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Merckx VSFT, Gomes SIF, Wang D, Verbeek C, Jacquemyn H, Zahn FE, Gebauer G, Bidartondo MI. Mycoheterotrophy in the wood-wide web. Nat Plants 2024:10.1038/s41477-024-01677-0. [PMID: 38641664 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01677-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence and potential functions of common mycorrhizal networks, or the 'wood-wide web', resulting from the simultaneous interaction of mycorrhizal fungi and roots of different neighbouring plants have been increasingly capturing the interest of science and society, sometimes leading to hyperbole and misinterpretation. Several recent reviews conclude that popular claims regarding the widespread nature of these networks in forests and their role in the transfer of resources and information between plants lack evidence. Here we argue that mycoheterotrophic plants associated with ectomycorrhizal or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi require resource transfer through common mycorrhizal networks and thus are natural evidence for the occurrence and function of these networks, offering a largely overlooked window into this methodologically challenging underground phenomenon. The wide evolutionary and geographic distribution of mycoheterotrophs and their interactions with a broad phylogenetic range of mycorrhizal fungi indicate that common mycorrhizal networks are prevalent, particularly in forests, and result in net carbon transfer among diverse plants through shared mycorrhizal fungi. On the basis of the available scientific evidence, we propose a continuum of carbon transfer options within common mycorrhizal networks, and we discuss how knowledge on the biology of mycoheterotrophic plants can be instrumental for the study of mycorrhizal-mediated transfers between plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S F T Merckx
- Understanding Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sofia I F Gomes
- Above-belowground Interactions, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Deyi Wang
- Understanding Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cas Verbeek
- Understanding Evolution, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Plant Population Biology and Conservation, Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franziska E Zahn
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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2
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Zitouni-Haouar FEH, Bidartondo MI, Moreno G, Carlavilla JR, Manjón JL, Neggaz S, Zitouni-Nourine SH. Bioclimatic Origin Shapes Phylogenetic Structure of Tirmania (Pezizaceae): New Species and New Record from North Africa. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050532. [PMID: 37233244 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships among Tirmania were investigated using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) regions of the nuclear-encoded ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and compared with morphological and bioclimatic data. The combined analyses of forty-one Tirmania samples from Algeria and Spain supported four lineages corresponding to four morphological species. Besides the two previously described taxa, Tirmania pinoyi and Tirmania nivea, here we describe and illustrate a new species, Tirmania sahariensis sp. nov., which differs from all other Tirmania by its distinct phylogenetic position and its specific combination of morphological features. We also present a first record of Tirmania honrubiae from North Africa (Algeria). Our findings suggest that restrictions imposed by the bioclimatic niche have played a key role in driving the speciation process of Tirmania along the Mediterranean and Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima El-Houaria Zitouni-Haouar
- Laboratory of Biology of Microorganisms and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella University, Oran 31000, Algeria
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, London SL5 7PY, UK
- Ecosystem Stewardship, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Gabriel Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Carlavilla
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Manjón
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samir Neggaz
- Laboratory of Biology of Microorganisms and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella University, Oran 31000, Algeria
| | - Saida Hanane Zitouni-Nourine
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella University, Oran 31000, Algeria
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3
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Hoysted GA, Field KJ, Sinanaj B, Bell CA, Bidartondo MI, Pressel S. Direct nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon exchanges between Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophyte' fungi and a flowering plant in novel monoxenic cultures. New Phytol 2023; 238:70-79. [PMID: 36739554 PMCID: PMC10952891 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Most plants form mycorrhizal associations with mutualistic soil fungi. Through these partnerships, resources are exchanged including photosynthetically fixed carbon for fungal-acquired nutrients. Recently, it was shown that the diversity of associated fungi is greater than previously assumed, extending to Mucoromycotina fungi. These Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes' (MFRE) are widespread and generally co-colonise plant roots together with Glomeromycotina 'coarse' arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Until now, this co-occurrence has hindered the determination of the direct function of MFRE symbiosis. To overcome this major barrier, we developed new techniques for fungal isolation and culture and established the first monoxenic in vitro cultures of MFRE colonising a flowering plant, clover. Using radio- and stable-isotope tracers in these in vitro systems, we measured the transfer of 33 P, 15 N and 14 C between MFRE hyphae and the host plant. Our results provide the first unequivocal evidence that MFRE fungi are nutritional mutualists with a flowering plant by showing that clover gained both 15 N and 33 P tracers directly from fungus in exchange for plant-fixed C in the absence of other micro-organisms. Our findings and methods pave the way for a new era in mycorrhizal research, firmly establishing MFRE as both mycorrhizal and functionally important in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Hoysted
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BioscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Katie J. Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BioscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Besiana Sinanaj
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of BioscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | | | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Department of Ecosystem StewardshipRoyal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmondTW9 3DSUK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonSW7 5BDUK
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4
