoencephelographic (MEG) experiments are presented that suggest auditory cortex is sensitive to formant ratios. Our findings also demonstrate that the perceptual system shows heightened sensitivity to formant ratios for tokens located in more crowded regions of the vowel space. Additionally, we present statistical evidence that this algorithm eliminates speaker-dependent variation based on age and gender from vowel productions. We conclude that these results present an impetus to reconsider formant ratios as a legitimate mechanistic component in the solution to the problem of speaker normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Monahan
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - William J. Idsardi
- Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland, USA
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program University of Maryland, USA
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11
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Monahan PJ, de Souza K, Idsardi WJ. Neuromagnetic evidence for early auditory restoration of fundamental pitch. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2900. [PMID: 18682843 PMCID: PMC2483422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the time course of how listeners reconstruct a missing fundamental component in an auditory stimulus remains elusive. We report MEG evidence that the missing fundamental component of a complex auditory stimulus is recovered in auditory cortex within 100 ms post stimulus onset. Methodology Two outside tones of four-tone complex stimuli were held constant (1200 Hz and 2400 Hz), while two inside tones were systematically modulated (between 1300 Hz and 2300 Hz), such that the restored fundamental (also knows as “virtual pitch”) changed from 100 Hz to 600 Hz. Constructing the auditory stimuli in this manner controls for a number of spectral properties known to modulate the neuromagnetic signal. The tone complex stimuli only diverged on the value of the missing fundamental component. Principal Findings We compared the M100 latencies of these tone complexes to the M100 latencies elicited by their respective pure tone (spectral pitch) counterparts. The M100 latencies for the tone complexes matched their pure sinusoid counterparts, while also replicating the M100 temporal latency response curve found in previous studies. Conclusions Our findings suggest that listeners are reconstructing the inferred pitch by roughly 100 ms after stimulus onset and are consistent with previous electrophysiological research suggesting that the inferential pitch is perceived in early auditory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Monahan
- Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America.
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12
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Langers DRM, Backes WH, van Dijk P. Representation of lateralization and tonotopy in primary versus secondary human auditory cortex. Neuroimage 2007; 34:264-73. [PMID: 17049275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional MRI was performed to investigate differences in the basic functional organization of the primary and secondary auditory cortex regarding preferred stimulus lateralization and frequency. A modified sparse acquisition scheme was used to spatially map the characteristics of the auditory cortex at the level of individual voxels. In the regions of Heschl's gyrus and sulcus that correspond with the primary auditory cortex, activation was systematically strongest in response to contralateral stimulation. Contrarily, in the surrounding secondary active regions including the planum polare and the planum temporale, large-scale preferences with respect to stimulus lateralization were absent. Regarding optimal stimulus frequency, low- to high-frequency spatial gradients were discernable along the Heschl's gyrus and sulcus in anterolateral to posteromedial direction, especially in the right hemisphere, consistent with the presence of a tonotopic organization in these primary areas. However, in the surrounding activated secondary areas frequency preferences were erratic. Lateralization preferences did not depend on stimulus frequency, and frequency preferences did not depend on stimulus lateralization. While the primary auditory cortex is topographically organized with respect to physical stimulus properties (i.e., lateralization and frequency), such organizational principles are no longer obvious in secondary and higher areas. This suggests a neural re-encoding of sound signals in the transition from primary to secondary areas, possibly in relation to auditory scene analysis and the processing of auditory objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave R M Langers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Soeta Y, Nakagawa S. Complex tone processing and critical band in the human auditory cortex. Hear Res 2006; 222:125-32. [PMID: 17081712 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychophysical experiments in humans have indicated that the auditory system has a well-defined bandwidth for resolution of complex stimuli. This bandwidth is known as the critical bandwidth (CBW). Physiological correlates of the CBW were examined in the human auditory cortex. Two- and three-tone complexes were used as the sound