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Tran KK, Lee PY, Finkelstein DI, McKendrick AM, Nguyen BN, Bui BV, Nguyen CT. Altered Outer Retinal Structure, Electrophysiology and Visual Perception in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:167-180. [PMID: 38189711 PMCID: PMC10836541 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD) are attractive as the retina is an outpouching of the brain. Although inner retinal neurodegeneration in PD is well-established this has overlap with other neurodegenerative diseases and thus outer retinal (photoreceptor) measures warrant further investigation. OBJECTIVE To examine in a cross-sectional study whether clinically implementable measures targeting outer retinal function and structure can differentiate PD from healthy ageing and whether these are sensitive to intraday levodopa (L-DOPA) dosing. METHODS Centre-surround perceptual contrast suppression, macular visual field sensitivity, colour discrimination, light-adapted electroretinography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were tested in PD participants (n = 16) and controls (n = 21). Electroretinography and OCT were conducted before and after midday L-DOPA in PD participants, or repeated after ∼2 hours in controls. RESULTS PD participants had decreased center-surround contrast suppression (p < 0.01), reduced macular visual field sensitivity (p < 0.05), color vision impairment (p < 0.01) photoreceptor dysfunction (a-wave, p < 0.01) and photoreceptor neurodegeneration (outer nuclear layer thinning, p < 0.05), relative to controls. Effect size comparison between inner and outer retinal parameters showed that photoreceptor metrics were similarly robust in differentiating the PD group from age-matched controls as inner retinal changes. Electroretinography and OCT were unaffected by L-DOPA treatment or time. CONCLUSIONS We show that outer retinal outcomes of photoreceptoral dysfunction (decreased cone function and impaired color vision) and degeneration (i.e., outer nuclear layer thinning) were equivalent to inner retinal metrics at differentiating PD from healthy age-matched adults. These findings suggest outer retinal metrics may serve as useful biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie K.N. Tran
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pei Ying Lee
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison M. McKendrick
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Division of Optometry, School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang V. Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T.O. Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Multimodal brain and retinal imaging of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:203-220. [PMID: 35177849 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the brain. The development of parkinsonism is preceded by a long prodromal phase, and >50% of dopaminergic neurons can be lost from the substantia nigra by the time of the initial diagnosis. Therefore, validation of in vivo imaging biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression is essential for future therapeutic developments. PET and single-photon emission CT targeting the presynaptic terminals of dopaminergic neurons can be used for early diagnosis by detecting axonal degeneration in the striatum. However, these techniques poorly differentiate atypical parkinsonian syndromes from PD, and their availability is limited in clinical settings. Advanced MRI in which pathological changes in the substantia nigra are visualized with diffusion, iron-sensitive susceptibility and neuromelanin-sensitive sequences potentially represents a more accessible imaging tool. Although these techniques can visualize the classic degenerative changes in PD, they might be insufficient for phenotyping or prognostication of heterogeneous aspects of PD resulting from extranigral pathologies. The retina is an emerging imaging target owing to its pathological involvement early in PD, which correlates with brain pathology. Retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive technique to visualize structural changes in the retina. Progressive parafoveal thinning and fovea avascular zone remodelling, as revealed by OCT, provide potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognostication in PD. As we discuss in this Review, multimodal imaging of the substantia nigra and retina is a promising tool to aid diagnosis and management of PD.
