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Kirkow V, Wang H, Garcia PV, Ahmed S, Heggerud CM. Impacts of a changing environment on a stoichiometric producer-grazer system: a stochastic modelling approach. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Diehl S, Berger SA, Uszko W, Stibor H. Stoichiometric mismatch causes a warming‐induced regime shift in experimental plankton communities. Ecology 2022; 103:e3674. [PMID: 35253210 PMCID: PMC9285514 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In many ecosystems, consumers respond to warming differently than their resources, sometimes leading to temporal mismatches between seasonal maxima in consumer demand and resource availability. A potentially equally pervasive, but less acknowledged threat to the temporal coherence of consumer‐resource interactions is mismatch in food quality. Many plant and algal communities respond to warming with shifts toward more carbon‐rich species and growth forms, thereby diluting essential elements in their biomass and intensifying the stoichiometric mismatch with herbivore nutrient requirements. Here we report on a mesocosm experiment on the spring succession of an assembled plankton community in which we manipulated temperature (ambient vs. +3.6°C) and presence versus absence of two types of grazers (ciliates and Daphnia), and where warming caused a dramatic regime shift that coincided with extreme stoichiometric mismatch. At ambient temperatures, a typical spring succession developed, where a moderate bloom of nutritionally adequate phytoplankton was grazed down to a clear‐water phase by a developing Daphnia population. While warming accelerated initial Daphnia population growth, it speeded up algal growth rates even more, triggering a massive phytoplankton bloom of poor food quality. Consistent with the predictions of a stoichiometric producer–grazer model, accelerated phytoplankton growth promoted the emergence of an alternative system attractor, where the extremely low phosphorus content of the abundant algal food eventually drove Daphnia to extinction. Where present, ciliates slowed down the phytoplankton bloom and the deterioration of its nutritional value, but this only delayed the regime shift. Eventually, phytoplankton also grew out of grazer control in the presence of ciliates, and the Daphnia population crashed. To our knowledge, the experiment is the first empirical demonstration of the “paradox of energy enrichment” (grazer starvation in an abundance of energy‐rich but nutritionally imbalanced food) in a multispecies phytoplankton community. More generally, our results support the notion that warming can exacerbate the stoichiometric mismatch at the plant–herbivore interface and limit energy transfer to higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Diehl
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2, D‐82152 Planegg Martinsried Germany
| | - Stella A. Berger
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2, D‐82152 Planegg Martinsried Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Experimental Limnology, Zur alten Fischerhütte 2, 16775 Stechlin Germany
| | - Wojciech Uszko
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Department of Experimental Limnology, Zur alten Fischerhütte 2, 16775 Stechlin Germany
| | - Herwig Stibor
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2, D‐82152 Planegg Martinsried Germany
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Vallino JJ, Tsakalakis I. Phytoplankton Temporal Strategies Increase Entropy Production in a Marine Food Web Model. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22111249. [PMID: 33287017 PMCID: PMC7712749 DOI: 10.3390/e22111249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We develop a trait-based model founded on the hypothesis that biological systems evolve and organize to maximize entropy production by dissipating chemical and electromagnetic free energy over longer time scales than abiotic processes by implementing temporal strategies. A marine food web consisting of phytoplankton, bacteria, and consumer functional groups is used to explore how temporal strategies, or the lack thereof, change entropy production in a shallow pond that receives a continuous flow of reduced organic carbon plus inorganic nitrogen and illumination from solar radiation with diel and seasonal dynamics. Results show that a temporal strategy that employs an explicit circadian clock produces more entropy than a passive strategy that uses internal carbon storage or a balanced growth strategy that requires phytoplankton to grow with fixed stoichiometry. When the community is forced to operate at high specific growth rates near 2 d−1, the optimization-guided model selects for phytoplankton ecotypes that exhibit complementary for winter versus summer environmental conditions to increase entropy production. We also present a new type of trait-based modeling where trait values are determined by maximizing entropy production rather than by random selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Vallino
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ioannis Tsakalakis
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;
- Department of Earth, Atmosphere and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Rong X, Sun Y, Fan M, Wang H. Stoichiometric Modeling of Aboveground-Belowground Interaction of Herbaceous Plant and Two Herbivores. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:107. [PMID: 32770322 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a grassland ecosystem, the dynamics and coexistence mechanisms of two herbivores competing for one herbaceous plant have been widely studied, while the chemical heterogeneity of herbaceous plant's aboveground and belowground parts is usually ignored in dynamic modeling. Based on the traditional two herbivore-one herbaceous plant competition model, a new stoichiometric competition model, which incorporates the chemical heterogeneity of herbaceous plants, is formulated to investigate effects of the aboveground-belowground interactions and the chemical heterogeneity on the dynamics of the two herbivore-one herbaceous plant system. We perform theoretical analysis for the stability of boundary equilibria and show that a stable coexistent equilibrium is possible with two herbivores on one herbaceous plant. Moreover, numerical simulations reveal that various light intensity and nitrogen input can also allow all populations to coexist in periodic oscillations or irregularly cyclic oscillations. Our findings further indicate that when the nitrogen input is fixed, higher light intensity leads to a dominance of the lower N-demand herbivore, while the light intensity is fixed, higher nitrogen input leads to a dominance of the higher N-demand herbivore. Moderate levels of light and nutrient could promote the coexistence of two herbivores and herbaceous plant. This study also explains the functional mechanism for the decline of species diversity in response to nitrogen enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Rong