stimuli with all signals presented at 55 dB sound pressure level (SPL). The duration of stimulation was 500 ms, with rise and fall ramps of 10 ms. Ten normal-hearing subjects took part in the study. Auditory-evoked fields were recorded using a 122-channel whole-head magnetometer in a magnetically shielded room. The latencies, source strengths, and coordinates of the N1m waves, which were found above the left and right temporal lobes approximately 100 ms after the onset of stimulation, were analyzed. The results indicated that N1m amplitudes were approximately constant when the frequency separation of a two-tone complex or the total bandwidth of a three-tone complex was less than the CBW; however, the N1m amplitudes increased with increasing frequency separation or total bandwidth when these were greater than the CBW. These findings indicate critical band-like behavior in the human auditory cortex. The N1m amplitudes in the right hemisphere were significantly greater than those in the left hemisphere, which may reflect a right-hemispheric dominance in the processing of tonal stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Soeta
- Institute for Human Science and Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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Pastor MA, Valencia M, Artieda J, Alegre M, Masdeu JC. Topography of Cortical Activation Differs for Fundamental and Harmonic Frequencies of the Steady-State Visual-Evoked Responses. An EEG and PET H215O Study. Cereb Cortex 2006; 17:1899-905. [PMID: 17060366 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, visual flicker stimuli of graded frequency (2-90 Hz) elicit an electroencephalographic (EEG) steady-state visual-evoked response (SSVER) with the same fundamental frequency as the stimulus and, in addition, a series of harmonic responses. The fundamental component of the SSVER is generated by increased synaptic activity in primary visual cortex (V1). We set out to determine the cortical origin of the harmonic responses in humans. For this purpose, we recorded the SSVERs at 5 different frequencies (5, 10, 15, 25, and 40 Hz) and measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with positron emission tomography-H(2)(15)O at rest and during visual stimulation at the same frequencies. The rCBF contrast weighted by the amplitude of the SSVERs first harmonics showed activation of a swath of cortex perpendicular to V1, including mostly the inferior half of the parieto-occipital sulcus. This area overlapped minimally with the primary visual cortex activated by the fundamental frequency. A different method, estimating EEG cortical source current density with low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography, gave the same results. Our finding suggests that the inferior portion of the banks of the parieto-occipital sulci contains association visual cortex involved in the processing of stimuli that can be as simple as a flickering light source.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pastor
- Department of the Neurological Sciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra School of Medicine and the Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Soeta Y, Nakagawa S, Matsuoka K. The effect of center frequency and bandwidth on the auditory evoked magnetic field. Hear Res 2006; 218:64-71. [PMID: 16797895 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Auditory evoked magnetic fields in relation to the center frequency of sound with a certain bandwidth were examined by magnetoencephalography (MEG). Octave band, 1/3 octave band, and 130 Hz bandwidth noises were used as the sound stimuli. All signals were presented at 60 dB SPL. The stimulus duration was 500 ms, with rise and fall ramps of 10 ms. Ten normal-hearing subjects took part in the study. Auditory evoked fields were recorded using a 122 channel whole-head magnetometer in a magnetically shielded room. The latencies, source strengths and coordinates of the N1m wave, which was found above the left and right temporal lobes around 100 ms after the stimulus onset, were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the middle frequency range had shorter N1m latencies and larger N1m amplitudes, and that the lower and higher frequency stimuli had relatively delayed N1m latencies and decreased N1m amplitudes. The N1m amplitudes correlated well to the loudness values in the frequency ranges between 250 and 2000 Hz. The source locations of N1m did not reveal any systematic changes related to the center frequency and bandwidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Soeta
