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Lazar S, Neufeld-Cohen A, Egoz I, Baranes S, Gez R, Glick P, Cohen M, Gutman H, Chapman S, Gore A. Efficacy of a combined anti-seizure treatment against cholinergic established status epilepticus following a sarin nerve agent insult in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 484:116870. [PMID: 38395364 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of refractory status epilepticus (SE) following sarin intoxication presents a therapeutic challenge. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of delayed combined double or triple treatment in reducing abnormal epileptiform seizure activity (ESA) and the ensuing long-term neuronal insult. SE was induced in rats by exposure to 1.2 LD50 sarin followed by treatment with atropine and TMB4 (TA) 1 min later. Double treatment with ketamine and midazolam or triple treatment with ketamine, midazolam and levetiracetam was administered 30 min post-exposure, and the results were compared to those of single treatment with midazolam alone or triple treatment with ketamine, midazolam, and valproate, which was previously shown to ameliorate this neurological insult. Toxicity and electrocorticogram activity were monitored during the first week, and behavioral evaluations were performed 2 weeks post-exposure, followed by biochemical and immunohistopathological analyses. Both double and triple treatment reduced mortality and enhanced weight recovery compared to TA-only treatment. Triple treatment and, to a lesser extent, double treatment significantly ameliorated the ESA duration. Compared to the TA-only or the TA+ midazolam treatment, both double and triple treatment reduced the sarin-induced increase in the neuroinflammatory marker PGE2 and the brain damage marker TSPO and decreased gliosis, astrocytosis and neuronal damage. Finally, both double and triple treatment prevented a change in behavior, as measured in the open field test. No significant difference was observed between the efficacies of the two triple treatments, and both triple combinations completely prevented brain injury (no differences from the naïve rats). Delayed double and, to a greater extent, triple treatment may serve as an efficacious delayed therapy, preventing brain insult propagation following sarin-induced refractory SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Adi Neufeld-Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Inbal Egoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shlomi Baranes
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Rellie Gez
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Pnina Glick
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Maayan Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Hila Gutman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shira Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Ariel Gore
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
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2
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Xie F, Wei W. [ 64Cu]Cu-ATSM: an emerging theranostic agent for cancer and neuroinflammation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3964-3972. [PMID: 35918492 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xie
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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3
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Lotfy MA, Ayaad MG, Elsawaf MI, Atyia GF. Continuous midazolam infusion can minimize the pro-inflammatory response to anesthesia and surgery for pediatric patients with intra-abdominal infection: Comparative study versus continuous propofol infusion. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/11101849.2021.1955532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Lotfy
- Department of Anesthesia & ICU, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G. Ayaad
- Department of Anesthesia & ICU, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Elsawaf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Gehan F. Atyia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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4
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Gore A, Neufeld-Cohen A, Egoz I, Baranes S, Gez R, Efrati R, David T, Dekel Jaoui H, Yampolsky M, Grauer E, Chapman S, Lazar S. Neuroprotection by delayed triple therapy following sarin nerve agent insult in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 419:115519. [PMID: 33823148 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of refractory status epilepticus (SE) induced by sarin intoxication presents a therapeutic challenge. In our current research we evaluate the efficacy of a delayed combined triple treatment in ending the abnormal epileptiform seizure activity (ESA) and the ensuing of long-term neuronal insult. SE was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by exposure to 1.2LD50 sarin insufficiently treated by atropine and TMB4 (TA) 1 min later. Triple treatment of ketamine, midazolam and valproic acid was administered 30 min or 1 h post exposure and was compared to a delayed single treatment with midazolam alone. Toxicity and electrocorticogram activity were monitored during the first week and behavioral evaluation performed 3 weeks post exposure followed by brain biochemical and immunohistopathological analyses. The addition of both single and triple treatments reduced mortality and enhanced weight recovery compared to the TA-only treated group. The triple treatment also significantly minimized the duration of the ESA, reduced the sarin-induced increase in the neuroinflammatory marker PGE2, the brain damage marker TSPO, decreased the gliosis, astrocytosis and neuronal damage compared to the TA+ midazolam or only TA treated groups. Finally, the triple treatment eliminated the sarin exposed increased open field activity, as well as impairing recognition memory as seen in the other experimental groups. The delayed triple treatment may serve as an efficient therapy, which prevents brain insult propagation following sarin-induced refractory SE, even if treatment is postponed for up to 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gore
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Adi Neufeld-Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Inbal Egoz
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shlomi Baranes
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Rellie Gez
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Rahav Efrati
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Tse'ela David
- The Veterinary Center for Pre-clinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness- Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Hani Dekel Jaoui
- The Veterinary Center for Pre-clinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness- Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Michael Yampolsky
- The Veterinary Center for Pre-clinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness- Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Ettie Grauer
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shira Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel.