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, People's Republic of China.,College of Mathematical Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Sun
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Fan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G1, Canada
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Hussain MB, Laabir M, Daly Yahia MN. A novel index based on planktonic copepod reproductive traits as a tool for marine ecotoxicology studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 727:138621. [PMID: 32498212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Copepods are excellent bioindicators of climate change and ecosystem pollution in anthropized coastal waters. This work reviewed the results of previous studies examining changes in egg production rate (EPR), hatching success (HS), and nauplius survival rate (NSR) in natural conditions and in the presence of pollutants, including heavy metals and organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). At high concentrations, cadmium and silver induce an increase in EPR in the copepods Acartia tonsa and Acartia hudsonica, while exposure to mercury decreases EPR in adults by 50%. All three metals affect HS, with mercury inducing a stronger effect than cadmium and silver. Cadmium affects reproductive traits in Centropages ponticus, decreasing EPR and particularly HS. Furthermore, copper and chromium at high concentrations induce significant decreases in eggs per female in Notodiaptomus conifer. In terms of organic contaminant and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Eurytemora affinis is reported to be affected by naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, and 2,3,5-trimethylnaphthalene and can thus be used in ecotoxicity studies, but only if the exposure time is high. Acartia tonsa shows significant reductions in EPR and HS at high concentrations of fluoranthene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. However, the response to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) such as pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) differs. In E. affinis, EPR increases with DCB, but HS falls to <1%. EPR increases when the species is exposed overnight, but HS remains low in the presence of DCB. Based on these results, we developed a novel copepod reproductive trait index (CRT-Index) for use in marine ecotoxicology surveys and tested in some simple cases. We show that copepods are good candidates as models for ecotoxicology studies, in particular using reproductive traits (EPR, HS and NSR) because of their sensitivity to a wide range or pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bakr Hussain
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- Marbec, University of Montpellier, IRD, Ifremer, CNRS, 34 095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mohamed Nejib Daly Yahia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Yuan S, Wu D, Lan G, Wang H. Noise-Induced Transitions in a Nonsmooth Producer-Grazer Model with Stoichiometric Constraints. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:55. [PMID: 32350614 PMCID: PMC7190610 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Stoichiometric producer-grazer models are nonsmooth due to the Liebig's Law of Minimum and can generate new dynamics such as bistability for producer-grazer interactions. Environmental noises can be extremely important and change dynamical behaviors of a stoichiometric producer-grazer model. In this paper, we consider a stochastically forced producer-grazer model and study the phenomena of noise-induced state switching between two stochastic attractors in the bistable zone. Namely, there is a frequent random hopping of phase trajectories between attracting basins of the attractors. In addition, by applying the stochastic sensitivity function technique, we construct the confidence ellipse and confidence band to find the configurational arrangement of equilibria and a limit cycle, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanling Yuan
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
| | - Guijie Lan
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093 China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G1 Canada
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Yang Z, Minggagud H, Baoyin T, Li FY. Plant production decreases whereas nutrients concentration increases in response to the decrease of mowing stubble height. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 253:109745. [PMID: 31671323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mowing is a common practice in grassland management. It removes the majority of current year's aboveground plant biomass and thus substantial amounts of nutrients residing in plant tissues. The responses of plant aboveground biomass and nutrients to mowing stubble height is of great importance for developing sustainable mowing regimes, however, they are not well understood. We studied the effects of 4-year annual mowing at different height on plant aboveground biomass, plant N, P and N:P ratio, and soil nutrients in an Inner Mongolian steppe. Six stubble heights were set respectively at 14 cm (M14), 12 cm (M12), 10 cm (M10), 8 cm (M8), 6 cm (M6) and less than 0.3 cm (M0) height to ground surface. A no-mowing treatment (CK) was also included, making seven treatments. The results show that plant biomass production increased under light mowing (stubble height > 12 cm) but decreased under heavy mowing (stubble height < 6 cm), and the optimal stubble height for sustainable mowing was 6-12 cm. Plant N and P concentrations increased with mowing intensity (i.e. with the decrease of mowing stubble height). Plant N:P ratio decreased for some species, but no a directional change was detected in plant N:P ratio at the community level, nor in soil organic carbon and nutrient concentrations across the stubble height treatments. Our results indicate that plant biomass and N & P respond quickly to mowing height, whereas the response of soil chemical properties is insignificant over the 4-year period. To elucidate variation of species compensatory growth along mowing intensity gradient and the mutual feedback mechanism of soil-plant in mowing grassland, long-term study at permanent sites with changing stubble heights should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau &Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Hugjiltu Minggagud
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau &Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Taogetao Baoyin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau &Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Frank Yonghong Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau &Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China.
