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Lanooij SD, Drinkenburg WHIM, Eisel ULM, van der Zee EA, Kas MJH. The effects of social environment on AD-related pathology in hAPP-J20 mice and tau-P301L mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106309. [PMID: 37748620 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, social factors (e.g., loneliness) have been linked to the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD). To date, AD pathology is primarily characterized by amyloid-β plaques and tau tangles. We aimed to assess the effect of single- and group-housing on AD-related pathology in a mouse model for amyloid pathology (J20, and WT controls) and a mouse model for tau pathology (P301L) with and without seeding of synthetic human tau fragments (K18). Female mice were either single housed (SH) or group housed (GH) from the age of 6-7 weeks onwards. In 12-week-old P301L mice, tau pathology was induced through seeding by injecting K18 into the dorsal hippocampus (P301LK18), while control mice received a PBS injection (P301LPBS). P301L mice were sacrificed at 4 months of age and J20 mice at 10 months of age. In all mice brain pathology was histologically assessed by examining microglia, the CA1 pyramidal cell layer and specific AD pathology: analysis of plaques in J20 mice and tau hyperphosphorylation in P301L mice. Contrary to our expectation, SH-J20 mice interestingly displayed fewer plaques in the hippocampus compared to GH-J20 mice. However, housing did not affect tau hyperphosphorylation at Ser202/Thr205 of P301L mice, nor neuronal cell death in the CA1 region in any of the mice. The number of microglia was increased by the J20 genotype, and their activation (based on cell body to cell size ratio) in the CA1 was affected by genotype and housing condition (interaction effect). Single housing of P301L mice was linked to the development of stereotypic behavior (i.e. somersaulting and circling behavior). In P301LK18 mice, an increased number of microglia were observed, among which were rod microglia. Taken together, our findings point to a significant effect of social housing conditions on amyloid plaques and microglia in J20 mice and on the development of stereotypic behavior in P301L mice, indicating that the social environment can modulate AD-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne D Lanooij
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - W H I M Drinkenburg
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, a Division on Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - U L M Eisel
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - E A van der Zee
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747, AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Gouweleeuw L, Wajant H, Maier O, Eisel ULM, Blankesteijn WM, Schoemaker RG. Effects of selective TNFR1 inhibition or TNFR2 stimulation, compared to non-selective TNF inhibition, on (neuro)inflammation and behavior after myocardial infarction in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:156-171. [PMID: 33444731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) coinciding with depression worsens prognosis. Although Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF) is recognized to play a role in both conditions, the therapeutic potential of TNF inhibition is disappointing. TNF activates two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, associated with opposite effects. Therefore, anti-inflammatory treatment with specific TNF receptor interference was compared to non-specific TNF inhibition regarding effects on heart, (neuro)inflammation, brain and behavior in mice with MI. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to MI or sham surgery. One hour later, MI mice were randomized to either non-specific TNF inhibition by Enbrel, specific TNFR1 antagonist-, or specific TNFR2 agonist treatment until the end of the protocol. Control sham and MI mice received saline. Behavioral evaluation was obtained day 10-14 after surgery. Eighteen days post-surgery, cardiac function was measured and mice were sacrificed. Blood and tissue samples were collected for analyses of (neuro)inflammation. RESULTS MI mice displayed left ventricular dysfunction, without heart failure, (neuro) inflammation or depressive-like behavior. Both receptor-specific interventions, but not Enbrel, doubled early post-MI mortality. TNFR2 agonist treatment improved left ventricular function and caused hyper-ramification of microglia, with no effect on depressive-like behavior. In contrast, TNFR1 antagonist treatment was associated with enhanced (neuro)inflammation: more plasma eosinophils and monocytes; increased plasma Lcn2 and hippocampal microglia and astrocyte activation. Moreover, increased baseline heart rate, with reduced beta-adrenergic responsiveness indicated sympathetic activation, and coincided with reduced exploratory behavior in the open field. Enbrel did not affect neuroinflammation nor behavior. CONCLUSION Early receptor interventions, but not non-specific TNF inhibition, increased mortality. Apart from this undesired effect, the general beneficial profile after TNFR2 stimulation, rather than the unfavourable effects of TNFR1 inhibition, would render TNFR2 stimulation preferable over non-specific TNF inhibition in MI with comorbid depression. However, follow-up studies regarding optimal timing and dosing are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gouweleeuw