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5
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Gore A, Neufeld-Cohen A, Egoz I, Baranes S, Gez R, Grauer E, Chapman S, Lazar S. Efficacy of retigabine in ameliorating the brain insult following sarin exposure in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 395:114963. [PMID: 32209366 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.114963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarin is an irreversible organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor. Following toxic signs, an extensive long-term brain damage is often reported. Thus, we evaluated the efficacy of a novel anticonvulsant drug retigabine, a modulator of neuronal voltage gated K+ channels, as a neuroprotective agent following sarin exposure. METHODS Rats were exposed to 1 LD50 or 1.2 LD50 sarin and treated at onset of convulsions with retigabine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) alone or in combination with 5 mg/kg atropine and 7.5 mg/kg TMB-4 (TA) respectively. Brain biochemical and immunohistopathological analyses were processed 24 h and 1 week following 1 LD50 sarin exposure and at 4 weeks following exposure to 1.2 LD50 sarin. EEG activity in freely moving rats was also monitored by telemetry during the first week following exposure to 1.2 LD50 and behavior in the Open Field was evaluated 3 weeks post exposure. RESULTS Treatment with retigabine following 1 LD50 sarin exposure or in combination with TA following 1.2 LD50 exposure significantly reduced mortality rate compared to the non-treated groups. In both experiments, the retigabine treatment significantly reduced gliosis, astrocytosis and brain damage as measured by translocator protein (TSPO). Following sarin exposure the combined treatment (retigabine+ TA) significantly minimized epileptiform seizure activity. Finally, in the Open Field behavioral test the non-treated sarin group showed an increased mobility which was reversed by the combined treatment. CONCLUSIONS The M current modulator retigabine has been shown to be an effective adjunct therapy following OP induced convulsion, minimizing epileptiform seizure activity and attenuating the ensuing brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Gore
- Department. of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Adi Neufeld-Cohen
- Department. of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Inbal Egoz
- Department. of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shlomi Baranes
- Department. of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Rellie Gez
- Department. of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Ettie Grauer
- Department. of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shira Chapman
- Department. of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department. of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
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6
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Mishra PK, Verma S, Kumar M, Kumar A, Verma AK. Harnessing the reactivity of ortho-formyl-arylketones: base-promoted regiospecific synthesis of functionalized isoquinolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8278-8281. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03689j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and base-mediated one-pot regiospecific synthesis of structurally diversified isoquinolines and benzo[h] isoquinolines from easily accessible ortho-formyl-arylketones and aryl/(het)arylmethanamines has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shalini Verma
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi 110007
- India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi 110007
- India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi 110007
- India
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7
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Park AR, Yum EK. Introduction of Diverse Functional Groups to Isoquinolines by Microwave-assisted Transition Metal-catalyzed Coupling Reactions. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Reum Park
- Department of Chemistry; Chungnam National University; Daejon 34134 Korea
| | - Eul Kgun Yum
- Department of Chemistry; Chungnam National University; Daejon 34134 Korea
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8
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Shi X, Wang R, Zeng X, Zhang Y, Hu H, Xie C, Wang M. Ruthenium (II)‐Catalyzed Oxidant‐Free Coupling/Cyclization of Benzimidates and Sulfoxonium Ylides to Form Substituted Isoquinolines. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Shi
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Rongchao Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Zeng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Yilan Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Hu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsong Xie
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
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9
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Bloch-Shilderman E, Rabinovitz I, Egoz I, Yacov G, Allon N, Nili U. Determining a threshold sub-acute dose leading to minimal physiological alterations following prolonged exposure to the nerve agent VX in rats. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:873-892. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Yankam Njiwa J, Costes N, Bouillot C, Bouvard S, Fieux S, Becker G, Levigoureux E, Kocevar G, Stamile C, Langlois JB, Bolbos R, Bonnet C, Bezin L, Zimmer L, Hammers A. Quantitative longitudinal imaging of activated microglia as a marker of inflammation in the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy using [ 11C]-( R)-PK11195 PET and MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1251-1263. [PMID: 27381824 PMCID: PMC5414902 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16653615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may play a role in the development of epilepsy after brain insults. [11C]-( R)-PK11195 binds to TSPO, expressed by activated microglia. We quantified [11C]-( R)-PK11195 binding during epileptogenesis after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Nine male rats were studied thrice (D0-1, D0 + 6, D0 + 35, D0 = SE induction). In the same session, 7T T2-weighted images and DTI for mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were acquired, followed by dynamic PET/CT. On D0 + 35, femoral arterial blood was sampled for rat-specific metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input functions (AIFs). In multiple MR-derived ROIs, we assessed four kinetic models (two with AIFs; two using a reference region), standard uptake values (SUVs), and a model with a mean AIF. All models showed large (up to two-fold) and significant TSPO binding increases in regions expected to be affected, and comparatively little change in the brainstem, at D0 + 6. Some individuals showed increases at D0 + 35. AIF models yielded more consistent increases at D0 + 6. FA values were decreased at D0 + 6 and had recovered by D0 + 35. MD was increased at D0 + 6 and more so at D0 + 35. [11C]-( R)-PK11195 PET binding and MR biomarker changes could be detected with only nine rats, highlighting the potential of longitudinal imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Costes