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8
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Hassan MN, Asik L, Kulik J, Long KR, Peace A. Environmental seasonality on predator-prey systems under nutrient and toxicant constraints. J Theor Biol 2019; 480:71-80. [PMID: 31386868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation of toxicants in aquatic food webs can pose risks to ecosystem function and human health. Toxicant models of aquatic ecosystems can be improved by incorporating realistic environmental impacts such as nutrient availability and seasonality. It is well known that the carrying capacity of predator-prey systems can vary seasonally due to environmental cycles resulting from natural and human activities. As such, incorporating seasonal variation in the carrying capacity of a predator-prey system provides a better understanding of the underlying population dynamics bioaccumulation of toxicants. Here, we develop a seasonally varied predator-prey model subject to concurrent nutrient and toxicant stressors. We investigate the effects of seasonality on population dynamics to increase understanding of the complex governing processes of the trophic transfer of nutrients, energy, and toxicants. We observe that the strength of seasonality can shift solutions from periodic to quasi-periodic and models that neglect environmental seasonality may be under-predicting adverse effects of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazmul Hassan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA.
| | - Lale Asik
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
| | - Jackson Kulik
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
| | - K R Long
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
| | - Angela Peace
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
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Ren Z, Martyniuk N, Oleksy IA, Swain A, Hotaling S. Ecological Stoichiometry of the Mountain Cryosphere. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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10
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Kurek J, MacKeigan PW, Veinot S, Mercer A, Kidd KA. Ecological Legacy of DDT Archived in Lake Sediments from Eastern Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7316-7325. [PMID: 31187621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Historic forest management practices led to widespread aerial application of insecticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), to North American conifer forests during ∼1950-1970. Lake basins thus may provide an important archive of inputs and aquatic responses to these organochlorines. We use dated sediment cores from five study lakes in multiple watersheds in New Brunswick (NB), Canada, to provide a regional paleo-ecotoxicological perspective on this potential legacy stressor in remote lake ecosystems. Peak sedimentary levels of p, p'- and o, p'-DDT (ΣDDT) and breakdown products ΣDDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) and ΣDDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) generally occurred during the 1970s to 1980s. Sediments exceeded probable effect levels (PELs) by ∼450 times at the most impacted lake. Modern sediments in all study lakes still contained levels of DDT-related compounds that exceed PELs. For the first time, we show that aerial applications of DDT to eastern Canadian forests likely resulted in large shifts to primary consumers within several lake food webs, principally through lake-specific impacts on zooplankton community composition. Modern pelagic zooplankton communities are now much different compared to communities present before DDT use, suggesting that a regional organochlorine legacy may exist in the modern food webs of many remote NB lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kurek
- Department of Geography and Environment , Mount Allison University , 144 Main Street , Sackville , New Brunswick E4L 1A7 , Canada
| | - Paul W MacKeigan
- Department of Geography and Environment , Mount Allison University , 144 Main Street , Sackville , New Brunswick E4L 1A7 , Canada
| | - Sarah Veinot
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biological Sciences , University of New Brunswick , 100 Tucker Park Road , Saint John , New Brunswick E2L 4L5 , Canada
| | - Angella Mercer
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biological Sciences , University of New Brunswick , 100 Tucker Park Road , Saint John , New Brunswick E2L 4L5 , Canada
| | - Karen A Kidd
- Canadian Rivers Institute and Department of Biological Sciences , University of New Brunswick , 100 Tucker Park Road , Saint John , New Brunswick E2L 4L5 , Canada
- Department of Biology and School of Geography and Earth Sciences , McMaster University , 1280 Main Street West , Hamilton , Ontario L8S 4K1 , Canada
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Velthuis M, de Senerpont Domis LN, Frenken T, Stephan S, Kazanjian G, Aben R, Hilt S, Kosten S, van Donk E, Van de Waal DB. Warming advances top-down control and reduces producer biomass in a freshwater plankton community. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Velthuis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Lisette N. de Senerpont Domis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 47 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Frenken
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Stephan
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Limnology; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Alte Fischerhütte 2 16775 Stechlin Germany
| | - Garabet Kazanjian
- Department of Ecosystem Research; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Müggelseedamm 301 12587 Berlin Germany
| | - Ralf Aben
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology; Institute for Water and Wetland Research; Radboud University Nijmegen; P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Hilt
- Department of Ecosystem Research; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Müggelseedamm 301 12587 Berlin Germany
| | - Sarian Kosten
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology; Institute for Water and Wetland Research; Radboud University Nijmegen; P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Donk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity; University of Utrecht; P.O. Box 80.056 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