- Department of Neurobiology, GELIFES, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Wajant
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, University Hospital Wurzburg, Germany
| | - O Maier
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - U L M Eisel
- Department of Neurobiology, GELIFES, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - W M Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, CARIM, University of Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - R G Schoemaker
- Department of Neurobiology, GELIFES, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Kurtys E, Eisel ULM, Verkuyl JM, Broersen LM, Dierckx RAJO, de Vries EFJ. The combination of vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids has an enhanced anti-inflammatory effect on microglia. Neurochem Int 2016; 99:206-214. [PMID: 27465516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common phenomenon in the pathology of many brain diseases. In this paper we explore whether selected vitamins and fatty acids known to modulate inflammation exert an effect on microglia, the key cell type involved in neuroinflammation. Previously these nutrients have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory properties acting on specific inflammatory pathways. We hypothesized that combining nutrients acting on converging anti-inflammatory pathways may lead to enhanced anti-inflammatory properties as compared to the action of a single nutrient. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of combinations of nutrients based on the ability to inhibit the LPS-induced release of nitric oxide and interleukin-6 from BV-2 cells. Results show that omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins A and D can individually reduce the LPS-induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines by BV-2 cells. Moreover, we show that vitamins A, D and omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic) at concentrations where they individually had little effect, significantly reduced the secretion of the inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide, when they were combined. The conclusion of this study is that combining different nutrients acting on convergent anti-inflammatory pathways may result in an increased anti-inflammatory efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kurtys
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - U L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J M Verkuyl
- Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L M Broersen
- Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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van Buel EM, Bosker FJ, van Drunen J, Strijker J, Douwenga W, Klein HC, Eisel ULM. Electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) do not prevent LPS-induced behavioral alterations and microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:232. [PMID: 26654099 PMCID: PMC4676811 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term neuroimmune activation is a common finding in major depressive disorder (MDD). Literature suggests a dual effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a highly effective treatment strategy for MDD, on neuroimmune parameters: while ECT acutely increases inflammatory parameters, such as serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, there is evidence to suggest that repeated ECT sessions eventually result in downregulation of the inflammatory response. We hypothesized that this might be due to ECT-induced attenuation of microglial activity upon inflammatory stimuli in the brain. Methods Adult male C57Bl/6J mice received a series of ten electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) or sham shocks, followed by an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injection. Brains were extracted and immunohistochemically stained for the microglial marker ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1). In addition, a sucrose preference test and an open-field test were performed to quantify behavioral alterations. Results LPS induced a short-term reduction in sucrose preference, which normalized within 3 days. In addition, LPS reduced the distance walked in the open field and induced alterations in grooming and rearing behavior. ECS did not affect any of these parameters. Phenotypical analysis of microglia demonstrated an LPS-induced increase in microglial activity ranging from 84 to 213 % in different hippocampal regions (CA3 213 %; CA1 84 %; dentate gyrus 131 %; and hilus 123 %). ECS-induced alterations in microglial activity were insignificant, ranging from −2.6 to 14.3 % in PBS-injected mice and from −20.2 to 6.6 % in LPS-injected mice. Conclusions We were unable to demonstrate an effect of ECS on LPS-induced microglial activity or behavioral alterations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0454-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M van Buel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - F J Bosker
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - J van Drunen
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - J Strijker
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - W Douwenga
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - H C Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - U L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands. .,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