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - C Bouillot
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - S Bouvard
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France.,3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - S Fieux
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - G Becker
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - E Levigoureux
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - R Bolbos
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - C Bonnet
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - L Bezin
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - L Zimmer
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France.,3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - A Hammers
- 1 Neurodis Foundation, Lyon, France.,6 Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Lazar S, Egoz I, Brandeis R, Chapman S, Bloch-Shilderman E, Grauer E. Propagation of damage in the rat brain following sarin exposure: Differential progression of early processes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 310:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Li XG, Sun M, Jin Q, Liu K, Liu PN. Access to Isoquinolines and Isoquinolin-3-ols via Rh(III)-Catalyzed Coupling/Cyclization Cascade Reaction of Arylimidates and Diazo Compounds. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3901-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and
Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Min Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and
Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiao Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and
Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and
Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and
Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
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13
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Sanchez-Guajardo V, Tentillier N, Romero-Ramos M. The relation between α-synuclein and microglia in Parkinson's disease: Recent developments. Neuroscience 2015; 302:47-58. [PMID: 25684748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests a complex role for microglia not only in Parkinson's disease but in other disorders involving alpha-synuclein aggregation, such as multiple system atrophy. In these neurodegenerative processes, the activation of microglia is a common pathological finding, which disturbs the homeostasis of the neuronal environment otherwise maintained, among others, by microglia. The term activation comprises any deviation from what otherwise is considered normal microglia status, including cellular abundance, morphology or protein expression. The microglial response during disease will sustain survival or otherwise promote cell degeneration. The novel concepts of alpha-synuclein being released and uptaken by neighboring cells, and their importance in disease progression, positions microglia as the main cell that can clear and handle alpha-synuclein efficiently. Microglia's behavior will therefore be a determinant on the disease's progression. For this reason we believe that the better understanding of microglia's response to alpha-synuclein pathological accumulation across brain areas and disease stages is essential to develop novel therapeutic tools for Parkinson's disease and other alpha-synucleinopathies. In this review we will revise the most recent findings and developments with regard to alpha-synuclein and microglia in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sanchez-Guajardo
- AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Disease, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - N Tentillier
- AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; CNS Disease Modeling Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Romero-Ramos
- AU IDEAS center NEURODIN, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; CNS Disease Modeling Group, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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14
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Chu H, Sun S, Yu JT, Cheng J. Rh-catalyzed sequential oxidative C–H activation/annulation with geminal-substituted vinyl acetates to access isoquinolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04708k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The concise synthesis of 3-substituted or non-C3-substituted isoquinolines through Rh-catalyzed sequential oxidative C–H activation/annulation with geminal-substituted vinyl acetates was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoke Chu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Song Sun
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
| | - Jiang Cheng
- School of Petrochemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Fine Petrochemical Engineering
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
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15
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Jiang Y, Sun R, Wang Q, Tang XY, Shi M. Cyclization of sulfide, ether or tertiary amine-tethered N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles: a facile synthetic protocol for 3-substituted isoquinolines or dihydroisoquinolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16968-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07511d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel cyclization reaction of sulfide, ether or tertiary amine-tethered N-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles, has been developed, efficiently affording 3-substituted isoquinoline or dihydroisoquinoline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Run Sun
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiang-Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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16
