1
|
Arraiano-Castilho R, Bidartondo MI, Niskanen T, Clarkson JJ, Brunner I, Zimmermann S, Senn-Irlet B, Frey B, Peintner U, Mrak T, Suz LM. Habitat specialisation controls ectomycorrhizal fungi above the treeline in the European Alps. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2901-2916. [PMID: 33107606 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alpine habitats are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to environmental change, however, little information is known about the drivers of plant-fungal interactions in these ecosystems and their resilience to climate change. We investigated the influence of the main drivers of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities along elevation and environmental gradients in the alpine zone of the European Alps and measured their degree of specialisation using network analysis. We sampled ectomycorrhizas of Dryas octopetala, Bistorta vivipara and Salix herbacea, and soil fungal communities at 28 locations across five countries, from the treeline to the nival zone. We found that: (1) EM fungal community composition, but not richness, changes along elevation, (2) there is no strong evidence of host specialisation, however, EM fungal networks in the alpine zone and within these, EM fungi associated with snowbed communities, are more specialised than in other alpine habitats, (3) plant host population structure does not influence EM fungal communities, and (4) most variability in EM fungal communities is explained by fine-scale changes in edaphic properties, like soil pH and total nitrogen. The higher specialisation and narrower ecological niches of these plant-fungal interactions in snowbed habitats make these habitats particularly vulnerable to environmental change in alpine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Arraiano-Castilho
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tuula Niskanen
- Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - James J Clarkson
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Zimmermann
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Senn-Irlet
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Beat Frey
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Peintner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25d, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Tanja Mrak
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Laura M Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carbognani M, Piotti A, Leonardi S, Pasini L, Spanu I, Vendramin GG, Tomaselli M, Petraglia A. Reproductive and genetic consequences of extreme isolation in Salix herbacea L. at the rear edge of its distribution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:849-860. [PMID: 31361802 PMCID: PMC6868362 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS At the rear edge of the distribution of species, extreme isolation and small population size influence the genetic diversity and differentiation of plant populations. This may be particularly true for Arctic-alpine species in mid-latitude mountains, but exactly how peripherality has shaped their genetic and reproductive characteristics is poorly investigated. The present study, focused on Salix herbacea, aims at providing new insights into the causes behind ongoing demographic dynamics and their consequences for peripheral populations of Arctic-alpine species. METHODS We performed a whole-population, highly detailed sampling of the only two S. herbacea populations in the northern Apennines, comparing their clonal and genetic diversity, sex ratio and spatial genetic structure with a reference population from the Alps. After inspecting ~1800 grid intersections in the three populations, 563 ramets were genotyped at 11 nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs). Past demography and mating patterns of Apennine populations were investigated to elucidate the possible causes of altered reproductive dynamics. KEY RESULTS Apennine populations, which experienced a Holocene bottleneck and are highly differentiated (FST = 0.15), had lower clonal and genetic diversity compared with the alpine population (RMLG = 1 and HE = 0.71), with the smaller population exhibiting the lowest diversity (RMLG = 0.03 and HE = 0.24). An unbalanced sex ratio was found in the larger (63 F:37 M) and the smaller (99 F:1 M) Apennine population. Both were characterized by the presence of extremely large clones (up to 2500 m2), which, however, did not play a dominant role in local reproductive dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Under conditions of extreme isolation and progressive size reduction, S. herbacea has experienced an alteration of genetic characteristics produced by the prevalence of clonal growth over sexual reproduction. However, our results showed that the larger Apennine population has maintained levels of sexual reproduction enough to counteract a dramatic loss of genetic and clonal diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A Piotti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - S Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - L Pasini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - I Spanu