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van Buel EM, Patas K, Peters M, Bosker FJ, Eisel ULM, Klein HC. Immune and neurotrophin stimulation by electroconvulsive therapy: is some inflammation needed after all? Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5. [PMID: 26218851 PMCID: PMC5068722 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A low-grade inflammatory response is commonly seen in the peripheral blood of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients, especially those with refractory and chronic disease courses. However, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the most drastic intervention reserved for these patients, is closely associated with an enhanced haematogenous as well as neuroinflammatory immune response, as evidenced by both human and animal studies. A related line of experimental evidence further shows that inflammatory stimulation reinforces neurotrophin expression and may even mediate dramatic neurogenic and antidepressant-like effects following exposure to chronic stress. The current review therefore attempts a synthesis of our knowledge on the neurotrophic and immunological aspects of ECT and other electrically based treatments in psychiatry. Perhaps contrary to contemporary views, we conclude that targeted potentiation, rather than suppression, of inflammatory responses may be of therapeutic relevance to chronically depressed patients or a subgroup thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M van Buel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - K Patas
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Peters
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F J Bosker
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - U L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H C Klein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gouweleeuw L, Naudé PJW, Rots M, DeJongste MJL, Eisel ULM, Schoemaker RG. The role of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) as biological constituent linking depression and cardiovascular disease. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:23-32. [PMID: 25576802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is more common in patients with cardiovascular disease than in the general population. Conversely, depression is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. Comorbidity of these two pathologies worsens prognosis. Several mechanisms have been indicated in the link between cardiovascular disease and depression, including inflammation. Systemic inflammation can have long-lasting effects on the central nervous system, which could be associated with depression. NGAL is an inflammatory marker and elevated plasma levels are associated with both cardiovascular disease and depression. While patients with depression show elevated NGAL levels, in patients with comorbid heart failure, NGAL levels are significantly higher and associated with depression scores. Systemic inflammation evokes NGAL expression in the brain. This is considered a proinflammatory effect as it is involved in microglia activation and reactive astrocytosis. Animal studies support a direct link between NGAL and depression/anxiety associated behavior. In this review we focus on the role of NGAL in linking depression and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gouweleeuw
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P J W Naudé
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Rots
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M J L DeJongste
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - U L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R G Schoemaker
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Naudé PJW, den Boer JA, Comijs HC, Bosker FJ, Zuidersma M, Groenewold NA, De Deyn PP, Luiten PGM, Eisel ULM, Oude Voshaar RC. Sex-specific associations between Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and cognitive domains in late-life depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 48:169-77. [PMID: 25019974 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is well established that late-life depression is associated with both systemic low-graded inflammation and cognitive impairment, the relation between inflammation and cognition in depressed older persons is still equivocal. The objective of this study is to examine the association between plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) concentrations and cognitive functioning in late-life depression, including the potentially moderating role of sex. METHODS A total of 369 depressed older persons (≥60 years) from The Netherlands study of Depression in Older persons (NESDO) were included. Four cognitive domains, i.e. verbal memory, processing speed, interference control and attention were assessed with three cognitive tests (Stroop test, Wais Digit span test, and Rey's verbal learning test). Multiple linear regression analyses were applied with the four cognitive domains as dependent variables adjusted for confounders. RESULTS The association between NGAL levels and specific cognitive domains were sex-specific. In women, higher NGAL levels were associated with impaired verbal memory and lower processing speed. In men, higher NGAL levels were associated with worse interference control. Higher NGAL levels were not associated with attention. No sex-specific associations of either high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) or interleukin-6 (IL-6) with cognitive functioning were found. CONCLUSION This study shows sex-specific association of NGAL with cognitive functioning in late-life depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J W Naudé