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Kowal J, Arrigoni E, Jarvis S, Zappala S, Forbes E, Bidartondo MI, Suz LM. Atmospheric pollution, soil nutrients and climate effects on Mucoromycota arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3390-3404. [PMID: 35641308 PMCID: PMC9544493 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fine root endophyte mycorrhizal fungi in the Endogonales (Mucoromycota arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, M‐AMF) are now recognized as at least as important globally as Glomeromycota AMF (G‐AMF), yet little is known about the environmental factors which influence M‐AMF diversity and colonization, partly because they typically only co‐colonize plants with G‐AMF. Wild populations of Lycopodiella inundata predominantly form mycorrhizas with M‐AMF and therefore allow focussed study of M‐AMF environmental drivers. Using microscopic examination and DNA sequencing we measured M‐AMF colonization and diversity over three consecutive seasons and modelled interactions between these response variables and environmental data. Significant relationships were found between M‐AMF colonization and soil S, P, C:N ratio, electrical conductivity, and the previously overlooked micronutrient Mn. Estimated N deposition was negatively related to M‐AMF colonization. Thirty‐nine Endogonales Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified in L. inundata roots, a greater diversity than previously recognized in this plant. Endogonales OTU richness correlated negatively with soil C:N while community composition was mostly influenced by soil P. This study provides first evidence that M‐AMF have distinct ecological preferences in response to edaphic variables also related to air pollution. Future studies require site‐level atmospheric pollution monitoring to guide critical load policy for mycorrhizal fungi in heathlands and grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kowal
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - E Arrigoni
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - S Jarvis
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, UK
| | - S Zappala
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK
| | - E Forbes
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK
| | - M I Bidartondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L M Suz
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
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5
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Sinanaj B, Hoysted GA, Pressel S, Bidartondo MI, Field KJ. Critical research challenges facing Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophytes'. New Phytol 2021; 232:1528-1534. [PMID: 34411307 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Besiana Sinanaj
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Grace A Hoysted
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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6
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Suz LM, Bidartondo MI, van der Linde S, Kuyper TW. Ectomycorrhizas and tipping points in forest ecosystems. New Phytol 2021; 231:1700-1707. [PMID: 34110018 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The resilience of forests is compromised by human-induced environmental influences pushing them towards tipping points and resulting in major shifts in ecosystem state that might be difficult to reverse, are difficult to predict and manage, and can have vast ecological, economic and social consequences. The literature on tipping points has grown rapidly, but almost exclusively based on aquatic and aboveground systems. So far little effort has been made to make links to soil systems, where change is not as drastically apparent, timescales may differ and recovery may be slower. Predicting belowground ecosystem state transitions and recovery, and their impacts on aboveground systems, remains a major scientific, practical and policy challenge. Recently observed major changes in aboveground tree condition across European forests are probably causally linked to ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal changes belowground. Based on recent breakthroughs in data collection and analysis, we apply tipping point theory to forests, including their belowground component, focusing on EM fungi; link environmental thresholds for EM fungi with nutrient imbalances in forest trees; explore the role of phenotypic plasticity in EM fungal adaptation to, and recovery from, environmental change; and propose major positive feedback mechanisms to understand, address and predict forest ecosystem tipping points.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sietse van der Linde
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, National Reference Centre, Wageningen, 6706 EA, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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7
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Hoysted GA, Kowal J, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Bidartondo MI, Field KJ. Carbon for nutrient exchange between Lycopodiella inundata and Mucoromycotina fine root endophytes is unresponsive to high atmospheric CO 2. Mycorrhiza 2021; 31:431-440. [PMID: 33884466 PMCID: PMC8266774 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-vascular plants associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) and Mucoromycotina 'fine root endophyte' (MFRE) fungi derive greater benefits from their fungal associates under higher atmospheric [CO2] (a[CO2]) than ambient; however, nothing is known about how changes in a[CO2] affect MFRE function in vascular plants. We measured movement of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) between the lycophyte Lycopodiella inundata and Mucoromycotina fine root endophyte fungi using 33P-orthophosphate, 15 N-ammonium chloride and 14CO2 isotope tracers under ambient and elevated a[CO2] concentrations of 440 and 800 ppm, respectively. Transfers of 33P and 15 N from MFRE to plants were unaffected by changes in a[CO2]. There was a slight increase in C transfer from plants to MFRE under elevated a[CO2]. Our results demonstrate that the exchange of C-for-nutrients between a vascular plant and Mucoromycotina FRE is largely unaffected by changes in a[CO2]. Unravelling the role of MFRE in host plant nutrition and potential C-for-N trade changes between symbionts under different abiotic conditions is imperative to further our understanding of the past, present and future roles of plant-fungal symbioses in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Deparment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Jill Kowal
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Deparment of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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8
