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Kobayashi A, Higashi H, Shimada T, Suzuki S. Baseline and seasonal trends of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis from clinical samples in Japan. Infect Prev Pract 2023; 5:100272. [PMID: 36910424 PMCID: PMC9995940 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2023.100272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Outbreaks of Bacillus cereus bloodstream infections (BSIs) are a concern in Japanese medical settings. Aim This study determined baseline values for B. cereus detection in clinical samples that are useful as reference values for hospitals when assessing the need for intervention. Method A retrospective analysis of B. cereus detection in the Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance data from 2008 to 2014 was performed; it included 950 individual hospitals across the country. Findings Bacillus spp. were detected in 0.54% of the clinical specimens submitted for bacteriological testing. Specimens positive for Bacillus spp. were mainly blood (24.6%), stool (26.5%), and respiratory specimens (23.3%). Identification of Bacillus spp. at the species level (i.e., B. cereus or B. subtilis) was reported in 55.3%, 14.7%, and 15.4% of cases, of which 88.9%, 48.3%, and 33.1% were B. cereus in blood, stool, and respiratory specimens, respectively. Of the 4105 hospital-years, 75.7% had blood specimens with Bacillus spp., with a median of 0.85 blood specimens/100 beds annually (interquartile range, 0.17-2.10). The B. cereus detection showed significant summer seasonality, regardless of specimen type or geographic distribution. The B. subtilis detection did not show seasonality, and its detection remained constant throughout the year. The seasonality of Bacillus spp. reflects the high proportion of B. cereus. Conclusions The increased detection rate of Bacillus spp. during summer should be interpreted as a risk factor for B. cereus BSIs. A post-summer decrease in Bacillus spp. should not be interpreted as an effect of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kobayashi
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoe Shimada
- Center for Field Epidemiology Intelligence, Research, and Professional Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satowa Suzuki
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author. Address: Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan. Contact number 81-3-5285-1111(ext. 6310).
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2
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Bacillus cereus Invasive Infections in Preterm Neonates: an Up-to-Date Review of the Literature. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0008821. [PMID: 35138121 PMCID: PMC8826972 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus group species are widespread, Gram-positive, spore-forming environmental bacteria. B. cereus sensu stricto is one of the major causes of food poisoning worldwide. In high-risk individuals, such as preterm neonates, B. cereus infections can cause fatal infections. It is important to note that the phenotypic identification methods commonly used in clinical microbiology laboratories make no distinction between B. cereus sensu stricto and the other members of the group (Bacillus anthracis excluded). As a result, all the invasive infections attributed to B. cereus are not necessarily due to B. cereus sensu stricto but likely to other closely related species of the B. cereus group. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) should be used to characterize the whole genome of the strains belonging to the B. cereus group. This could confirm whether the strains involved in previously reported B. cereus invasive infections preferentially belong to formerly known or emerging individual species. Moreover, infections related to B. cereus group species have probably been overlooked, since their isolation in human bacteriological samples has for a long time been regarded as an environmental contaminant of the cultures. Recent studies have questioned the emergence or reemergence of B. cereus invasive infections in preterm infants. This review reports our current understanding of B. cereus infections in neonates, including taxonomical updates, microbiological characteristics, bacterial identification, clinical features, host-pathogen interactions, environmental sources of contamination, and antimicrobial resistance.
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3
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Complete Genome Sequences of 24 Strains of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Nosocomial Infection and Bacteremia Cases in Japan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0120321. [PMID: 35289651 PMCID: PMC9022585 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01203-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is mainly associated with foodborne illness but sometimes causes nosocomial infections. We previously reported that B. cereus strains of a specific sequence type, ST1420, were associated with nosocomial infection. Here, we determined the complete genome sequences of B. cereus strains isolated from nosocomial infection cases in Japanese hospitals.