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Gupta S, Han J, Kim Y, Lee SW, Rhee YH, Park J. C–H Activation Guided by Aromatic N–H Ketimines: Synthesis of Functionalized Isoquinolines Using Benzyl Azides and Alkynes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9094-103. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501465q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghoon Han
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon W. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University Natural Science Campus, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaiwook Park
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
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17
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Zhang ZW, Lin A, Yang J. Methyl Ketone Oxime Esters as Nucleophilic Coupling Partners in Pd-Catalyzed C–H Alkylation and Application in the Synthesis of Isoquinolines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7041-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5010586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aijun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | - Jiong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
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Kusama H, Kobayashi R, Kurita-Ochiai T. Midazolam inhibits IgE production in mice via suppression of class switch recombination. J Oral Sci 2014; 56:77-83. [PMID: 24739711 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylactic shock is characterized by increased capillary permeability and a decline in blood pressure due to excessive production of IgE. Midazolam (MDZ) is reported to have immunomodulatory properties. However, little is known about the effect of MDZ on the production of IgE antibody. We examined whether MDZ can suppress antigen-specific and total IgE production followed by IgE class switch recombination (CSR). MDZ was administered intraperitoneally to mice prior to ovalbumin (OVA) plus native cholera toxin (nCT) immunization. Serum OVA-specific and total IgE responses, and surface IgE-positive B cells were analyzed by ELISA and flow cytometry. Furthermore, expression levels of CSR-associated molecules such as germ-line transcript ε (εGLT), germ-circle tanscript ε (εCT), AID, and Id2 in the spleen were compared. The levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-4 mRNA and protein were also examined in the spleen and serum. MDZ significantly suppressed OVA-specific and total IgE levels in plasma and surface IgE-positive B cells in the spleen. Moreover, MDZ-treated mice had significantly reduced levels of εGLT and εCT. Furthermore, although the levels of IFN-γ mRNA and protein were significantly elevated, those of IL-4 were reduced in MDZ-treated mice. Therefore, MDZ may be an important modulator of allergic responses through its ability to downregulate IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Kusama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
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Kornhaaß C, Kuper C, Ackermann L. Ferrocenylalkynes for Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Isohypsic CH/NO Bond Functionalizations. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201301156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kornhaaß
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg‐August‐Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐551‐39‐6777
| | - Christian Kuper
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg‐August‐Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐551‐39‐6777
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg‐August‐Universität, Tammanstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐551‐39‐6777
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Chuang SC, Gandeepan P, Cheng CH. Synthesis of isoquinolines via Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation using hydrazone as a new oxidizing directing group. Org Lett 2013; 15:5750-3. [PMID: 24156564 DOI: 10.1021/ol402796m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and mechanistically interesting method for the synthesis of highly substituted isoquinolines by a Rh(III)-catalyzed hydrazone directed ortho C-H bond activation and annulation without an external oxidant is described. This reaction is accomplished via a C-C and C-N bond formation along with N-N bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Arambasic M, Hooper JF, Willis MC. Activating group recycling in action: a rhodium-catalyzed carbothiolation route to substituted isoquinolines. Org Lett 2013; 15:5162-5. [PMID: 24083625 PMCID: PMC3817538 DOI: 10.1021/ol402650q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
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A new rhodium(I) catalyst allows practical and efficient alkyne carbothiolation reactions to be achieved on synthetically useful ketone-bearing aryl methyl sulfides. The carbothiolation adducts, featuring a ‘recycled methyl sulfide’ activating group, are convenient precursors to highly substituted isoquinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Arambasic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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Tian Y, Qi J, Sun C, Yin D, Wang X, Xiao Q. One-pot synthesis of 4-methylisoquinolines via a sequential Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction and intramolecular cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7262-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Magnesium sulfate treatment against sarin poisoning: dissociation between overt convulsions and recorded cortical seizure activity. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:347-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Synthesis of substituted isoquinolines utilizing palladium-catalyzed α-arylation of ketones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11605-8. [PMID: 22753504 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206532109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of sequential palladium-catalyzed α-arylation and cyclization reactions provides a general approach to an array of isoquinolines and their corresponding N-oxides. This methodology allows the convergent combination of readily available precursors in a regioselective manner and in excellent overall yields. This powerful route to polysubstituted isoquinolines, which is not limited to electron rich moieties, also allows rapid access to analogues of biologically active compounds.