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - G G Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - M Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jia H, Yang H, Sun P, Li J, Zhang J, Guo Y, Han X, Zhang G, Lu M, Hu J. De novo transcriptome assembly, development of EST-SSR markers and population genetic analyses for the desert biomass willow, Salix psammophila. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39591. [PMID: 27995985 PMCID: PMC5171774 DOI: 10.1038/srep39591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salix psammophila, a sandy shrub known as desert willow, is regarded as a potential biomass feedstock and plays an important role in maintaining local ecosystems. However, a lack of genomic data and efficient molecular markers limit the study of its population evolution and genetic breeding. In this study, chromosome counts, flow cytometry and SSR analyses indicated that S. psammophila is tetraploid. A total of 6,346 EST-SSRs were detected based on 71,458 de novo assembled unigenes from transcriptome data. Twenty-seven EST-SSR markers were developed to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of S. psammophila from eight natural populations in Northern China. High levels of genetic diversity (mean 10.63 alleles per locus; mean HE 0.689) were dectected in S. psammophila. The weak population structure and little genetic differentiation (pairwise FST = 0.006-0.016) were found among Population 1-Population 7 (Pop1-Pop7; Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi), but Pop8 (Ningxia) was clearly separated from Pop1-Pop7 and moderate differentiation (pairwise FST = 0.045-0.055) was detected between them, which may be influenced by local habitat conditions. Molecular variance analyses indicated that most of the genetic variation (94.27%) existed within populations. These results provide valuable genetic informations for natural resource conservation and breeding programme optimisation of S. psammophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, China
| | - Pei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yinghua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaojiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Guosheng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, China
| | - Mengzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhai F, Mao J, Liu J, Peng X, Han L, Sun Z. Male and Female Subpopulations of Salix viminalis Present High Genetic Diversity and High Long-Term Migration Rates between Them. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:330. [PMID: 27047511 PMCID: PMC4796010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dioecy distributed in 157 flowering plant families and 959 flowering plant genera. Morphological and physiological differences between male and female plants have been studied extensively, but studies of sex-specific genetic diversity are relatively scarce in dioecious plants. In this study, 20 SSR loci were employed to examine the genetic variance of male subpopulations and female subpopulations in Salix viminalis. The results showed that all of the markers were polymorphic (Na = 14.15, He = 0.7566) and workable to reveal the genetic diversity of S. viminalis. No statistically significant difference was detected between male and female subpopulations, but the average genetic diversity of male subpopulations (Na = 7.12, He = 0.7071) and female subpopulations (Na = 7.31, He = 0.7226) were high. Under unfavorable environments (West Liao basin), the genetic diversity between male and female subpopulations was still not significantly different, but the genetic diversity of sexual subpopulations were lower. The differentiation of the ten subpopulations in S. viminalis was moderate (FST = 0.0858), which was conformed by AMOVA that most of genetic variance (94%) existed within subpopulations. Pairwise FST indicated no differentiation between sexual subpopulations, which was accompanied by high long-term migrate between them (M = 0.73~1.26). However, little recent migration was found between sexual subpopulations. Therefore, artificial crossing or/and transplantation by cutting propagation should be carried out so as to increase the migration during the process of ex situ conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry AdministrationBeijing, China
| | - Jinmei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry AdministrationBeijing, China
- Research Institute of Economic Forest, Xinjiang Academy of ForestryXinjiang, China
| | - Junxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry AdministrationBeijing, China
| | - Xiangyong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry AdministrationBeijing, China
| | - Lei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry AdministrationBeijing, China
| | - Zhenyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetic and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry AdministrationBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Evolution in situ: hybrid origin and establishment of willows (Salix L.) on alpine glacier forefields. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 116:531-41. [PMID: 26980342 PMCID: PMC4868266 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Little attention has been paid to the evolutionary consequences of the colonizing dynamics and succession processes following glacier retreat. Here we studied hybrid populations that have recently formed and established on glacier forefields of the European Alps owing to secondary contact of a lowland colonizer with a subalpine species. We analyzed the composition of two hybrid populations between Salix purpurea and Salix helvetica with nine microsatellite markers by using Bayesian methods (structure and NewHybrids), and simulations. We also studied niche differentiation between the hybrids and the parental species based on indicator values, soil pH and water retention potential measurements. Allelic structure of hybrids confirms the assumed parentage and in situ origin of the crosses on two independent sites within the last decades. Both hybrid populations comprised F1 and later generation hybrids (F2 and backcrosses), confirming hybrid fertility. The parental species showed significant differences in niche characteristics for temperature, soil pH, nutrients and moisture. Remarkably, the hybrids exhibited a higher tolerance to cold temperatures, nutrient-poor and acidic soils than either parent. Our results show that willow hybrids originated after glacier retreat and have established persistent populations within a few decades. One factor contributing to hybrid establishment in sympatry with their parents is their ability to occupy more extreme niches than either parental species within a mosaic-like pattern of microhabitats on the forefield. Introgression and/or transgressive segregation may have resulted in novel genotypes that are able to expand the ecological spectrum of either parent.