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - J A den Boer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H C Comijs
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F J Bosker
- University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Zuidersma
- University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N A Groenewold
- University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, ZNA and Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia and Biobank Antwerp, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - P G M Luiten
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - U L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R C Oude Voshaar
- University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Naudé PJW, Eisel ULM, Comijs HC, Groenewold NA, De Deyn PP, Bosker FJ, Luiten PGM, den Boer JA, Oude Voshaar RC. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a novel inflammatory marker associated with late-life depression. J Psychosom Res 2013; 75:444-50. [PMID: 24182633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic low graded inflammation has been identified as a possible biological pathway in late-life depression. Identification of inflammatory markers and their association with characteristics of depression is essential with the aim to improve diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. This study examines the determinants of plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), which is selectively triggered by TNFα receptor 1 signaling within the central nervous system, and its association with late-life depressive disorder. METHODS Baseline data were obtained from a well-characterized prospective cohort study of 350 depressed and 129 non-depressed older persons (≥60years). Past 6month diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) according to DSM-IV-TR criteria was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 2.0). Potential determinants of plasma NGAL included sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and psychiatric and physical comorbidity. RESULTS Plasma NGAL concentrations were significantly associated with age, male gender, smoking and waist circumference. Adjusted for these determinants, depressed patients had significantly higher NGAL plasma levels compared to non-depressed comparison group. Depressed patients who did not meet full criteria for MDD in the month before sampling (partially remitted) had lower plasma NGAL levels compared with those who did. Subjects with a recurrent depression had higher plasma NGAL levels compared to those with a first episode. NGAL levels were neither related with specific symptom profiles of depression nor with antidepressant drug use. CONCLUSION Adjusted for confounders, NGAL plasma levels are increased in depressed older persons, without any effect of antidepressant medication and age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J W Naudé
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Dolga AM, Terpolilli N, Kepura F, Nijholt IM, Knaus HG, D'Orsi B, Prehn JHM, Eisel ULM, Plant T, Plesnila N, Culmsee C. KCa2 channels activation prevents [Ca2+]i deregulation and reduces neuronal death following glutamate toxicity and cerebral ischemia. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e147. [PMID: 21509037 PMCID: PMC3122061 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbated activation of glutamate receptor-coupled calcium channels and subsequent increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) are established hallmarks of neuronal cell death in acute and chronic neurological diseases. Here we show that pathological [Ca2+]i deregulation occurring after glutamate receptor stimulation is effectively modulated by small conductance calcium-activated potassium (KCa2) channels. We found that neuronal excitotoxicity was associated with a rapid downregulation of KCa2.2 channels within 3 h after the onset of glutamate exposure. Activation of KCa2 channels preserved KCa2 expression and significantly reduced pathological increases in [Ca2+]i providing robust neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest a critical role for KCa2 channels in excitotoxic neuronal cell death and propose their activation as potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dolga
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Tárnok K, Kiss E, Luiten PGM, Nyakas C, Tihanyi K, Schlett K, Eisel ULM. Effects of Vinpocetine on mitochondrial function and neuroprotection in primary cortical neurons. Neurochem Int 2008; 53:289-95. [PMID: 18793690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vinpocetine (ethyl apovincaminate), a synthetic derivative of the Vinca minor alkaloid vincamine, is widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular-related diseases. One of the proposed mechanisms underlying its action is to protect against the cytotoxic effects of glutamate overexposure. Glutamate excitotoxicity leads to the disregulation of mitochondrial function and neuronal metabolism. As Vinpocetine has a binding affinity to the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) involved in the mitochondrial transition pore complex, we investigated whether neuroprotection can be at least partially due to Vinpocetine's effects on PBRs. Neuroprotective effects of PK11195 and Ro5-4864, two drugs with selective and high affinity to PBR, were compared to Vinpocetine in glutamate excitotoxicity assays on primary cortical neuronal cultures. Vinpocetine exerted a neuroprotective action in a 1-50microM concentration range while PK11195 and Ro5-4864 were only slightly neuroprotective, especially in high (>25microM) concentrations. Combined pretreatment of neuronal cultures with Vinpocetine and PK11195 or Ro5-4864 showed increased neuroprotection in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the different drugs may have different targets. To test this hypothesis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of cultured neurons was measured by flow cytometry. 