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Endres CJ, Coughlin JM, Gage KL, Watkins CC, Kassiou M, Pomper MG. Radiation dosimetry and biodistribution of the TSPO ligand 11C-DPA-713 in humans. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:330-5. [PMID: 22241913 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.094565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Whole-body PET/CT was used to characterize the radiation dosimetry of (11)C-DPA-713, a specific PET ligand for the assessment of translocator protein. METHODS Six healthy control subjects, 3 men and 3 women, underwent whole-body dynamic PET scans after bolus injection of (11)C-DPA-713. Subjects were scanned from head to mid thigh with 7 passes performed, with a total PET acquisition of approximately 100 min. Time-activity curves were generated in organs with visible tracer uptake, and tissue residence times were calculated. Whole-body dosimetry was calculated using OLINDA 1.1 software, assuming no voiding. RESULTS The absorbed dose is highest in the lungs, spleen, kidney, and pancreas. The lungs were determined to be the dose-limiting organ, with an average absorbed dose of 2.01 × 10(-2) mSv/MBq (7.43 × 10(-2) rem/mCi). On the basis of exposure limits outlined in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Code of Federal Regulations (21CFR361.1), the single-dose limit for (11)C-DPA-713 radiotracer injection is 2,487.6 MBq (67.3 mCi). CONCLUSION (11)C-DPA-713 has an uptake pattern that is consistent with the biodistribution of translocator protein and yields a dose burden that is comparable to that of other (11)C-labeled PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Endres
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Tanabe K, Kozawa O, Iida H. Midazolam suppresses interleukin-1β-induced interleukin-6 release from rat glial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:68. [PMID: 21682888 PMCID: PMC3131232 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) expression levels are low in normal human brain, but their levels increase in inflammation, brain injury, neurodegenerative states and gliomas. It has been reported that PBR functions as an immunomodulator. The mechanisms of action of midazolam, a benzodiazepine, in the immune system in the CNS remain to be fully elucidated. We previously reported that interleukin (IL)-1β stimulates IL-6 synthesis from rat C6 glioma cells and that IL-1β induces phosphorylation of inhibitory kappa B (IκB), p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3. It has been shown that p38 MAP kinase is involved in IL-1β-induced IL-6 release from these cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of midazolam on IL-1β-induced IL-6 release from C6 cells, and the mechanisms of this effect. Methods Cultured C6 cells were stimulated by IL-1β. IL-6 release from C6 cells was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and phosphorylation of IκB, the MAP kinase superfamily, and STAT3 was analyzed by Western blotting. Results Midazolam, but not propofol, inhibited IL-1β-stimulated IL-6 release from C6 cells. The IL-1β-stimulated levels of IL-6 were suppressed by wedelolactone (an inhibitor of IκB kinase), SP600125 (an inhibitor of SAPK/JNK), and JAK inhibitor I (an inhibitor of JAK 1, 2 and 3). However, IL-6 levels were not affected by PD98059 (an inhibitor of MEK1/2). Midazolam markedly suppressed IL-1β-stimulated STAT3 phosphorylation without affecting the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, SAPK/JNK or IκB. Conclusion These results strongly suggest that midazolam inhibits IL-1β-induced IL-6 release in rat C6 glioma cells via suppression of STAT3 activation. Midazolam may affect immune system function in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Tanabe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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Varga B, Markó K, Hádinger N, Jelitai M, Demeter K, Tihanyi K, Vas A, Madarász E. Translocator protein (TSPO 18kDa) is expressed by neural stem and neuronal precursor cells. Neurosci Lett 2009; 462:257-62. [PMID: 19545604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa, the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor by its earlier name, is a mitochondrial membrane protein associated with the mitochondrial permeability pore. While the function of the protein is not properly understood, it is known to play roles in necrotic and apoptotic processes of the neural tissue. In the healthy adult brain, TSPO expression is restricted to glial cells. In developing or damaged neural regions, however, TSPO appears in differentiating/regenerating neurons. Using immunocytochemical, molecular biological and cell biological techniques, we demonstrate that TSPO mRNA and protein, while missing from mature neurons, are present in neural stem cells and also in postmitotic neuronal precursors. Investigating some distinct stages of in vitro differentiation of NE-4C neural stem cells, TSPO 18 kDa was found to be repressed in a relatively late phase of neuron formation, when mature neuron-specific features appear. This timing indicates that mitochondria in fully developed neurons display specific characteristics and provides an additional marker for characterising neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Varga
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Nuclear imaging of neuroinflammation: a comprehensive review of [11C]PK11195 challengers. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 35:2304-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-008-0908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Weissman BA, Raveh L. Therapy against organophosphate poisoning: The importance of anticholinergic drugs with antiglutamatergic properties. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 232:351-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tárnok K, Kiss E, Luiten PGM, Nyakas C, Tihanyi K, Schlett K, Eisel ULM. Effects of Vinpocetine on mitochondrial function and neuroprotection in primary cortical neurons. Neurochem Int 2008; 53:289-95. [PMID: 18793690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vinpocetine (ethyl apovincaminate), a synthetic derivative of the Vinca minor alkaloid vincamine, is widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular-related diseases. One of the proposed mechanisms underlying its action is to protect against the cytotoxic effects of glutamate overexposure. Glutamate excitotoxicity leads to the disregulation of mitochondrial function and neuronal metabolism. As Vinpocetine has a binding affinity to the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) involved in the mitochondrial transition pore complex, we investigated whether neuroprotection can be at least partially due to Vinpocetine's effects on PBRs. Neuroprotective effects of PK11195 and Ro5-4864, two drugs with selective and high affinity to PBR, were compared to Vinpocetine in glutamate excitotoxicity assays on primary cortical neuronal cultures. Vinpocetine exerted a neuroprotective action in a 1-50microM concentration range while PK11195 and Ro5-4864 were only slightly neuroprotective, especially in high (>25microM) concentrations. Combined pretreatment of neuronal cultures with Vinpocetine and PK11195 or Ro5-4864 showed increased neuroprotection in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the different drugs may have different targets. To test this hypothesis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of cultured neurons was measured by flow cytometry. 25microM Vinpocetine reduced the decrease of mitochondrial inner membrane potential induced by glutamate exposure, but Ro5-4864 in itself was found to be more potent to block glutamate-evoked changes in MMP. Combination of Ro5-4864 and Vinpocetine treatment was found to be even more effective. In summary, the present results indicate that the neuroprotective action of vinpocetine in culture can not be explained by its effect on neuronal PBRs alone and that additional drug targets are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tárnok
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Bloch-Shilderman E, Rabinovitz I, Egoz I, Raveh L, Allon N, Grauer E, Gilat E, Weissman BA. Subchronic exposure to low-doses of the nerve agent VX: Physiological, behavioral, histopathological and neurochemical studies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Grauer E, Chapman S, Rabinovitz I, Raveh L, Weissman BA, Kadar T, Allon N. Single whole-body exposure to sarin vapor in rats: Long-term neuronal and behavioral deficits. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 227:265-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen MK, Guilarte TR. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO): molecular sensor of brain injury and repair. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118:1-17. [PMID: 18374421 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For over 15 years, the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), recently named translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been studied as a biomarker of reactive gliosis and inflammation associated with a variety of neuropathological conditions. Early studies documented that in the brain parenchyma, TSPO is exclusively localized in glial cells. Under normal physiological conditions, TSPO levels are low in the brain neuropil but they markedly increase at sites of brain injury and inflammation making it uniquely suited for assessing active gliosis. This research has generated significant efforts from multiple research groups throughout the world to apply TSPO as a marker of "active" brain pathology using in vivo imaging modalities such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in experimental animals and humans. Further, in the last few years, there has been an increased interest in understanding the molecular and cellular function(s) of TSPO in glial cells. The latest evidence suggests that TSPO may not only serve as a biomarker of active brain disease but also the use of TSPO-specific ligands may have therapeutic implications in brain injury and repair. This review presents an overview of the history and function of TSPO focusing on studies related to its use as a sensor of active brain disease in experimental animals and in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kai Chen
- Neurotoxicology & Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Oxotremorine-induced hypothermia as a method for evaluating long-term neuronal changes following poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitors in rats. Toxicology 2007; 242:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Probst KC, Izquierdo D, Bird JLE, Brichard L, Franck D, Davies JR, Fryer TD, Richards HK, Clark JC, Davenport AP, Weissberg PL, Warburton EA. Strategy for improved [11C]DAA1106 radiosynthesis and in vivo peripheral benzodiazepine receptor imaging using microPET, evaluation of [11C]DAA1106. Nucl Med Biol 2007; 34:439-46. [PMID: 17499734 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) has shown considerable potential as a clinical marker of neuroinflammation and tumour progression. [(11)C]DAA1106 ([(11)C]N-(2,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-(5-fluoro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-acetamide) is a promising positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for imaging PBRs. METHODS A four-step synthetic route was devised to prepare DAA1123, the precursor for [(11)C]DAA1106. Two robust, high yielding methods for radiosynthesis based on [(11)C]-O-methylation of DAA1123 were developed and implemented on a nuclear interface methylation module, producing [(11)C]DAA1106 with up to 25% radiochemical yields at end-of-synthesis based on [(11)C]CH(3)I trapped. Evaluation of [(11)C]DAA1106 for in vivo imaging was performed in a rabbit model with microPET, and the presence of PBR receptor in the target organ was further corroborated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The standard solution method produced 2.6-5.2 GBq (n=19) of [(11)C]DAA1106, whilst the captive solvent method produced 1.6-6.3 GBq (n=10) of [(11)C]DAA1106. Radiochemical purities obtained were 99% and specific radioactivity at end-of-synthesis was up to 200 GBq/micromol for both methods. Based on radiochemical product, shorter preparation times and simplicity of synthesis, the captive solvent method was chosen for routine productions of [(11)C]DAA1106. In vivo microPET [(11)C]DAA1106 scans of rabbit kidney demonstrated high levels of binding in the cortex. The subsequent introduction of nonradioactive DAA1106 (0.2 micromol) produced considerable displacement of the radioactive signal in this region. The presence of PBR in kidney cortex was further corroborated by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS A robust, high yielding captive solvent method of [(11)C]DAA1106 production was developed which enabled efficacious in vivo imaging of PBR expressing tissues in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin C Probst
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, CB2 2QQ Cambridge, UK.