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bozzi JA, Liepelt S, Ohneiser S, Gallo LA, Marchelli P, Leyer I, Ziegenhagen B, Mengel C. Characterization of 23 polymorphic SSR markers in Salix humboldtiana (Salicaceae) using next-generation sequencing and cross-amplification from related species. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2015; 3:apps1400120. [PMID: 25909042 PMCID: PMC4406835 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY We present a set of 23 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci, 18 of which are identified for the first time within the riparian species Salix humboldtiana (Salicaceae) using next-generation sequencing. METHODS AND RESULTS To characterize the 23 loci, up to 60 individuals were sampled and genotyped at each locus. The number of alleles ranged from two to eight, with an average of 4.43 alleles per locus. The effective number of alleles ranged from 1.15 to 3.09 per locus, and allelic richness ranged from 2.00 to 7.73 alleles per locus. CONCLUSIONS The new marker set will be used for future studies of genetic diversity and differentiation as well as for unraveling spatial genetic structures in S. humboldtiana populations in northern Patagonia, Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Bozzi
- Unidad de Genética Ecológica y Mejoramiento Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), E.E.A. Bariloche, Modesta Victoria 4450, Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Sascha Liepelt
- Faculty of Biology, Conservation Biology Group, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ohneiser
- Faculty of Biology, Conservation Biology Group, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Leonardo A. Gallo
- Unidad de Genética Ecológica y Mejoramiento Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), E.E.A. Bariloche, Modesta Victoria 4450, Bariloche 8400, Argentina
| | - Paula Marchelli
- Unidad de Genética Ecológica y Mejoramiento Forestal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), E.E.A. Bariloche, Modesta Victoria 4450, Bariloche 8400, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1092AAR, Argentina
| | - Ilona Leyer
- Faculty of Biology, Conservation Biology Group, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Botany, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, University of Geisenheim, Von-Lade-Str. 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Birgit Ziegenhagen
- Faculty of Biology, Conservation Biology Group, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christina Mengel
- Faculty of Biology, Conservation Biology Group, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Perdereau AC, Kelleher CT, Douglas GC, Hodkinson TR. High levels of gene flow and genetic diversity in Irish populations of Salix caprea L. inferred from chloroplast and nuclear SSR markers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:202. [PMID: 25928320 PMCID: PMC4440560 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salix caprea is a cold-tolerant pioneer species that is ecologically important in Europe and western and central Asia. However, little data is available on its population genetic structure and molecular ecology. We describe the levels of geographic population genetic structure in natural Irish populations of S. caprea and determine the extent of gene flow and sexual reproduction using both chloroplast and nuclear simple sequence repeats (SSRs). RESULTS A total of 183 individuals from 21 semi-natural woodlands were collected and genotyped. Gene diversity across populations was high for the chloroplast SSRs (H T = 0.21-0.58) and 79 different haplotypes were discovered, among them 48% were unique to a single individual. Genetic differentiation of populations was found to be between moderate and high (mean G ST = 0.38). For the nuclear SSRs, G ST was low at 0.07 and observed heterozygosity across populations was high (H O = 0.32-0.51); only 9.8% of the genotypes discovered were present in two or more individuals. For both types of markers, AMOVA showed that most of the variation was within populations. Minor geographic pattern was confirmed by a Bayesian clustering analysis. Gene flow via pollen was found to be approximately 7 times more important than via seeds. CONCLUSIONS The data are consistent with outbreeding and indicate that there are no significant barriers for gene flow within Ireland over large geographic distances. Both pollen-mediated and seed-mediated gene flow were found to be high, with some of the populations being more than 200 km apart from each other. These findings could simply be due to human intervention through seed trade or accidental transportation of both seeds and pollen. These results are of value to breeders wishing to exploit natural genetic variation and foresters having to choose planting material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude C Perdereau
- Teagasc, Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Kinsealy Research Centre, Malahide Road, Dublin, D17, Ireland.