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Borm CDJM, Smilowska K, de Vries NM, Bloem BR, Theelen T. How I do it: The Neuro-Ophthalmological Assessment in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 9:427-435. [PMID: 30958314 PMCID: PMC6597980 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-181523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Visual disorders like double vision, dry eyes, and visual field deficits are common but frequently missed in Parkinson’s disease. Here, we aim to increase awareness for these visual disorders in Parkinson patients by discussing several common problems that can be easily diagnosed using comprehensive history taking and a basic neuro-ophthalmological examination. We offer practical guidance for the patient interview and physical exam that can facilitate a timelier recognition of visual disorders. Such recognition has immediate therapeutic relevance, because Parkinson patients are strongly dependent on an adequate vision, for example to optimally benefit from visual cueing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn D J M Borm
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Smilowska
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke M de Vries
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Parkinson Center Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Theelen
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Ophthalmology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Guo L, Normando EM, Shah PA, De Groef L, Cordeiro MF. Oculo-visual abnormalities in Parkinson's disease: Possible value as biomarkers. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1390-1406. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
| | - Eduardo M. Normando
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust; London UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London; London UK
| | - Parth Arvind Shah
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
| | - Lies De Groef
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma and Retinal Degenerative Disease Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology; University College London; London UK
- Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust; London UK
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London; London UK
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Weil RS, Schrag AE, Warren JD, Crutch SJ, Lees AJ, Morris HR. Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:2827-2843. [PMID: 27412389 PMCID: PMC5091042 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease have a number of specific visual disturbances. These include changes in colour vision and contrast sensitivity and difficulties with complex visual tasks such as mental rotation and emotion recognition. We review changes in visual function at each stage of visual processing from retinal deficits, including contrast sensitivity and colour vision deficits to higher cortical processing impairments such as object and motion processing and neglect. We consider changes in visual function in patients with common Parkinson's disease-associated genetic mutations including GBA and LRRK2 . We discuss the association between visual deficits and clinical features of Parkinson's disease such as rapid eye movement sleep behavioural disorder and the postural instability and gait disorder phenotype. We review the link between abnormal visual function and visual hallucinations, considering current models for mechanisms of visual hallucinations. Finally, we discuss the role of visuo-perceptual testing as a biomarker of disease and predictor of dementia in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimona S. Weil
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anette E. Schrag
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jason D. Warren
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Lees
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Huw R. Morris
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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Simon-Tov S, Dinur T, Giladi N, Bar-Shira A, Zelis M, Zimran A, Elstein D. Color Discrimination in Patients with Gaucher Disease and Parkinson Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:525-31. [PMID: 26406132 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-150585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor color discrimination among patients with Parkinson disease (PD) has long been recognized. It has been shown that carrying one or two mutations in the β-glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) for the autosomal disease Gaucher disease (GD), as based initially on clinical evidence, is a genetic risk factor for early-onset PD. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess color discrimination in patients with one or two GBA mutations relative to healthy controls to ascertain whether this function is affected when persons with GD or even one GBA mutation develop PD. METHODS The Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test (FMHT) was evaluated among patients with GD+PD compared to patients with GD only, obligate GBA carriers with and without PD, patients with PD only, and healthy controls. FMHT outcome include computer-generated TES (Total Error Score) and values recommended by Vingrys & King-Smith. RESULTS Six groups of 10 persons were tested. Significant differences were seen for male GD+PD and for age in PD. The highest mean TES was in the PD only group, the lowest in the GD only group. There was a significant difference because of PD in groups with GD and GBA carriers. GD+PD means were between GD only and PD only mean scores. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm that PD impacts color discrimination, more in males with GD+PD but nonetheless, GD+PD patients (but not GBA carriers) had better scores than PD only patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomi Simon-Tov
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hadassah- Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tama Dinur
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hadassah- Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Anat Bar-Shira
- Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Mayaan Zelis
- Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hadassah- Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Deborah Elstein