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4
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Asif Rasheed M, Awais M, Aldhahrani A, Althobaiti F, Alhazmi A, Sattar S, Afzal U, Ali Baeshen H, Ali El Enshasy H, Joe Dailin D, Al-Surhanee AA, Kabir F. Designing a highly immunogenic multi epitope based subunit vaccine against Bacillus cereus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4859-4866. [PMID: 34466059 PMCID: PMC8381030 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Serious non-gastrointestinal-tract infections and food poisoning are caused by Bacillus cereus. Vaccination against B. cereus is very important. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze B and T cell epitopes for chromate transporter protein of the bacteria. Methods Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal Omega method was used to identify conserved regions and Geneious Prime was used to produce a consensus sequence. T and B cell epitopes were predicted by various computational tools from the NetCTL and Immune Epitope Database (IEDB), respectively. Results Altogether, 6 HTL cells and 11 CTL epitopes were predicted. This vaccine's molecular docking is done with Patch Dock and LigPlot to verify interactions. The immune server (C-IMMSIM) was used to develop In silico immune response in order to assess the multi-epitope vaccine's immunogenic profile. Conclusion We designed universal vaccine against B. cereus responsible for food poisoning. The disease may be avoided with the aid of the proposed epitope-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Rasheed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, 57000 Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Adil Aldhahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayez Althobaiti
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sobia Sattar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, 57000 Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Umara Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, Rawalpindi Women University, Satellite Town Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hosam Ali Baeshen
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80209, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Daniel Joe Dailin
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ameena A Al-Surhanee
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 2014, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faryal Kabir
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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5
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Bianco A, Capozzi L, Monno MR, Del Sambro L, Manzulli V, Pesole G, Loconsole D, Parisi A. Characterization of Bacillus cereus Group Isolates From Human Bacteremia by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:599524. [PMID: 33510722 PMCID: PMC7835510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus group are spore-forming organisms commonly associated with food poisoning and intestinal infections. Moreover, some strains of the group (i.e., B. cereus sensu stricto and Bacillus thuringiensis) can cause bacteremia in humans, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. Here we performed the genetic characterization of 17 human clinical strains belonging to B. cereus group isolated from blood culture. The whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that the isolates were closely related to B. cereus sensu stricto and B. thuringiensis-type strain. Multilocus sequence typing analysis performed on the draft genome revealed the genetic diversity of our isolates, which were assigned to different sequence types. Based on panC nucleotide sequence, the isolates were grouped in the phylogenetic groups III and IV. The NHE, cer, and inhA gene cluster, entA, entFM, plcA, and plcB, were the most commonly detected virulence genes. Although we did not assess the ability to generate biofilm by phenotypic tests, we verified the prevalence of biofilm associated genes using an in silico approach. A high prevalence of pur gene cluster, xerC, clpY, codY, tasA, sipW, sinI, and sigB genes, was found. Genes related to the resistance to penicillin, trimethoprim, and ceftriaxone were identified in most of the isolates. Intriguingly, the majority of these virulence and AMR genes appeared to be evenly distributed among B. cereus s.s. isolates, as well as closely related to B. thuringiensis isolates. We showed the WGS represents a good approach to rapidly characterize B. cereus group strains, being able to give useful information about genetic epidemiology, the presence of virulence and antimicrobial genes, and finally about the potential hazard related to this underestimated risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bianco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Monno
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Del Sambro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Viviana Manzulli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, University of Bari "A. Moro", Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies of the National Research Council and Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Hygiene Unit, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Foggia, Italy
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6
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Attieh Z, Mouawad C, Rejasse A, Jehanno I, Perchat S, Hegna IK, Økstad OA, Kallassy Awad M, Sanchis-Borja V, El Chamy L. The fliK Gene Is Required for the Resistance of Bacillus thuringiensis to Antimicrobial Peptides and Virulence in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:611220. [PMID: 33391240 PMCID: PMC7775485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.611220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential effectors of the host innate immune system and they represent promising molecules for the treatment of multidrug resistant microbes. A better understanding of microbial resistance to these defense peptides is thus prerequisite for the control of infectious diseases. Here, using a random mutagenesis approach, we identify the fliK gene, encoding an internal molecular ruler that controls flagella hook length, as an essential element for Bacillus thuringiensis resistance to AMPs in Drosophila. Unlike its parental strain, that is highly virulent to both wild-type and AMPs deficient mutant flies, the fliK deletion mutant is only lethal to the latter's. In agreement with its conserved function, the fliK mutant is non-flagellated and exhibits highly compromised motility. However, comparative analysis of the fliK mutant phenotype to that of a fla mutant, in which the genes encoding flagella proteins are interrupted, indicate that B. thuringiensis FliK-dependent resistance to AMPs is independent of flagella assembly. As a whole, our results identify FliK as an essential determinant for B. thuringiensis virulence in Drosophila and provide new insights on the mechanisms underlying bacteria resistance to AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynoun Attieh