- Botany Building, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D2, Ireland.
- Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D2, Ireland.
| | - Colin T Kelleher
- DBN Plant Molecular Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, D9, Ireland.
| | - Gerry C Douglas
- Teagasc, Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Kinsealy Research Centre, Malahide Road, Dublin, D17, Ireland.
| | - Trevor R Hodkinson
- Botany Building, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D2, Ireland.
- Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D2, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cortés AJ, Waeber S, Lexer C, Sedlacek J, Wheeler JA, van Kleunen M, Bossdorf O, Hoch G, Rixen C, Wipf S, Karrenberg S. Small-scale patterns in snowmelt timing affect gene flow and the distribution of genetic diversity in the alpine dwarf shrub Salix herbacea. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 113:233-9. [PMID: 24619183 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Current threats to biodiversity, such as climate change, are thought to alter the within-species genetic diversity among microhabitats in highly heterogeneous alpine environments. Assessing the spatial organization and dynamics of genetic diversity within species can help to predict the responses of organisms to environmental change. In this study, we evaluated whether small-scale heterogeneity in snowmelt timing restricts gene flow between microhabitats in the common long-lived dwarf shrub Salix herbacea L. We surveyed 273 genets across 12 early- and late-snowmelt sites (that is, ridges and snowbeds) in the Swiss Alps for phenological variation over 2 years and for genetic variation using seven SSR markers. Phenological differentiation triggered by differences in snowmelt timing did not correlate with genetic differentiation between microhabitats. On the contrary, extensive gene flow appeared to occur between microhabitats and slightly less extensively among adjacent mountains. However, ridges exhibited significantly lower levels of genetic diversity than snowbeds, and patterns of effective population size (Ne) and migration (Nem) between microhabitats were strongly asymmetric, with ridges acting as sources and snowbeds as sinks. As no recent genetic bottlenecks were detected in the studied sites, this asymmetry is likely to reflect current meta-population dynamics of the species dominated by gene flow via seeds rather than ancient re-colonization after the last glacial period. Overall, our results suggest that seed dispersal prevents snowmelt-driven genetic isolation, and snowbeds act as sinks of genetic diversity. We discuss the consequences of such small-scale variation in gene flow and diversity levels for population responses to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Cortés
- Unit of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Waeber
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - C Lexer
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J Sedlacek
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - J A Wheeler
- 1] WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland [2] Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - O Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Hoch
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - S Wipf
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
| | - S Karrenberg
- Unit of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Center, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perdereau AC, Douglas GC, Hodkinson TR, Kelleher CT. High levels of variation in Salix lignocellulose genes revealed using poplar genomic resources. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:114. [PMID: 23924375 PMCID: PMC3750764 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the levels of variation in lignin or other wood related genes in Salix, a genus that is being increasingly used for biomass and biofuel production. The lignin biosynthesis pathway is well characterized in a number of species, including the model tree Populus. We aimed to transfer the genomic resources already available in Populus to its sister genus Salix to assess levels of variation within genes involved in wood formation. RESULTS Amplification trials for 27 gene regions were undertaken in 40 Salix taxa. Twelve of these regions were sequenced. Alignment searches of the resulting sequences against reference databases, combined with phylogenetic analyses, showed the close similarity of these Salix sequences to Populus, confirming homology of the primer regions and indicating a high level of conservation within the wood formation genes. However, all sequences were found to vary considerably among Salix species, mainly as SNPs with a smaller number of insertions-deletions. Between 25 and 176 SNPs per kbp per gene region (in predicted exons) were discovered within Salix. CONCLUSIONS The variation found is sizeable but not unexpected as it is based on interspecific and not intraspecific comparison; it is comparable to interspecific variation in Populus. The characterisation of genetic variation is a key process in pre-breeding and for the conservation and exploitation of genetic resources in Salix. This study characterises the variation in several lignocellulose gene markers for such purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude C Perdereau