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Amikishieva AV, Semendyaeva SN. Effect of diazepam on anxiety, sexual motivation, and blood testosterone in anxious male mice. Bull Exp Biol Med 2005; 140:658-63. [PMID: 16848217 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of diazepam on anxious behavior, sexual motivation, and blood level of testosterone in the presence of a female were studied in male mice with elevated anxiety. Diazepam produced an anxiolytic effect in novel environment, but was ineffective during social contacts. The drug potentiated the primary sexual interest, but failed to correct exhaustion of sexual motivation. The drug produced no effect on blood testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Amikishieva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk.
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Bloch-Shilderman E, Kadar T, Levy A, Sahar R, Rabinovitz I, Gilat E. Subcellular Alterations of Protein Kinase C Isozymes in the Rat Brain after Organophosphate Poisoning. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313:1082-9. [PMID: 15716382 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.083469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway has been associated with modulation of N-metyl-D-aspartate receptor activity, motor behavior, learning, and memory, all of which are severely impaired in organophosphate (OP) intoxication. Nevertheless, the role of PKC in OP intoxication is largely unknown. The present study attempted to characterize alterations in the immunoreactivity levels of PKC isozymes expressed in different brain areas in the rat following exposure to the nerve agent sarin (1x LD(50)). Furthermore, possible neuroprotective effect of selective PKC regulating peptide after such insult was evaluated. The results indicated that a significant reduction in the immunoreactivity level of the conventional betaII-PKC and the atypical zeta-PKC was observed in frontal cortex up to 24 h postsarin and in the striatum up to 5 days postsarin exposure. This reduction was in contrast to the increase in the immuno-reactivity level of both isozymes seen in the hippocampus or thalamus. Treatment with the anticonvulsant midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) 10 min postsarin exposure markedly reduced zeta-PKC immunoreactivity level and betaII-PKC in the membrane fractions in the hippocampus. betaII-PKC peptide (380 ng/kg), known to inhibit PKC translocation and activation, attenuated sarin-induced neuropathology. These observations suggest a role for both conventional and atypical PKC isozymes in OP-induced neuropathy in the rat and further support their involvement in cell death.
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Berthoux L, Sebastian S, Sokolskaja E, Luban J. Lv1 inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is counteracted by factors that stimulate synthesis or nuclear translocation of viral cDNA. J Virol 2004; 78:11739-50. [PMID: 15479815 PMCID: PMC523245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.21.11739-11750.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cDNA synthesis is inhibited in cells from some nonhuman primates by an activity called Lv1. Sensitivity to restriction by Lv1 maps to a region of the HIV-1 CA required for interaction with the cellular protein cyclophilin A. A similar antiviral activity in mammalian cells, Ref1, inhibits reverse transcription of murine leukemia virus (MLV), but only with viral strains bearing N-tropic CA. Disruption of the HIV-1 CA-cyclophilin A interaction inhibits Lv1 restriction in some cells and, paradoxically, seems to render HIV-1 sensitive to Ref1. Lv1 and Ref1 activities are overcome by high-titer infection and are saturable with nonreplicating, virus-like particles encoded by susceptible viruses. Two compounds that disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential, As(2)O(3) and m-Cl-CCP, reduce Ref1 activity. Here we show that these drugs, as well as a third compound with similar effects on mitochondria, PK11195, attenuate Lv1 activity in rhesus macaque and African green monkey cells. Effects of PK11195 and virus-like particles on HIV-1 infectivity in these cells were largely redundant, each associated with increased HIV-1 cDNA. Comparison of acutely infected macaque and human cells suggested that, in addition to effects on cDNA synthesis, Lv1 inhibits the accumulation of nuclear forms of HIV-1 cDNA. Disruption of the HIV-1 CA-cyclophilin A interaction caused a minimal increase in total viral cDNA but increased the proportion of viral cDNA in the nucleus. Consistent with a model in which Lv1 inhibits both synthesis and nuclear translocation of HIV-1 cDNA, complete suppression of macaque or African green monkey Lv1 was achieved by the additive effect of factors that stimulate both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Berthoux
- Department of Microbiology Department, Columbia University, 701 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
