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Jones G, Jackson A. Why nutrition education is essential for our future doctors. NUTR BULL 2022; 47:385-387. [PMID: 36353813 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Jackson
- Association for Nutrition, London, UK.,Nutrition, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Uruguay is at an advanced stage of the epidemiologic transition; like other Latin American countries, it bears a nutritional double burden composed of undernutrition and overweight or obesity. OBJECTIVES The aim was to estimate whether a double burden of nutritional problems exists in Uruguay and to identify if governmental programs and policies for nutrition take this double burden into account. DESIGN Existing studies were reviewed, and other data were processed specifically for the purpose of this article. Several data sources were used to include a broad, comprehensive population range. RESULTS The prevalence of stunting in children aged <2 y is 10.9%. There is a high frequency of obesity, which increases with age (9.5% in children <2 y old, 18.8% in those aged 6 y, 20.4% in those aged 11 y, 26.6% in those aged 13-15 y, and 35.3% in adults). In addition, 13.8% of women start pregnancy underweight and the rate of obesity increases during pregnancy from 36.7% at the beginning to 46.5% at the end. Anemia is very frequent in the selected population we examined, as follows: 31% of children <2 y old and 20.9% of pregnant women in their third trimester. An obese mother with a stunted child are present in 6.3% of households; 1.9% of stunted children are obese at age 6 y and 3.1% are obese at the age of 11. Multiple logistic analysis applied to children <2 y showed an association between stunting and obesity (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.6). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that there is a nutritional double burden in Uruguay. This nutritional burden is similar to that of other countries in the region. This important public issue should be tackled, and it should be addressed in early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Severi
- From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay (CS); and the Program for Nutrition, Ministry of Public Health, Montevideo, Uruguay (XM)
| | - Ximena Moratorio
- From the Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic (UdelaR), Montevideo, Uruguay (CS); and the Program for Nutrition, Ministry of Public Health, Montevideo, Uruguay (XM)
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Barker D, Thornburg K. Placental programming of chronic diseases, cancer and lifespan: A review. Placenta 2013; 34:841-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Salisbury C, Robertson C. Maternal nutrition: Building foundations of long-term good health. NUTR BULL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Robertson
- School of Life Sciences; University of Westminster; London; UK
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Abstract
CONTEXT Memorial to Jim Tanner. OBJECTIVE To examine the links between early growth and chronic disease in later life. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS There is now a developmental model for the origins of chronic disease in which the causes to be identified are linked to normal variations in feto-placental, infant and childhood growth and development. These variations lead to variations in the supply of nutrients to the baby that permanently alters gene expression, a process known as 'programming'. CONCLUSIONS Variations in the processes of development programme the function of a few key systems that are linked to chronic disease-the immune system, anti-oxidant defences, inflammatory responses, the number and quality of stem cells, neuro-endocrine settings and the balance of the autonomic nervous system. There is not a separate cause for each different disease. Which chronic disease originates during development may depend more on timing than on qualitative differences in exposures to external influences.
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The breadth of the placental surface but not the length is associated with body size at birth. Placenta 2012; 33:619-22. [PMID: 22652045 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Barker DJP, Lampl M, Roseboom T, Winder N. Resource allocation in utero and health in later life. Placenta 2012; 33 Suppl 2:e30-4. [PMID: 22809673 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The way that a fetus obtains and allocates nutritional resources has profound consequences for its life-long health. Under the new developmental model for the origins of chronic disease, the causes to be identified are linked to normal variations in the processes of feto-placental development, that are associated with differences in the supply of nutrients to the baby. These differences programme the function of a few key systems that are linked to chronic disease, including the immune system, anti-oxidant defences, inflammation, and the number and quality of stem cells. There is not a separate cause for each different disease. Which chronic disease originates during development may depend more on timing than on qualitative differences in experience.
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Eriksson JG, Kajantie E, Thornburg KL, Osmond C, Barker DJP. Mother's body size and placental size predict coronary heart disease in men. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:2297-303. [PMID: 21632601 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS People whose birthweights were towards the lower end of the normal range are at increased risk of coronary heart disease. This is attributed to foetal programming through malnutrition, but the cause of the malnutrition is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 6975 men born in Helsinki during 1934-44. Their size at birth was recorded. Babies who later developed coronary heart disease tended to have a low ponderal index (birthweight/length(3)). Three different placental phenotypes predicted the disease. In primiparous mothers who were short, having below median height, the hazard ratio for the disease was 1.14 (95% confidence interval 1.08-1.21, P< 0.0001) for each centimetre increase in the difference between the length and breadth of the placental surface. In tall mothers whose body mass index was above the median, the hazard ratio was 1.25 (1.10-1.42, P= 0.0007) per 40 cm(2) decrease in the surface area. In tall mothers whose body mass index was below the median, the hazard ratio was 1.07 (1.02-1.13, P= 0.01) per 1% increase in the placental weight/birthweight ratio. CONCLUSIONS Three different combinations of maternal and placental size predicted coronary heart disease. The mother's body size determines the availability of nutrients and is linked to the development and function of the placenta, reflected in its shape and size. We speculate that variations in three processes of normal placental development lead to foetal malnutrition. The processes are (i) implantation and spiral artery invasion, (ii) growth of the chorionic surface, and (iii) compensatory expansion of the chorionic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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Winder NR, Krishnaveni GV, Hill JC, Karat CLS, Fall CHD, Veena SR, Barker DJP. Placental programming of blood pressure in Indian children. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:653-60. [PMID: 21166711 PMCID: PMC3107945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.02102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim To determine whether the size and shape of the placental surface predict blood pressure in childhood. Methods We studied blood pressure in 471 nine-year-old Indian children whose placental length, breadth and weight were measured in a prospective birth cohort study. Results In the daughters of short mothers (<median height), systolic blood pressure (SBP) rose as placental breadth increased (β = 0.69 mmHg/cm, p = 0.05) and as the ratio of placental surface area to birthweight increased (p = 0.0003). In the daughters of tall mothers, SBP rose as the difference between placental length and breadth increased (β = 1.40 mmHg/cm, p = 0.007), that is as the surface became more oval. Among boys, associations with placental size were only statistically significant after adjusting for current BMI and height. After adjustment, SBP rose as placental breadth, area and weight decreased (for breadth β = −0.68 mmHg/cm, p < 0.05 for all three measurements). Conclusions The size and shape of the placental surface predict childhood blood pressure. Blood pressure may be programmed by variation in the normal processes of placentation: these include implantation, expansion of the chorionic surface in mid-gestation and compensatory expansion of the chorionic surface in late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola R Winder
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, UK.