- UR-EGP, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Carine Mouawad
- UR-EGP, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Agnès Rejasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Isabelle Jehanno
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stéphane Perchat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ida K. Hegna
- Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Økstad
- Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Vincent Sanchis-Borja
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laure El Chamy
- UR-EGP, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon
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7
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Akamatsu R, Suzuki M, Okinaka K, Sasahara T, Yamane K, Suzuki S, Fujikura D, Furuta Y, Ohnishi N, Esaki M, Shibayama K, Higashi H. Novel Sequence Type in Bacillus cereus Strains Associated with Nosocomial Infections and Bacteremia, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:883-890. [PMID: 31002057 PMCID: PMC6478208 DOI: 10.3201/eid2505.171890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This sequence type was dominant in isolates from bacteremia patients in 3 hospitals. Bacillus cereus is associated with foodborne illnesses characterized by vomiting and diarrhea. Although some B. cereus strains that cause severe extraintestinal infections and nosocomial infections are recognized as serious public health threats in healthcare settings, the genetic backgrounds of B. cereus strains causing such infections remain unknown. By conducting pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, we found that a novel sequence type (ST), newly registered as ST1420, was the dominant ST isolated from the cases of nosocomial infections that occurred in 3 locations in Japan in 2006, 2013, and 2016. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ST1420 strains belonged to the Cereus III lineage, which is much closer to the Anthracis lineage than to other Cereus lineages. Our results suggest that ST1420 is a prevalent ST in B. cereus strains that have caused recent nosocomial infections in Japan.
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8
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Ikram S, Heikal A, Finke S, Hofgaard A, Rehman Y, Sabri AN, Økstad OA. Bacillus cereus biofilm formation on central venous catheters of hospitalised cardiac patients. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:204-216. [PMID: 30950292 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1586889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formation of bacterial biofilms is a risk with many in situ medical devices. Biofilm-forming Bacillus species are associated with potentially life-threatening catheter-related blood stream infections in immunocompromised patients. Here, bacteria were isolated from biofilm-like structures within the lumen of central venous catheters (CVCs) from two patients admitted to cardiac hospital wards. Isolates belonged to the Bacillus cereus group, exhibited strong biofilm formation propensity, and mapped phylogenetically close to the B. cereus emetic cluster. Together, whole genome sequencing and quantitative PCR confirmed that the isolates constituted the same strain and possessed a range of genes important for and up-regulated during biofilm formation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, clindamycin, penicillin and ampicillin. Inspection of the genome revealed several chromosomal β-lactamase genes and a sulphonamide resistant variant of folP. This study clearly shows that B. cereus persisting in hospital ward environments may constitute a risk factor from repeated contamination of CVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samman Ikram
- a Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
- b Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution and Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Adam Heikal
- b Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution and Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Sarah Finke
- b Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution and Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Antje Hofgaard
- c Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Yasir Rehman
- a Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Anjum Nasim Sabri
- a Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Ole Andreas Økstad
- b Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution and Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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9
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Identification and Containment of a Cluster of Two Bacillus cereus Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 2019:1506583. [PMID: 30805067 PMCID: PMC6360598 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1506583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a cluster of invasive Bacillus cereus infections in a neonatal intensive care unit. We describe the clinical course of two infected patients, one of whom died of severe pneumonia after successfully being weaned from ECMO. Environmental analyses failed to yield a common source. Molecular characterization confirmed the homogeneity of both isolates. Rigorous hygiene control and adequate therapy enabled the containment of the cluster.