25microM Vinpocetine reduced the decrease of mitochondrial inner membrane potential induced by glutamate exposure, but Ro5-4864 in itself was found to be more potent to block glutamate-evoked changes in MMP. Combination of Ro5-4864 and Vinpocetine treatment was found to be even more effective. In summary, the present results indicate that the neuroprotective action of vinpocetine in culture can not be explained by its effect on neuronal PBRs alone and that additional drug targets are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tárnok
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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De Souza Silva MA, Marchetti L, Eisel ULM, Huston JP, Dere E. NR2C by NR2B subunit exchange in juvenile mice affects emotionality and 5-HT in the frontal cortex. Genes, Brain and Behavior 2007; 6:465-72. [PMID: 17054720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) has been inter alia implicated in synaptic plasticity, brain development and emotional processes. The NMDA-R is a multiprotein complex composed of NR1, NR2 and/or NR3 subunits. We generated NR2C-2B mutant mice in which an insertion of NR2B cDNA into the gene locus of the NR2C gene replaced NR2C by NR2B expression throughout the brain. This NR2C-2B mutant was used to examine whether an NMDA-R subunit exchange in juvenile mice would affect emotional behaviors and acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) content in the frontal cortex (FC) and brain structures, which are part of the brain defense system, such as the periaqueductal grey matter (PAG). Juvenile, 1-month-old NR2C-2B mice showed increased open arm avoidance in the elevated plus-maze and increased fear-induced immobility. In terms of brain neurochemistry, NR2C-2B mice showed an increase in 5-HT levels in the FC at the age of 2 months. A correlational analysis revealed that mice with low open arms avoidance had high levels of ACh in the PAG but reduced 5-HT levels in the FC. Animals which showed high levels of fear-induced immobility also had high levels of 5-HT in the FC. These results suggest that the replacement of subunit NR2C by NR2B in juvenile mice increases anxiety- and fear-related behaviors possibly due to changes in FC-5-HT and PAG-ACh levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A De Souza Silva
- Institute of Physiological Psychology, Center for Biological and Medical Research, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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De Souza Silva MA, Dolga A, Pieri I, Marchetti L, Eisel ULM, Huston JP, Dere E. Cholinergic cells in the nucleus basalis of mice express the N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor subunit NR2C and its replacement by the NR2B subunit enhances frontal and amygdaloid acetylcholine levels. Genes Brain Behav 2006; 5:552-60. [PMID: 17010101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is known that glutamatergic and cholinergic systems interact functionally at the level of the cholinergic basal forebrain. The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) is a multiprotein complex composed of NR1, NR2 and/or NR3 subunits. The subunit composition of NMDA-R of cholinergic cells in the nucleus basalis has not yet been investigated. Here, by means of choline acetyl transferase and NR2B or NR2C double staining, we demonstrate that mice express both the NR2C and NR2B subunits in nucleus basalis cholinergic cells. We generated NR2C-2B mutant mice in which an insertion of NR2B cDNA into the gene locus of the NR2C gene replaced NR2C by NR2B expression throughout the brain. This NR2C-2B mutant was used to examine whether a subunit exchange in cholinergic neurons would affect acetylcholine (ACh) content in several brain structures. We found increased ACh levels in the frontal cortex and amygdala in the brains of NR2C-2B mutant mice. Brain ACh has been implicated in neuroplasticity, novelty-induced arousal and encoding of novel stimuli. We therefore assessed behavioral habituation to novel environments and objects as well as object recognition in NR2C-2B subunit exchange mice. The behavioral analysis did not indicate any gross behavioral alteration in the mutant mice compared with the wildtype mice. Our results show that the NR2C by NR2B subunit exchange in mice affects ACh content in two target areas of the nucleus basalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A De Souza Silva
- Institute of Physiological Psychology, Center for Biological and Medical Research, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- U L M Eisel
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, Allmandring 31, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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