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Jackson AA, Burdge GC, Lillicrop KA. Diet, nutrition and modulation of genomic expression in fetal origins of adult disease. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2011; 3:192-208. [PMID: 21474951 PMCID: PMC3085525 DOI: 10.1159/000324356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Jackson
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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J P Barker D, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Thornburg KL, Eriksson JG. How boys grow determines how long they live. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23:412-6. [PMID: 21448906 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increase in height in modern societies has been accompanied by an in increase in lifespan. The longer lives of taller people suggest that good nutrition during childhood, together with freedom from recurrent minor infection, prolong human life. There is, however, a caveat. Tall adult stature may be the result of rapid "compensatory" growth following a setback. Compensatory growth is known to reduce the lifespan of animals, possibly because it is disorganized. METHODS We analyzed lifespan among 6,975 men born in Helsinki, Finland, during 1934-44. Their early growth was recorded. RESULTS Boys who were tallest at seven years of age had lower all cause mortality, the hazard ratio being 0.79(95%CI 0.70 to 0.89, P < 0.0001) per 10 cm increase in height. There was, however, a group of boys among whom being tall was associated with increased all cause mortality, the hazard ratio being 1.32(1.00 to 1.75, P = 0.05). These boys were taller at seven years than their birthweight and length at birth predicted. After they were excluded from the analysis, boys who were more than 126 cm in height at seven lived for eight years longer than those who were 114 cm or less. This increase in lifespan was similar to the effect of high socio-economic status in adult life. CONCLUSIONS Rapid growth in childhood height usually predicts a longer life. But tallness among men may be a misleading indicator of wellbeing and longer life expectancy in populations where compensatory growth is widespread. African Americans may be an example. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J P Barker
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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Eriksson JG, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Thornburg K, Barker DJP. Boys live dangerously in the womb. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:330-5. [PMID: 19844898 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of every human fetus is constrained by the limited capacity of the mother and placenta to deliver nutrients to it. At birth, boys tend to be longer than girls at any placental weight. Boy's placentas may therefore be more efficient than girls, but may have less reserve capacity. In the womb boys grow faster than girls and are therefore at greater risk of becoming undernourished. Fetal undernutrition leads to small size at birth and cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, in later life. We studied 2003 men and women aged around 62 years who were born in Helsinki, Finland, of whom 644 had hypertension: we examined their body and placental size at birth. In both sexes, hypertension was associated with low birth weight. In men, hypertension was also associated with a long minor diameter of the placental surface. The dangerous growth strategy of boys may be compounded by the costs of compensatory placental enlargement in late gestation. In women, hypertension was associated with a small placental area, which may reduce nutrient delivery to the fetus. In men, hypertension was linked to the mothers' socioeconomic status, an indicator of their diets: in women it was linked to the mothers' heights, an indicator of their protein metabolism. Boys' greater dependence on their mothers' diets may enable them to capitalize on an improving food supply, but it makes them vulnerable to food shortages. The ultimate manifestation of their dangerous strategies may be that men have higher blood pressures and shorter lives than women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsingin yliopisto, Finland
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Eriksson JG, Thornburg KL, Osmond C, Kajantie E, Barker DJ. The prenatal origins of lung cancer. I. The fetus. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:508-11. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Barker DJP, Osmond C, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG. Growth and chronic disease: findings in the Helsinki Birth Cohort. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 36:445-58. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460902980295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Low birthweight in relation to the length of gestation, is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. These associations extend across the whole range of birthweight, which implies that normal variations in nutrient delivery to the fetus have profound long-term effects. The associations are thought to reflect the body's plasticity during development, by which its structure and function can be permanently changed by the intra uterine and early post natal environment. Slow growth during infancy and rapid weight gain after the age of two years exacerbate the effect of slow fetal growth. Cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes arise through a series of interactions between environmental influences and the pathways of development that precede them.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J P Barker
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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