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10
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Sakihama T, Tokuda Y. Use of Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition Solutions as a Risk Factor for Bacillus cereus Peripheral Venous Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection at a Japanese Tertiary Care Hospital: a Case-Control Study. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 69:531-533. [PMID: 26902219 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The risk factors are unclear for peripheral venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections (PVCBSIs) caused by Bacillus cereus. We aimed to examine for these risk factors in patients with B. cereus PVCBSI by conducting a 2-year case-control study in a large teaching hospital. We analyzed all adult cases of B. cereus PVCBSI (37 patients) and 180 controls who were randomly selected from among patients who had a PVC in place for at least 2 days. Multivariate analysis using a conditional logistic regression model indicated that independent risk factors were use of a peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) solution with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 88.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.4-451.9), and steroid therapy (adjusted OR, 5.7 [95% CI, 1.3-24.4]). In conclusion, use of PPN solutions or steroids was an independent risk factor for B. cereus PVCBSI. Appropriate use of PPN solutions may help prevent B. cereus PVCBSI. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sakihama
- Department of Nursing, International University of Health and Welfare Graduate School
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11
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Rhee C, Klompas M, Tamburini FB, Fremin BJ, Chea N, Epstein L, Halpin AL, Guh A, Gallen R, Coulliette A, Gee J, Hsieh C, Desjardins CA, Pedamullu CS, DeAngelo DJ, Manzo VE, Folkerth RD, Milner DA, Pecora N, Osborne M, Chalifoux-Judge D, Bhatt AS, Yokoe DS. Epidemiologic Investigation of a Cluster of Neuroinvasive Bacillus cereus Infections in 5 Patients With Acute Myelogenous Leukemia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2:ofv096. [PMID: 26269794 PMCID: PMC4531223 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Five neuroinvasive Bacillus cereus infections (4 fatal) occurred in hospitalized patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) during a 9-month period, prompting an investigation by infection control and public health officials. Methods. Medical records of case-patients were reviewed and a matched case-control study was performed. Infection control practices were observed. Multiple environmental, food, and medication samples common to AML patients were cultured. Multilocus sequence typing was performed for case and environmental B cereus isolates. Results. All 5 case-patients received chemotherapy and had early-onset neutropenic fevers that resolved with empiric antibiotics. Fever recurred at a median of 17 days (range, 9-20) with headaches and abrupt neurological deterioration. Case-patients had B cereus identified in central nervous system (CNS) samples by (1) polymerase chain reaction or culture or (2) bacilli seen on CNS pathology stains with high-grade B cereus bacteremia. Two case-patients also had colonic ulcers with abundant bacilli on autopsy. No infection control breaches were observed. On case-control analysis, bananas were the only significant exposure shared by all 5 case-patients (odds ratio, 9.3; P = .04). Five environmental or food isolates tested positive for B cereus, including a homogenized banana peel isolate and the shelf of a kitchen cart where bananas were stored. Multilocus sequence typing confirmed that all case and environmental strains were genetically distinct. Multilocus sequence typing-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the organisms clustered in 2 separate clades. Conclusions. The investigation of this neuroinvasive B cereus cluster did not identify a single point source but was suggestive of a possible dietary exposure. Our experience underscores the potential virulence of B cereus in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanu Rhee
- Department of Population Medicine , Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute , Boston, Massachusetts ; Infection Control Department
| | - Michael Klompas
- Department of Population Medicine , Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute , Boston, Massachusetts ; Infection Control Department
| | | | | | - Nora Chea
- Divisions of Healthcare Quality Promotion ; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lauren Epstein
- Divisions of Healthcare Quality Promotion ; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Alice Guh
- Divisions of Healthcare Quality Promotion
| | | | - Angela Coulliette
- Divisions of Healthcare Quality Promotion ; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jay Gee
- High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology
| | | | | | - Chandra Sekhar Pedamullu
- Broad Institute , Cambridge ; Department of Medical Oncology , Dana Farber Cancer Institute , Boston
| | - Daniel J DeAngelo
- Department of Medical Oncology , Dana Farber Cancer Institute , Boston
| | | | | | - Danny A Milner
- Department of Pathology , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole Pecora
- Department of Pathology , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Osborne
- Division of Epidemiology and Immunization, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain
| | | | - Ami S Bhatt
- School of Medicine , Stanford University , California
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12