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Somatic Growth Dilution of a toxicant in a predator–prey model under stoichiometric constraints. J Theor Biol 2016; 407:198-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Wang Y. An exploitation-competition system with negative effect of prey on its predator. Math Biosci 2015; 263:93-101. [PMID: 25707917 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper considers an exploitation-competition system in which exploitation is the dominant interaction when the prey is at low density, while competition is dominant when the prey is at high density due to its negative effect on the predator. The two-species system is characterized by differential equations, which are the combination of Lotka-Volterra competitive and predator-prey models. Global dynamics of the model demonstrate some basic properties of exploitation-competition systems: (i) When the growth rate of prey is extremely small, the prey cannot promote the growth of predator. (ii) When the growth rate is small, an obligate predator can survive by preying on the prey, while a facultative predator can approach a high density by the predation. (iii) When the growth rate is intermediate, the predator can approach the maximal density by an intermediate predation. (iv) When the growth rate is large, the predator can persist only if it has a large density and its predation on the prey is big. (v) Intermediate predation is beneficial to the predator under certain parameter range, while over- or under-predation is not good. Extremely big/small predation would lead to extinction of species. Numerical simulations confirm and extend our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshi Wang
- School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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14
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Pulkkinen K, Wojewodzic MW, Hessen DO. Phosphorus limitation enhances parasite impact: feedback effects at the population level. BMC Ecol 2014; 14:29. [PMID: 25366521 PMCID: PMC4223164 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-014-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutrient deficiency affects the growth and population dynamics of consumers. Endoparasites can be seen as consumers that drain carbon (C) or energy from their host while simultaneously competing for limiting resources such as phosphorus (P). Depending on the relative demands of the host and the parasite for the limiting nutrient, intensified resource competition under nutrient limitation can either reduce the parasite’s effect on the host or further reduce the fitness of the nutrient-limited host. So far, knowledge of how nutrient limitation affects parasite performance at the host population level and how this affects the host populations is limited. Results We followed the population growth of Daphnia magna that were uninfected or experimentally infected with a microsporidian, Glugoides intestinalis. The Daphnia were fed either P-sufficient or P-limited algae. The P-limited diet decreased the population density and biomass compared with the populations fed with the P-sufficient algae. In the P-sufficient populations, infection with the parasite reduced the population density but not the biomass of Daphnia, while in the P-limited populations, both the density and biomass of Daphnia decreased toward the end of the 32 day experiment compared with the uninfected controls. The infected animals from the P-limited populations had higher parasite spore cluster counts, while, in a separate experiment, host diet quality did not affect the number of parasites in individually kept Daphnia. Conclusions Because host diet quality did not affect parasite numbers at the individual level, we suggest that the higher parasite load in the P-limited populations is a result of feedback effects arising at the population level. Because of the density-dependent transmission of the parasite and the time lag between exposure and transmission, the lower host population density in the P-limited populations led to a higher spore:host ratio. This effect may have been further reinforced by decreases in filtration rates caused by crowding in the P-sufficient populations and/or increases in filtration rates as a response to poor food quality in the P-limited populations. The increases in exposure led to a higher parasite load and aggravated the negative effects of parasite infection at the population level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-014-0029-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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15
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Aalto SL, Ketola T, Pulkkinen K. No uniform associations between parasite prevalence and environmental nutrients. Ecology 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-2007.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Auffan M, Bertin D, Chaurand P, Pailles C, Dominici C, Rose J, Bottero JY, Thiery A. Role of molting on the biodistribution of CeO2 nanoparticles within Daphnia pulex. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:3921-3930. [PMID: 23664411 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As all arthropods, microcrustaceans shed their chitinous exoskeleton (cuticule, peritrophic membrane) to develop and grow. While the molting is the most crucial stage in their life cycle, it remains poorly investigated in term of pollutant biodistribution within the organisms. In this paper, we used optical, electronic, and X ray-based microscopies to study the uptake and release of CeO2 nanoparticles by/from Daphnia pulex over a molting stage. We measured that D. pulex molts every 59 ± 21 h (confidence interval) with growth rates about 1.1 or 1.8 μm per stage as a function of the pieces measured. Ingestion via food chain was the main route of CeO2 nanoparticles uptake by D. pulex. The presence of algae during the exposure to nanoparticles (sub-lethal doses) enhanced by a factor of 3 the dry weight concentration of Ce on the whole D. pulex. Nanoparticles were localized in the gut content, in direct contact with the peritrophic membrane, and on the cuticle. Interestingly, the depuration (24 h with Chlorella pseudomonas) was not efficient to remove the nanoparticles from the organisms. From 40% to 100% (depending on the feeding regime during exposure) of the CeO2 taken up by D. pulex is not release after the depuration process. However, we demonstrated for the first time that the shedding of the chitinous exoskeleton was the crucial mechanism governing the released of CeO2 nanoparticles regardless of the feeding regime during exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Auffan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM34, UMR 7330, 13545 Aix en Provence, France.