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Weissman BA, Brandeis R, Gilat E, Cohen G, Alkalay D, Rabinovitz I, Sonego H, Raveh L. Monitoring Drug-Induced Neurodegeneration by Imaging of Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1025:584-9. [PMID: 15542766 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1316.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Several drugs of abuse are known to produce an array of deleterious effects, including alterations in neuronal circuitry and, ultimately, neuronal degeneration. For instance, methamphetamine was shown to induce substantial nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminal damage, including an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker for astrocyte proliferation. Nevertheless, there was almost no attempt to define neurodegeneration by measuring the abundance of reactive microglia. In fact, some investigators fail to differentiate between astrocytes and microglia and claim glial fibrillary acidic protein to be a marker for gliosis. To date, there are numerous methods designed to assess brain neuropathologies resulting from a wide arsenal of insults. Regardless of the cause of neuronal damage, reactive glial cells always appear at and around the site of degeneration. These cells are distinguished by the exceptional abundance of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs; omicron3 sites), particularly as compared to surrounding neurons. Measuring the binding of specific ligands to these PBRs (for example, [3H]PK 11195) offers a unique indirect marker for reliable impairment estimation in the central nervous system. Moreover, the availability of agents such as [11C]PK 11195 paved the road to in vivo animal and human brain positron emission tomography scanning, demonstrating inflammation-like processes in several diseases. Additionally, the measurement of increased binding of PBR ligands provides a faithful indicator for the behavioral and cognitive deficits accompanying neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Avi Weissman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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Boschi A, Uccelli L, Duatti A, Bolzati C, Refosco F, Tisato F, Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Varani K, Borea PA. Asymmetrical nitrido tc-99m heterocomplexes as potential imaging agents for benzodiazepine receptors. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 14:1279-88. [PMID: 14624645 DOI: 10.1021/bc034124n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of nitrido technetium-99m complexes for imaging benzodiazepine receptors are described. The design was performed by selecting the precursor biologically active substrate desmethyldiazepam, and the reactive metal-containing fragment [(99m)Tc(N)(PXP)](2+) (PXP = diphosphine ligand) as molecular building-blocks for assembling the structure of the final radiopharmaceuticals through the application of the so-called 'bifunctional' and 'integrated' approaches. This required the synthesis of the ligands H(2)BZ1, H(2)C1, and H(2)C2 (Figures 1 and 2) derived from desmethyldiazepam. In turn, these ligands were reacted with [(99m)Tc(N)(PXP)](2+) to afford the complexes [(99m)Tc(N)(PXP)(L)] (L = BZ1, C1, C2). The chemical nature of the resulting Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals was investigated using chromatographic methods, and by comparison with the analogous complexes prepared with the long-lived isotope Tc-99g and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods. Results showed that the complexes [(99m)Tc(N)(PXP)(L)] are neutral and possess an asymmetrical five-coordinated structure in which two different bidentate ligands, PXP and L, are coordinated to the same Tc[triple bond]N core. With the ligand H(2)BZ1, two isomers were obtained depending on the syn or anti orientation of the pendant benzodiazepine group relative to the Tc[triple bond]N multiple bond. Biodistribution studies of Tc-99m complexes were carried out in rats, and affinity for benzodiazepine receptors was assessed through in vitro binding experiments on isolated rat's cerebral membranes using the corresponding Tc-99g complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boschi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Chauhan D, Li G, Podar K, Hideshima T, Mitsiades C, Schlossman R, Munshi N, Richardson P, Cotter FE, Anderson KC. Targeting mitochondria to overcome conventional and bortezomib/proteasome inhibitor PS-341 resistance in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Blood 2004; 104:2458-66. [PMID: 15217830 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-02-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib (PS-341), a selective inhibitor of proteasomes, induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells; however, prolonged drug exposure may result in cumulative toxicity and the development of chemoresistance. Here we show that combining PK-11195 (PK), an antagonist to mitochondrial peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs), with bortezomib triggers synergistic anti-MM activity even in doxorubicin-, melphalan-, thalidomide-, dexamethasone-, and bortezomib-resistant MM cells. No significant cytotoxicity was noted in normal lymphocytes. Low-dose combined PK and bortezomib treatment overcomes the growth, survival, and drug resistance conferred by interleukin-6 or insulin growth factor within the MM bone marrow milieu. The mechanism of PK + bortezomib-induced apoptosis includes: loss of mitochondrial membrane potential; superoxide generation; release of mitochondrial proteins cytochrome-c (cyto-c) and Smac; and activation of caspases-8/-9/-3. Furthermore, PK + bortezomib activates c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK), which translocates to mitochondria, thereby facilitating release of cyto-c and Smac from mitochondria to cytosol. Blocking JNK, by either dominant-negative mutant (DN-JNK) or cotreatment with a specific JNK inhibitor SP600125, abrogates both PK + bortezomib-induced release of cyto-c/Smac and induction of apoptosis. Together, these preclinical studies suggest that combining bortezomib with PK may enhance its clinical efficacy, reduce attendant toxicity, and overcome conventional and bortezomib resistance in patients with relapsed refractory MM.
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