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Oie S, Furukawa H, Kobayashi H, Okubo T. Cleanliness of Linen and Clothing Items Professionally Laundered or Dry-Cleaned. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 69:75-6. [PMID: 26073734 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We asked 14 professional cleaners (laundry services) to clean various unused (new) linen and clothing items with a microbial contamination level of <1 cfu/cm(2) and then evaluated the bacterial/fungal contamination of the laundered or dry-cleaned items. After laundering, 6 (21.4%) of the 28 samples from 4 of the 14 cleaners (28.6%) were contaminated (1-1,200 cfu/cm(2)). After dry-cleaning, 2 (7.1%) of the 28 samples from 2 (14.3%) of the 14 cleaners were contaminated (7-10 cfu/cm(2)). The main contaminant was Bacillus cereus. No sample of the laundered or dry-cleaned items showed Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination. All 14 cleaners investigated in this study used batch-type washing machines. Therefore, batch-type washing machines can cause contamination of linen and clothing items with B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Oie
- Department of Pharmacy, Yamaguchi University Hospital
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13
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Parkunan SM, Astley R, Callegan MC. Role of TLR5 and flagella in bacillus intraocular infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100543. [PMID: 24959742 PMCID: PMC4068998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
B. cereus possesses flagella which allow the organism to migrate within the eye during a blinding form of intraocular infection called endophthalmitis. Because flagella is a ligand for Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), we hypothesized that TLR5 contributed to endophthalmitis pathogenesis. Endophthalmitis was induced in C57BL/6J and TLR5−/− mice by injecting 100 CFU of B. cereus into the mid-vitreous. Eyes were analyzed for intraocular bacterial growth, retinal function, and inflammation by published methods. Purified B. cereus flagellin was also injected into the mid-vitreous of wild type C57BL/6J mice and inflammation was analyzed. TLR5 activation by B. cereus flagellin was also analyzed in vitro. B. cereus grew rapidly and at similar rates in infected eyes of C57BL/6J and TLR5−/− mice. A significant loss in retinal function in both groups of mice was observed at 8 and 12 hours postinfection. Retinal architecture disruption and acute inflammation (neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations) increased and were significant at 8 and 12 hours postinfection. Acute inflammation was comparable in TLR5−/− and C57BL/6J mice. Physiological concentrations of purified B. cereus flagellin caused significant inflammation in C57BL/6J mouse eyes, but not to the extent of that observed during active infection. Purified B. cereus flagellin was a weak agonist for TLR5 in vitro. These results demonstrated that the absence of TLR5 did not have a significant effect on the evolution of B. cereus endophthalmitis. This disparity may be due to sequence differences in important TLR5 binding domains in B. cereus flagellin or the lack of flagellin monomers in the eye to activate TLR5 during infection. Taken together, these results suggest a limited role for flagellin/TLR5 interactions in B. cereus endophthalmitis. Based on this and previous data, the importance of flagella in this disease lies in its contribution to the motility of the organism within the eye during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salai Madhumathi Parkunan
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Roger Astley
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Michelle C. Callegan
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tran SL, Ramarao N. Bacillus cereus immune escape: a journey within macrophages. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 347:1-6. [PMID: 23827020 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During bacterial infection, professional phagocytes are attracted to the site of infection, where they constitute a first line of host cell defense. Their function is to engulf and destroy the pathogens. Thus, bacteria must withstand the bactericidal activity of professional phagocytes, including macrophages to counteract the host immune system. Bacillus cereus infections are characterized by bacteremia despite the accumulation of inflammatory cells at the site of infection. This implies that the bacteria have developed means of resisting the host immune system. Bacillus cereus spores survive, germinate, and multiply in contact with macrophages, eventually producing toxins that kill these cells. However, the exact mechanism by which B. cereus evades immune attack remains unclear. This review addresses the interaction between B. cereus and macrophages, highlighting, in particular, the ways in which the bacteria escape the microbicidal activities of professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seav-Ly Tran
- INRA, Unité MICALIS, AgroParisTech, UMR-1319, La Minière, Guyancourt, France
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15
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The pore-forming haemolysins of bacillus cereus: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1119-39. [PMID: 23748204 PMCID: PMC3717773 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus sensu lato group contains diverse Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal diseases and severe eye infections in humans. They have also been incriminated in a multitude of other severe, and frequently fatal, clinical infections, such as osteomyelitis, septicaemia, pneumonia, liver abscess and meningitis, particularly in immuno-compromised patients and preterm neonates. The pathogenic properties of this organism are mediated by the synergistic effects of a number of virulence products that promote intestinal cell destruction and/or resistance to the host immune system. This review focuses on the pore-forming haemolysins produced by B. cereus: haemolysin I (cereolysin O), haemolysin II, haemolysin III and haemolysin IV (CytK). Haemolysin I belongs to the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family whose best known members are listeriolysin O and perfringolysin O, produced by L. monocytogenes and C. perfringens respectively. HlyII and CytK are oligomeric ß-barrel pore-forming toxins related to the α-toxin of S. aureus or the ß-toxin of C. perfringens. The structure of haemolysin III, the least characterized haemolytic toxin from the B. cereus, group has not yet been determined.