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17
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18
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Elser JJ, Loladze I, Peace AL, Kuang Y. Lotka re-loaded: Modeling trophic interactions under stoichiometric constraints. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Examination of the role of detritus food quality, phytoplankton intracellular storage capacity, and zooplankton stoichiometry on planktonic dynamics. ECOL INFORM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Ramin M, Perhar G, Shimoda Y, Arhonditsis GB. Examination of the effects of nutrient regeneration mechanisms on plankton dynamics using aquatic biogeochemical modeling. Ecol Modell 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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DeMott WR, Van Donk E. Strong interactions between stoichiometric constraints and algal defenses: evidence from population dynamics of Daphnia and algae in phosphorus-limited microcosms. Oecologia 2012; 171:175-86. [PMID: 22802021 PMCID: PMC3538120 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic interactions among nutrients, algae and grazers were tested in a 2 × 3 factorial microcosm experiment that manipulated grazers (Daphnia present or absent) and algal composition (single species cultures and mixtures of an undefended and a digestion-resistant green alga). The experiment was run for 25 days in 10-L carboys under mesotrophic conditions that quickly led to strong phosphorus limitation of algal growth (TP ≅ 0.5 μM, N:P 40:1). Four-day Daphnia juvenile growth assays tested for Daphnia P-limitation and nutrient-dependent or grazer-induced algal defenses. The maximal algal growth rate of undefended Ankistrodesmus (mean ± SE for three replicate microcosms; 0.92 ± 0.02 day−1) was higher than for defended Oocystis (0.62 ± 0.03 day−1), but by day 6, algal growth was strongly P-limited in all six treatments (molar C:P ratio >900). The P-deficient algae were poor quality resources in all three algal treatments. However, Daphnia population growth, reproduction, and survival were much lower in the digestion-resistant treatment even though growth assays provided evidence for Daphnia P-limitation in only the undefended and mixed treatments. Growth assays provided little or no support for simple threshold element ratio (TER) models that fail to consider algae defenses that result in viable gut passage. Our results show that strong P-limitation of algal growth enhances the defenses of a digestion-resistant alga, favoring high abundance of well-defended algae and energy limitation of zooplankton growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R DeMott
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Iwabuchi T, Urabe J. Food quality and food threshold: implications of food stoichiometry to competitive ability of herbivore plankton. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00098.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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23
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Iwabuchi T, Urabe J. Competitive outcomes between herbivorous consumers can be predicted from their stoichiometric demands. Ecosphere 2012. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00253.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Global analysis of a stoichiometric producer–grazer model with Holling type functional responses. J Math Biol 2011; 63:901-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00285-010-0392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Duarte J, Januário C, Martins N, Sardanyés J. Quantifying chaos for ecological stoichiometry. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2010; 20:033105. [PMID: 20887045 DOI: 10.1063/1.3464327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The theory of ecological stoichiometry considers ecological interactions among species with different chemical compositions. Both experimental and theoretical investigations have shown the importance of species composition in the outcome of the population dynamics. A recent study of a theoretical three-species food chain model considering stoichiometry [B. Deng and I. Loladze, Chaos 17, 033108 (2007)] shows that coexistence between two consumers predating on the same prey is possible via chaos. In this work we study the topological and dynamical measures of the chaotic attractors found in such a model under ecological relevant parameters. By using the theory of symbolic dynamics, we first compute the topological entropy associated with unimodal Poincaré return maps obtained by Deng and Loladze from a dimension reduction. With this measure we numerically prove chaotic competitive coexistence, which is characterized by positive topological entropy and positive Lyapunov exponents, achieved when the first predator reduces its maximum growth rate, as happens at increasing δ1. However, for higher values of δ1 the dynamics become again stable due to an asymmetric bubble-like bifurcation scenario. We also show that a decrease in the efficiency of the predator sensitive to prey's quality (increasing parameter ζ) stabilizes the dynamics. Finally, we estimate the fractal dimension of the chaotic attractors for the stoichiometric ecological model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, Mathematics Unit, ISEL-High Institute of Engineering of Lisbon, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal
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26
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Phosphorus acquisition and competitive abilities of two herbivorous zooplankton, Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula. Ecol Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-010-0692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Gardening by the psychomyiid caddisfly Tinodes waeneri: evidence from stable isotopes. Oecologia 2010; 163:127-39. [PMID: 20072787 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary species face a trade-off between the benefits of exploiting food close to their homes and the cost of defending it. In aquatic systems, it has been suggested that some sedentary grazers can increase the range of circumstances under which they are at an advantage over mobile grazers by enhancing food resources within their feeding territories through 'gardening'. We examined this for the retreat-building sedentary larvae of the caddis Tinodes waeneri, which are often dominant in the littoral of lakes. We hypothesised that T. waeneri gardens by fertilising its retreat (a fixed 'gallery' on which algae and other microorganisms grow), and that gardening would be more important in lower productivity lakes. We tested this by analysing the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of larvae, their galleries and the general background epilithon, collected from rocks in the littoral zones of six lakes spread across a natural nutrient gradient. We found evidence of nutrient recycling within the Tinodes gallery community in all lakes. Galleries were (15)N-depleted compared to the epilithon, suggesting that algae on galleries preferentially assimilated (14)N from larval excretions that were themselves (15)N-depleted relative to the larval food source. Mixing model results indicate that galleries formed an important larval carbon and nitrogen source, with mean gallery dietary contributions of over 40% in at least one sample period in all lakes studied. Gallery contributions were greater between April and October than in January and, contrary to our initial hypothesis, greater in the more productive lakes of those surveyed. Nevertheless, T. waeneri galleries do act as a fertilised garden. 'Gardening' appears to be widespread in this species, and may affect productivity and patterns of nitrogen retention within the stony littoral of lakes.