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, affiliated with the Hadassah- Hebrew University School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Oh YS, Kim JS, Chung SW, Song IU, Kim YD, Kim YI, Lee KS. Color vision in Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor. Eur J Neurol 2010; 18:577-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Roessner V, Banaschewski T, Fillmer-Otte A, Becker A, Albrecht B, Uebel H, Sergeant J, Tannock R, Rothenberger A. Color perception deficits in co-existing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and chronic tic disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 115:235-9. [PMID: 17896072 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary findings suggest that color perception, particularly of blue-yellow stimuli, is impaired in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as in chronic tic disorders (CTD). However, these findings have been not replicated and it is unclear what these deficits mean for the comorbidity of ADHD + CTD. Four groups (ADHD, CTD, ADHD + CTD, controls) of children with similar age, IQ and gender distribution were investigated with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test (FMT) and the Stroop-Color-Word Task using a factorial design. Color perception deficits, as indexed by the FMT, were found for both main factors (ADHD and CTD), but there were no interaction effects. A preponderance of deficits on the blue-yellow compared to the red-green axis was detected for ADHD. In the Stroop task only the 'pure' ADHD group showed impairments in interference control and other parameters of Stroop performance. No significant correlations between any FMT parameter and color naming in the Stroop task were found. Basic color perception deficits in both ADHD and CTD could be found. Beyond that, it could be shown that these deficits are additive in the case of comorbidity (ADHD + CTD). Performance deficits on the Stroop task were present only in the 'pure' ADHD group. Hence, the latter may be compensated in the comorbid group by good prefrontal capabilities of CTD. The influence of color perception deficits on Stroop task performance might be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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Fan SF, Yazulla S. Reciprocal inhibition of voltage-gated potassium currents (IK(V)) by activation of cannabinoid CB1and dopamine D1receptors in ON bipolar cells of goldfish retina. Vis Neurosci 2005; 22:55-63. [PMID: 15842741 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523805221089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1receptor (viaGs) and dopamine D2receptor (viaGi/o) antagonistically modulate goldfish cone membrane currents. As ON bipolar cells have CB1and D1receptors, but not D2receptors, we focused on whether CB1receptor agonist and dopamine interact to modulate voltage-dependent outward membrane K+currentsIK(V)of the ON mixed rod/cone (Mb) bipolar cells. Whole-cell currents were recorded from Mb bipolar cells in goldfish retinal slices. Mb bipolar cells were identified by intracellular filling with Lucifer yellow. The bath solution was calcium-free and contained 1 mM cobalt to block indirect calcium-dependent effects. Dopamine (10 μM) consistently increasedIK(V)by a factor of 1.57 ± 0.12 (S.E.M.,n= 15). A CB receptor agonist, WIN 55212-2 (0.25–1 μM), had no effect, but 4 μM WIN 55212-2 suppressedIK(V)by 60%. IfIK(V)was first increased by 10 μM dopamine, application of WIN 55212-2 (0.25–1 μM) reversibly blocked the effect of dopamine even though these concentrations of WIN 55212-2 had no effect of their own. If WIN 55212-2 was applied first and dopamine (10 μM) was added to the WIN-containing solution, 0.1 μM WIN 55212-2 blocked the effect of dopamine. All effects of WIN 55212-2 were blocked by coapplication of SR 141716A (CB1antagonist) and pretreatment with pertussis toxin (blocker of Gi/o) indicating actionviaCB1receptor activation of G protein Gi/o. Coactivation of CB1and D1receptors on Mb bipolar cells produces reciprocal effects onIK(V). The CB1-evoked suppression ofIK(V)is mediated by G protein Gi/o, whereas the D1-evoked enhancement is mediated by G protein Gs. As dopamine is a retinal “light” signal, these data support our notion that endocannabinoids function as a “dark” signal, interacting with dopamine to set retinal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Fang Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
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Müller T, Meisel M, Russ H, Przuntek H. Motor impairment influences Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test error scores in Parkinson's disease patients. J Neurol Sci 2003; 213:61-5. [PMID: 12873756 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(03)00150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test (FMT) error scores and peg insertion abilities significantly differ between Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and controls. Both tasks ask for performance of voluntary movements. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a relation between FMT error scores and peg insertion outcomes. We successively performed both tasks in 28 previously untreated PD patients. The FMT error score was significantly (p=0.016) lower in patients with better peg insertion outcome. A significant (Spearman R=0.47, p=0.012) correlation between peg insertion results and the FMT error scores appeared. Motor impairment influences FMT error scores in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstrasse 56, Bochum 44791, Germany.
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Müller T, Woitalla D, Peters S, Kohla K, Przuntek H. Progress of visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2002; 105:256-60. [PMID: 11939937 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.1o154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies on progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) mainly focus on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic decline, but not on the visual system. We determined progression of (i) disturbed color vision, assessed with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test (FMT) and (ii) intensity of PD in 18 patients. Significant differences occurred between (i) initial FMT error scores and follow-up results 3 years later (P=0.002) and analogously (ii) scored intensity of PD (P=0.002). A relation between computed differences of FMT error scores and rated activities of daily living appeared. Deterioration of color vision progresses in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Müller
- Department of Neurology, St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany.
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