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Adelowo OO, Akinlabi IA, Fagade OE. Environmental impact assessment of Attenda abattoir, Ogbomoso southwestern Nigeria on surface and groundwater quality using geo-electrical imaging and microbiological analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:4565-4574. [PMID: 22105848 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The impact of Attenda abattoir, Ogbomoso southwestern Nigeria on four water sources was investigated using geoelectrical imaging and microbiological analysis. 2D electrical resistivity imaging indicated groundwater contamination by leachate from the abattoir. Electrical resistivity values measured by the traverse run directly on the waste dump and other areas impacted by the waste from the abattoir are generally very low (6.68-16.7 Ωm) in comparison to other positions (135-288 Ωm). The total viable bacteria count of the water samples ranged from 0.49 × 10(6) to 2.85 × 10(8) cfu/ml and all samples are contaminated with coliforms with the most probable number (MPN)/100 ml ranging from 110 to ≥ 1,600 MPN/100 ml. Among bacteria isolated from the study site (n = 95), resistance to eight antibiotics ranged from 35.8% to 94%. In addition, 85% of Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 31) and Staphylococci (n = 9) showed haemolytic activity while 92% of all isolates showed β-lactamase activity. These results suggest that operations of the abattoir may impact negatively on surrounding aquatic ecosystem and endanger the health of surrounding residents who use water from the wells for domestic purposes. Furthermore, such aquatic ecosystems may serve as reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Olufemi Adelowo
- Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P. M. B 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
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17
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Wiedermann CJ, Stockner I, Plattner B. Bacillus species infective arthritis after knee arthroscopy. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2011; 11:555-8. [PMID: 20969473 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2009.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus species infection of the joints is a very rare occurrence, with sporadic reports in the medical literature. CASE REPORT A 67-year-old woman with osteoarthritis developed infection in the knee joint after arthroscopy. Percutaneous needle aspiration of articular fluid performed post-operatively showed a positive culture for Bacillus species. The diagnosis of septic arthritis was, however, not confirmed as the results were considered contamination. Failure of treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics on two occasions and successful cure of infective arthritis by long-term administration of a fluoroquinolone confirmed iatrogenic clinical joint infection with Bacillus species. CONCLUSION Any clinically suspected joint infection must be treated as septic arthritis until proved otherwise.
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Sasahara T, Hayashi S, Morisawa Y, Sakihama T, Yoshimura A, Hirai Y. Bacillus cereus bacteremia outbreak due to contaminated hospital linens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 30:219-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jeong ES, Shin JH, Shin MG, Suh SP, Ryang DW. Usefulness of a Chromogenic Selective Agar for the Identification of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Blood Cultures. Ann Lab Med 2010; 30:394-9. [DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2010.30.4.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sun Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Hee Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Soon Pal Suh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Ryang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Park SH, Shim H, Yoon NS, Kim MN. Clinical Relevance of Time-to-positivity in BACTEC9240 Blood Culture System. Ann Lab Med 2010; 30:276-83. [DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2010.30.3.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyuk Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoeun Shim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Seop Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Na Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, motile, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely distributed environmentally. While B. cereus is associated mainly with food poisoning, it is being increasingly reported to be a cause of serious and potentially fatal non-gastrointestinal-tract infections. The pathogenicity of B. cereus, whether intestinal or nonintestinal, is intimately associated with the production of tissue-destructive exoenzymes. Among these secreted toxins are four hemolysins, three distinct phospholipases, an emesis-inducing toxin, and proteases. The major hurdle in evaluating B. cereus when isolated from a clinical specimen is overcoming its stigma as an insignificant contaminant. Outside its notoriety in association with food poisoning and severe eye infections, this bacterium has been incriminated in a multitude of other clinical conditions such as anthrax-like progressive pneumonia, fulminant sepsis, and devastating central nervous system infections, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals, intravenous drug abusers, and neonates. Its role in nosocomial acquired bacteremia and wound infections in postsurgical patients has also been well defined, especially when intravascular devices such as catheters are inserted. Primary cutaneous infections mimicking clostridial gas gangrene induced subsequent to trauma have also been well documented. B. cereus produces a potent beta-lactamase conferring marked resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrobials noted to be effective in the empirical management of a B. cereus infection while awaiting antimicrobial susceptibility results for the isolate include ciprofloxacin and vancomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Bottone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Box 1090, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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22
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Na JS, Kim TH, Kim HS, Park SH, Song HS, Cha SW, Yoon HJ. Liver abscess and sepsis with Bacillus pantothenticus in an immunocompetent patient: A first case report. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5360-3. [PMID: 19908347 PMCID: PMC2776866 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus species are aerobic, gram-positive, spore forming rods that are usually found in the soil, dust, streams, and other environmental sources. Except for Bacillus. anthracis (B. anthracis), most species display low virulence, and only rarely cause infections in hosts with weak or damaged immune systems. There are two case reports of B. cereus as a potentially serious bacterial pathogen causing a liver abscess in an immunologically competent patient. We herein report a case of liver abscess and sepsis caused by B. pantothenticus in an immunocompetent patient. Until now, no case of liver abscess due to B. pantothenticus has been reported.