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Hall SR. Stoichiometrically Explicit Food Webs: Feedbacks between Resource Supply, Elemental Constraints, and Species Diversity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A stoichiometrically explicit approach to food web ecology yields new insight into promotion and degradation of diversity, changes in species composition along environmental gradients, biomass partitioning among trophic levels, and limitation of primary production. These revelations emerge from food web modules that incorporate fundamental constraints imposed by mass balance and a key trait, stoichiometric body composition, into a species’ niche. These niche components involve a species’ requirements from its environment and its own impacts on its environment. More specifically, stoichiometric composition influences minimal nutrient requirements of consumers (perhaps especially grazers); this component becomes pertinent because large imbalances often arise between nutrient:carbon content of consumers relative to prey. Furthermore, these imbalances then modulate the impact of consumers on their own resources through nutrient recycling. Once these niche components become synthesized, their implications in shaping food webs provide powerful mechanisms linking changes in environmental gradients with community structure and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer R. Hall
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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29
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Striebel M, Behl S, Stibor H. The coupling of biodiversity and productivity in phytoplankton communities: consequences for biomass stoichiometry. Ecology 2009; 90:2025-31. [PMID: 19739364 DOI: 10.1890/08-1409.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is widespread concern that loss of biodiversity can influence important ecosystem services. A positive relationship between diversity and productivity has been observed in investigations of terrestrial and aquatic plant communities. However, an increase in primary production (carbon assimilation) does not necessarily result in higher nutrient uptake by primary producers. There is a loose coupling between carbon assimilation and nutrient uptake in autotrophs, and their biomass carbon-to-nutrient ratios (stoichiometry) are flexible. We performed controlled laboratory experiments to investigate the effect of phytoplankton biodiversity on phytoplankton stoichiometry. Our results indicate that biodiversity influences carbon assimilation and nutrient uptake of phytoplankton communities in different ways, resulting in variations of biomass stoichiometry. Data from 46 lake communities also support this link. Shifts in the biomass stoichiometry of phytoplankton communities are generally attributed to environmental fluctuations in resources. However, our results show that biodiversity is also important in determining their stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Striebel
- Department Biology II, Aquatic Ecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Strasse 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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30
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Stoichiometric differences in food quality: impacts on genetic diversity and the coexistence of aquatic herbivores in a Daphnia hybrid complex. Oecologia 2008; 158:47-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Jäger CG, Diehl S, Matauschek C, Klausmeier CA, Stibor H. TRANSIENT DYNAMICS OF PELAGIC PRODUCER–GRAZER SYSTEMS IN A GRADIENT OF NUTRIENTS AND MIXING DEPTHS. Ecology 2008; 89:1272-86. [DOI: 10.1890/07-0347.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Hessen DO. Efficiency, Energy and Stoichiometry in Pelagic Food Webs; Reciprocal Roles of Food Quality and Food Quantity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1608/frj-1.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Phylogenetic characterization and prevalence of "Spirobacillus cienkowskii," a red-pigmented, spiral-shaped bacterial pathogen of freshwater Daphnia species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:1575-82. [PMID: 18192404 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02438-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopic examination of the hemolymph from diseased daphniids in 17 lakes in southwestern Michigan and five rock pools in southern Finland revealed the presence of tightly coiled bacteria that bore striking similarities to the drawings of a morphologically unique pathogen, "Spirobacillus cienkowskii," first described by Elya Metchnikoff more than 100 years ago. The uncultivated microbe was identified as a deeply branching member of the Deltaproteobacteria through phylogenetic analyses of two conserved genes: the 16S rRNA-encoding gene (rrs) and the beta-subunit of topoisomerase (gyrB). Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed that the rRNA gene sequence originated from bacteria with the tightly coiled morphology. Microscopy and PCR amplification with pathogen-specific primers confirmed infections by this bacterium in four species of Daphnia: Daphnia dentifera, D. magna, D. pulicaria, and D. retrocurva. Extensive field surveys reveal that this bacterium is widespread geographically and able to infect many different cladoceran species. In a survey of populations of D. dentifera in lakes in Michigan, we found the bacterium in 17 of 18 populations studied. In these populations, 0 to 12% of the individuals were infected, with an average of 3% during mid-summer and early autumn. Infections were less common in rock pool populations of D. magna in southern Finland, where the pathogen was found in 5 of 137 populations. The broad geographic distribution, wide host range, and high virulence of S. cienkowskii suggest it plays an important role in the ecology and evolution of daphniids.