- Teagasc, Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Kinsealy Research Centre, Malahide Road, Dublin, D17, Ireland
- Botany Building, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D2, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D2, Ireland
| | - Gerry C Douglas
- Teagasc, Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Kinsealy Research Centre, Malahide Road, Dublin, D17, Ireland
| | - Trevor R Hodkinson
- Botany Building, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D2, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D2, Ireland
| | - Colin T Kelleher
- DBN Plant Molecular Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, D9, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Puschenreiter M, Türktaş M, Sommer P, Wieshammer G, Laaha G, Wenzel WW, Hauser MT. Differentiation of metallicolous and non-metallicolous Salix caprea populations based on phenotypic characteristics and nuclear microsatellite (SSR) markers. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2010; 33:1641-1655. [PMID: 20444221 PMCID: PMC4361689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Salicaceae family comprises a large number of high-biomass species with remarkable genetic variability and adaptation to ecological niches. Salix caprea survives in heavy metal contaminated areas, translocates and accumulates Zn/Cd in leaves. To reveal potential selective effects of long-term heavy metal contaminations on the genetic structure and Zn/Cd accumulation capacity, 170 S. caprea isolates of four metal-contaminated and three non-contaminated middle European sites were analysed with microsatellite markers using Wright's F statistics. The differentiation of populations North of the Alps are more pronounced compared to the Southern ones. By grouping the isolates based on their contamination status, a weak but significant differentiation was calculated between Northern metallicolous and non-metallicolous populations. To quantify if the contamination and genetic status of the populations correlate with Zn/Cd tolerance and the accumulation capacity, the S. caprea isolates were exposed to elevated Cd/Zn concentrations in perlite-based cultures. Consistent with the genetic data nested anova analyses for the physiological traits find a significant difference in the Cd accumulation capacity between the Northern and Southern populations. Our data suggest that natural populations are a profitable source to uncover genetic mechanisms of heavy metal accumulation and biomass production, traits that are essential for improving phytoextraction strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Puschenreiter
- Institute of Soil Science, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences
| | - Mine Türktaş
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences
| | - Peter Sommer
- Institute of Soil Science, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences
| | - Gerlinde Wieshammer
- Institute of Soil Science, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences
| | - Gregor Laaha
- Department of Landscape, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter W Wenzel
- Institute of Soil Science, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hoshikawa T, Kikuchi S, Nagamitsu T, Tomaru N. Eighteen microsatellite loci in Salix arbutifolia (Salicaceae) and cross-species amplification in Salix and Populus species. Mol Ecol Resour 2009; 9:1202-5. [PMID: 21564876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salix arbutifolia is a riparian dioecious tree species that is of conservation concern in Japan because of its highly restricted distribution. Eighteen polymorphic loci of dinucleotide microsatellites were isolated and characterized. Among these, estimates of the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.350 to 0.879. Cross-species amplification was successful at 9-13 loci among six Salix species and at three loci in one Populus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hoshikawa
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Physiology, Graduate School of Bio-agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|