- Institute for Human Science and Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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Hiraumi H, Nagamine T, Morita T, Naito Y, Fukuyama H, Ito J. Right hemispheric predominance in the segregation of mistuned partials. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 22:1821-4. [PMID: 16197525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the central mechanisms of sound segregation, we compared responses to a harmonic sound and a mistuned sound using a whole-head magnetoencephalography system. The harmonic sound was composed of a 200-Hz tone and its 2nd to 12th harmonics. The mistuned sound had, instead of the 600-Hz harmonic, a 696-Hz tone. In the right hemisphere, the amplitude of N100m responses evoked by the mistuned sound was significantly larger and the peak latency significantly longer than that evoked by the harmonic sound, suggesting that the right hemisphere plays a more important role than the left in detecting mistuned partials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harukazu Hiraumi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54, Shogoin, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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Chait M, Poeppel D, Simon JZ. Neural response correlates of detection of monaurally and binaurally created pitches in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 16:835-48. [PMID: 16151180 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhj027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of human auditory cortex are pointing to brain areas on lateral Heschl's gyrus as the 'pitch-processing center'. Here we describe results of a combined MEG-psychophysical study designed to investigate the timing of the formation of the percept of pitch and the generality of the hypothesized 'pitch-center'. We compared the cortical and behavioral responses to Huggins pitch (HP), a stimulus requiring binaural processing to elicit a pitch percept, with responses to tones embedded in noise (TN)-perceptually similar but physically very different signals. The stimuli were crafted to separate the electrophysiological responses to onset of the pitch percept from the onset of the initial stimulus. Our results demonstrate that responses to monaural pitch stimuli are affected by cross-correlational processes in the binaural pathway. Additionally, we show that MEG illuminates processes not simply observable in behavior. Crucially, the MEG data show that, although physically disparate, both HP and TN are mapped onto similar representations by 150 ms post-onset, and provide critical new evidence that the 'pitch onset response' reflects central pitch mechanisms, in agreement with models postulating a single, central pitch extractor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chait
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-7505, USA.
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Soeta Y, Nakagawa S, Tonoike M. Auditory evoked magnetic fields in relation to iterated rippled noise. Hear Res 2005; 205:256-61. [PMID: 15953534 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 03/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Auditory evoked magnetic fields in relation to iterated rippled noise (IRN) were examined by magnetoencephalography (MEG). IRN was used as the sound stimulus to control the peak amplitude of the autocorrelation function of the sound. The IRN was produced by a delay-and-add algorithm applied to bandpass noise that was filtered using fourth-order Butterworth filters between 400-2200 Hz. All sound signals had the same sound pressure level. The stimulus duration was 0.5 s, with rise and fall ramps of 10 ms. Ten normal-hearing subjects took part in the study. Auditory evoked fields were recorded using a 122 channel whole-head magnetometer in a magnetically shielded room. The results showed that the peak amplitude of N1m, which was found above the left and right temporal lobes around 100 ms after the stimulus onset, increased with increase in the number of iterations of the IRN. The latency and estimated equivalent current dipole (ECD) locations of N1m did not show any systematic variation as a function of the number of iterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Soeta
- Institute for Human Science and Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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Schwartz DA, Purves D. Pitch is determined by naturally occurring periodic sounds. Hear Res 2005; 194:31-46. [PMID: 15276674 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2004.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2003] [Accepted: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenology of pitch has been difficult to rationalize and remains the subject of much debate. Here we test the hypothesis that audition generates pitch percepts by relating inherently ambiguous sound stimuli to their probable sources in the human auditory environment. A database of speech sounds, the principal source of periodic sound energy for human listeners, was compiled and the dominant periodicity of each speech sound determined. A set of synthetic test stimuli were used to assess whether the major pitch phenomena described in the literature could be explained by the probabilistic relationship between the stimuli and their probable sources (i.e., speech sounds). The phenomena tested included the perception of the missing fundamental, the pitch-shift of the residue, spectral dominance and the perception of pitch strength. In each case, the conditional probability distribution of speech sound periodicities accurately predicted the pitches normally heard in response to the test stimuli. We conclude from these findings that pitch entails an auditory process that relates inevitably ambiguous sound stimuli to their probable natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Schwartz
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708-0999, USA.
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