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34
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Modeling the dynamics of nutrient limited consumer populations using constant elasticity production functions. Ecol Modell 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Diehl S. Paradoxes of Enrichment: Effects of Increased Light versus Nutrient Supply on Pelagic Producer‐Grazer Systems. Am Nat 2007; 169:E173-91. [PMID: 17479457 DOI: 10.1086/516655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Energy-based plant-herbivore models produce the "paradox of enrichment," a destabilizing influence of enrichment on population dynamics. Because many plants change their carbon : nutrient stoichiometry in response to the light : nutrient supply ratio, enrichment with light can cause a mismatch between the elemental compositions of plants and their herbivores. Herbivore growth rates may then decrease with increased light supply, which is termed the "paradox of energy enrichment." I present a stoichiometric phytoplankton-grazer model that accounts for the dynamical vertical light gradient and explore how algal and grazer densities, mineral nutrient concentration, algal nutrient stoichiometry, and system stability respond to enrichment with light (through changes in irradiance, background turbidity, and water column depth) versus enrichment with nutrients. Parameterized for Daphnia, the model produces several "unusual" phenomena: multiple equilibria (with grazers extinct in spite of high algal biomass at one equilibrium), inconsistent light enrichment effects on stability (light enrichment first destabilizes and then stabilizes), and the paradox of energy enrichment. These phenomena are restricted to the low end of realistic nutrient supplies except in very shallow systems, where high sedimentation rates effectively deplete the water column of nutrients. At higher nutrient supplies, light enrichment produces the classical paradox of enrichment, leading first to an increase in grazers at a stable equilibrium and then to algae-grazer oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Diehl
- Department Biologie II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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36
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Hall SR, Leibold MA, Lytle DA, Smith VH. GRAZERS, PRODUCER STOICHIOMETRY, AND THE LIGHT : NUTRIENT HYPOTHESIS REVISITED. Ecology 2007; 88:1142-52. [PMID: 17536401 DOI: 10.1890/06-0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The stoichiometric light:nutrient hypothesis (LNH) links the relative supplies of key resources with the nutrient content of tissues of producers. This resource-driven variation in producer stoichiometry, in turn, can mediate the efficiency of grazing. Typically, discussions of the LNH attribute this resource-stoichiometry link to bottom-up effects of light and phosphorus, which are mediated through producer physiology. Emphasis on bottom-up effects implies that grazers must consume food of quality solely determined by resource supply to ecosystems (i.e., they eat what they are served). Here, we expand upon this largely bottom-up interpretation with evidence from pond surveys, a mesocosm experiment, and a model. Data from shallow ponds showed the "LNH pattern" (positive correlation of an index of light : phosphorus supply with algal carbon : phosphorus content). However, algal carbon : phosphorus content also declined as zooplankton biomass increased in the ponds. The experiment and model confirmed that this latter correlation was partially caused by the various bottom-up and top-down roles of grazers: the LNH pattern emerged only in treatments with crustacean grazers, not those without them. Furthermore, model and experiment clarified that another bottom-up factor, natural covariation of nitrogen : phosphorus ratios with light : phosphorus supply (as seen in ponds), does not likely contribute to the LNH pattern. Finally, the experiment produced correlations between shifts in species composition of algae, partially driven by grazing effects of crustaceans, and algal stoichiometry. These shifts in species composition might shape stoichiometric response of producer assemblages to resource supply and grazing, but their consequences remain largely unexplored. Thus, this study accentuated the importance of grazing for the LNH; de-emphasized a potentially confounding, bottom-up factor (covarying nitrogen : phosphorus supply); and highlighted an avenue for future research for the LNH (grazer-mediated shifts in producer composition).
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer R Hall
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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37
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Elser J. Biological stoichiometry: a chemical bridge between ecosystem ecology and evolutionary biology. Am Nat 2007; 168 Suppl 6:S25-35. [PMID: 17109326 DOI: 10.1086/509048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The mission of the American Society of Naturalists is "to advance and diffuse knowledge of organic evolution and other broad biological principles so as to enhance the conceptual unification of the biological sciences." In this article, I argue that the area of biology least integrated with knowledge of organic evolution is the field of ecosystem ecology, as evidenced by a semiquantitative literature survey of use of terms in the scientific literature. I present an overview of recent theoretical developments and empirical findings in the emerging field of biological stoichiometry (the study of the balance of energy and multiple chemical elements in living systems). These developments hold some promise as a means to conceptually integrate ecosystem ecology, with its emphasis on flows and pools of energy and chemical elements, with evolutionary biology, with its emphasis on genetic fitness and the biochemical products of the genome. For example, recent evidence indicates that organismal C : P and N : P ratios have a major impact on biologically mediated flows of energy and phosphorus; in turn, variations among taxa in these ratios are connected to evolved differences in organismal growth rate because of the connection between growth rate and the need for increased allocation to P-rich ribosomal RNA. In this way, evolutionary change in growth-related traits, by altering organismal P requirements, has direct biogeochemical implications, while ecosystem conditions can constrain evolutionary acceleration of growth rates by imposing a direct P limitation on production of the needed biochemical machinery of growth. Thus, stoichiometric theory provides a broad biological principle that can interconvert the currencies and concerns of ecosystem ecology and evolutionary biology, facilitating integration of diverse fields of study and contributing to conceptual unification of the biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Elser
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
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38