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23
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Lee YL, Shih SD, Weng YJ, Chen C, Liu CE. Fatal spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and necrotizing fasciitis with bacteraemia caused by Bacillus cereus in a patient with cirrhosis. J Med Microbiol 2009; 59:242-244. [PMID: 19850708 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.011056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and necrotizing fasciitis caused by Bacillus cereus in a cirrhotic patient without preceding disruption of skin or symptoms of gastroenteritis. This rapidly fatal infection due to B. cereus adds to the long list of aetiologies of infectious complications among patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Dong Shih
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chiayi Veterans Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jong Weng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chia-Yi Veterans Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Changhua Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Eng Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
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Kuroki R, Kawakami K, Qin L, Kaji C, Watanabe K, Kimura Y, Ishiguro C, Tanimura S, Tsuchiya Y, Hamaguchi I, Sakakura M, Sakabe S, Tsuji K, Inoue M, Watanabe H. Nosocomial bacteremia caused by biofilm-forming Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Intern Med 2009; 48:791-6. [PMID: 19443973 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial biofilms cause serious problems, such as antibiotic resistance and medical device-related infections. Recent reports indicate that Bacillus species potentially form biofilms and cause nosocomial bacteremia via catheter infection. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between nosocomial bacteremia caused by Bacillus species and biofilm formations. METHODS Between 2001 and 2006, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from blood samples of 21 patients with nosocomial bacteremia in two hospitals. The patients had underlying diseases such as cerebrovascular damage, malignant disease, or chronic obstructive lung disease and had high fever at the onset of bacteremia. After investigation, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis were isolated from patient's catheter tip, gauze, and hospital environment. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) on 32 B. cereus and 7 B. thuringiensis isolates, microtiter biofilm assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on 22 B. cereus isolates from patient's blood were performed. RESULTS Molecular analysis by PFGE showed that 32 B. cereus strains had 21 patterns and 7 B. thuringiensis strains had 3 patterns. The PFGE patterns of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus in blood samples from 2 patients blood were similar to those from the same patient's catheter tip. The PFGE pattern of B. cereus from a hospital environment was similar to that from 2 patients' blood samples, and the PFGE pattern of B. thuringiensis from 2 hospital environments was similar to that from 2 patients' blood. The biofilm formations by 22 B. cereus isolates from patients' blood were confirmed by microtiter biofilm assay and SEM even at 24 hours. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that various types of Bacillus species exist in hospital environments and the biofilm-forming strains potentially cause nosocomial bacteremia by catheter infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiki Kuroki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki
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Introduction of a Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) approach for assessment of selected microorganisms referred to EFSA - Opinion of the Scientific Committee. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Callegan MC, Cochran DC, Kane ST, Ramadan RT, Chodosh J, McLean C, Stroman DW. Virulence factor profiles and antimicrobial susceptibilities of ocular bacillus isolates. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31:693-702. [PMID: 16966141 DOI: 10.1080/02713680600850963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus causes one of the most rapidly blinding intraocular infections: endophthalmitis. In this study, Bacillus spp. were isolated from ocular infection cases, taxonomically characterized by riboprint analysis, and screened for the presence of putative virulence factors. The ability of these isolates to kill retinal and corneal cells was examined, as were antibiotic susceptibility profiles. The majority of isolates belonged to the B. cereus taxonomic group of microorganisms and were identified as B. cereus (53%) or B. thuringiensis (26%). Toxins were identified in most B. thuringiensis and B. cereus isolates. Most B. cereus and B. thuringiensis killed corneal and retinal cells within 6 h. All isolates were susceptible to most antibiotics tested, with quinolones and vancomycin being the most potent. These findings represent the first report of B. thuringiensis as an important ocular pathogen, demonstrates the potential ocular toxicity of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis isolates, and identifies antibiotics whose efficacy against Bacillus were superior to those used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Callegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Immunology, Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA.
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