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Organismal stoichiometry and the adaptive advantage of variable nutrient use and production efficiency in Daphnia. Ecol Modell 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Balseiro E, Albariño R. C–N mismatch in the leaf litter–shredder relationship of an Andean Patagonian stream detritivore. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[607:cmitll]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Toward the understanding of complex population dynamics: planktonic community as a model system. Ecol Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-005-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Moe SJ, Stelzer RS, Forman MR, Harpole WS, Daufresne T, Yoshida T. Recent advances in ecological stoichiometry: insights for population and community ecology. OIKOS 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.14056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Weider LJ, Makino W, Acharya K, Glenn KL, Kyle M, Urabe J, Elser JJ. Genotype × environment interactions, stoichiometric food quality effects, and clonal coexistence in Daphnia pulex. Oecologia 2005; 143:537-47. [PMID: 15791427 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-005-0003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of stoichiometric food quality in influencing genotype coexistence and competitive interactions between clones of the freshwater microcrustacean, Daphnia pulex, was examined in controlled laboratory microcosm experiments. Two genetically distinct clones of D. pulex, which show variation in their ribosomal rDNA structure, as well as differences in a number of previously characterized growth-rate-related features (i.e., life-history features), were allowed to compete in two different arenas: (1) batch cultures differing in algal food quality (i.e., high vs. low carbon:phosphorus (C:P ratio) in the green alga, Scenedesmus acutus); (2) continuous flow microcosms receiving different light levels (i.e., photosynthetically active radiation) that affected algal C:P ratios. In experiment 1, a clear genotype x environment interaction was determined with clone 1 out-competing clone 2 under high nutrient (i.e., low food C:P) conditions, while the exact opposite pattern was observed under low nutrient (i.e., high C:P) conditions. In experiment 2, clone 1 dominated over clone 2 under high light (higher C:P) conditions, but clonal coexistence was observed under low light (low C:P) conditions. These results indicate that food (nutrient) quality effects (hitherto an often overlooked factor) may play a role in microevolutionary (genotypic) responses to changing stoichiometric conditions in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Weider
- Department of Zoology and Biological Station, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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43
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44
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Hall SR. Stoichiometrically explicit competition between grazers: species replacement, coexistence, and priority effects along resource supply gradients. Am Nat 2004; 164:157-72. [PMID: 15278841 DOI: 10.1086/422201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Assuming key trade-offs among interactors, several models (resource ratio, keystone predation, intraguild predation) predict changes in species composition over resource supply gradients. Ecological stoichiometry could also predict compositional shifts of grazers over gradients of nutrient and light supply through a mechanism involving (mis)matches between elemental body composition of grazers and plants. This hypothesis is explored here using a suite of two-grazer, one-plant models that incorporate three key components: plant production depends on light and nutrients, nutrient content of plants can vary, and homeostatic grazers can be carbon or nutrient limited. The results from this suite closely resemble the classical resource ratio model describing plant competition for two resources. Here, the models predict shifts of grazer composition along resource supply gradients if species trade off competitive abilities for plant carbon and nutrients. Given this trade-off, superior nutrient competitors should dominate low nutrient environments, and superior carbon competitors should dominate high nutrient environments. At intermediate nutrient supply, species can coexist at a stable equilibrium, or alternative stable states emerge, depending on how grazers impact their resources. These results depend on food web architecture, however. For instance, predators can alter or reduce possibilities for stoichiometry-mediated coexistence of grazers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer R Hall
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Loladze I, Kuang Y, Elser JJ, Fagan WF. Competition and stoichiometry: coexistence of two predators on one prey. Theor Popul Biol 2004; 65:1-15. [PMID: 14642340 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-5809(03)00105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The competitive exclusion principle (CEP) states that no equilibrium is possible if n species exploit fewer than n resources. This principle does not appear to hold in nature, where high biodiversity is commonly observed, even in seemingly homogenous habitats. Although various mechanisms, such as spatial heterogeneity or chaotic fluctuations, have been proposed to explain this coexistence, none of them invalidates this principle. Here we evaluate whether principles of ecological stoichiometry can contribute to the stable maintenance of biodiverse communities. Stoichiometric analysis recognizes that each organism is a mixture of multiple chemical elements such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) that are present in various proportions in organisms. We incorporate these principles into a standard predator-prey model to analyze competition between two predators on one autotrophic prey. The model tracks two essential elements, C and P, in each species. We show that a stable equilibrium is possible with two predators on this single prey. At this equilibrium both predators can be limited by the P content of the prey. The analysis suggests that chemical heterogeneity within and among species provides new mechanisms that can support species coexistence and that may be important in maintaining biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irakli Loladze
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003, USA.
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Nielsen KJ, Navarrete SA. Mesoscale regulation comes from the bottom-up: intertidal interactions between consumers and upwelling. Ecol Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Woods HA, Makino W, Cotner JB, Hobbie SE, Harrison JF, Acharya K, Elser JJ. Temperature and the chemical composition of poikilothermic organisms. Funct Ecol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Frost PC, Stelzer RS, Lamberti GA, Elser JJ. ROSEMARY MACKAY FUND ARTICLE: Ecological stoichiometry of trophic interactions in the benthos: understanding the role of C:N:P ratios in lentic and lotic habitats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.2307/1468427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Frost
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1501 USA
| | - Robert S. Stelzer
- Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB (Route 44A), Millbrook, New York 12545 USA
| | - Gary A. Lamberti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0369 USA
| | - James J. Elser
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1501 USA
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