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Arraiano-Castilho R, Bidartondo MI, Niskanen T, Clarkson JJ, Brunner I, Zimmermann S, Senn-Irlet B, Frey B, Peintner U, Mrak T, Suz LM. Habitat specialisation controls ectomycorrhizal fungi above the treeline in the European Alps. New Phytol 2021; 229:2901-2916. [PMID: 33107606 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alpine habitats are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems to environmental change, however, little information is known about the drivers of plant-fungal interactions in these ecosystems and their resilience to climate change. We investigated the influence of the main drivers of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal communities along elevation and environmental gradients in the alpine zone of the European Alps and measured their degree of specialisation using network analysis. We sampled ectomycorrhizas of Dryas octopetala, Bistorta vivipara and Salix herbacea, and soil fungal communities at 28 locations across five countries, from the treeline to the nival zone. We found that: (1) EM fungal community composition, but not richness, changes along elevation, (2) there is no strong evidence of host specialisation, however, EM fungal networks in the alpine zone and within these, EM fungi associated with snowbed communities, are more specialised than in other alpine habitats, (3) plant host population structure does not influence EM fungal communities, and (4) most variability in EM fungal communities is explained by fine-scale changes in edaphic properties, like soil pH and total nitrogen. The higher specialisation and narrower ecological niches of these plant-fungal interactions in snowbed habitats make these habitats particularly vulnerable to environmental change in alpine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Arraiano-Castilho
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tuula Niskanen
- Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - James J Clarkson
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Zimmermann
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Senn-Irlet
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Beat Frey
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Peintner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25d, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Tanja Mrak
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Laura M Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
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9
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Hoysted GA, Bidartondo MI, Duckett JG, Pressel S, Field KJ. Phenology and function in lycopod-Mucoromycotina symbiosis. New Phytol 2021; 229:2389-2394. [PMID: 33064903 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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10
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Arribas P, Andújar C, Bidartondo MI, Bohmann K, Coissac É, Creer S, deWaard JR, Elbrecht V, Ficetola GF, Goberna M, Kennedy S, Krehenwinkel H, Leese F, Novotny V, Ronquist F, Yu DW, Zinger L, Creedy TJ, Meramveliotakis E, Noguerales V, Overcast I, Morlon H, Vogler AP, Papadopoulou A, Emerson BC. Connecting high-throughput biodiversity inventories: Opportunities for a site-based genomic framework for global integration and synthesis. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1120-1135. [PMID: 33432777 PMCID: PMC7986105 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) is increasingly being used for the characterization and monitoring of biodiversity. If applied in a structured way, across broad geographical scales, it offers the potential for a much deeper understanding of global biodiversity through the integration of massive quantities of molecular inventory data generated independently at local, regional and global scales. The universality, reliability and efficiency of HTS data can potentially facilitate the seamless linking of data among species assemblages from different sites, at different hierarchical levels of diversity, for any taxonomic group and regardless of prior taxonomic knowledge. However, collective international efforts are required to optimally exploit the potential of site-based HTS data for global integration and synthesis, efforts that at present are limited to the microbial domain. To contribute to the development of an analogous strategy for the nonmicrobial terrestrial domain, an international symposium entitled "Next Generation Biodiversity Monitoring" was held in November 2019 in Nicosia (Cyprus). The symposium brought together evolutionary geneticists, ecologists and biodiversity scientists involved in diverse regional and global initiatives using HTS as a core tool for biodiversity assessment. In this review, we summarize the consensus that emerged from the 3-day symposium. We converged on the opinion that an effective terrestrial Genomic Observatories network for global biodiversity integration and synthesis should be spatially led and strategically united under the umbrella of the metabarcoding approach. Subsequently, we outline an HTS-based strategy to collectively build an integrative framework for site-based biodiversity data generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA‐CSIC)San Cristóbal de la LagunaSpain
| | - Carmelo Andújar
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA‐CSIC)San Cristóbal de la LagunaSpain
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Comparative Plant and Fungal BiologyRoyal Botanic GardensLondonUK
| | - Kristine Bohmann
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Globe InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Éric Coissac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Université Savoie Mont BlancLECA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie AlpineGrenobleFrance
| | - Simon Creer
- School of Natural SciencesBangor UniversityGwyneddUK
| | - Jeremy R. deWaard
- Centre for Biodiversity GenomicsUniversity of GuelphGuelphCanada
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphCanada
| | - Vasco Elbrecht
- Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring (ZBM)Zoological Research Museum Alexander KoenigBonnGermany
| | - Gentile F. Ficetola
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Université Savoie Mont BlancLECA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie AlpineGrenobleFrance
- Department of Environmental Sciences and PolicyUniversity of MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Marta Goberna
- Department of Environment and AgronomyINIAMadridSpain
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOnna‐sonJapan
- Department of BiogeographyTrier UniversityTrierGermany
| | | | - Florian Leese
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre, Institute of EntomologyCzech Academy of SciencesCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Fredrik Ronquist
- Department of Bioinformatics and GeneticsSwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Douglas W. Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and EvolutionKunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and GeneticsChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Lucie Zinger
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERMUniversité PSLParisFrance
| | | | | | | | - Isaac Overcast
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERMUniversité PSLParisFrance
- Division of Vertebrate ZoologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkUSA
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERMUniversité PSLParisFrance
| | - Alfried P. Vogler
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | | | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research GroupInstituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA‐CSIC)San Cristóbal de la LagunaSpain
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11
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Kendon JP, Yokoya K, Zettler LW, Jacob AS, McDiarmid F, Bidartondo MI, Sarasan V. Recovery of mycorrhizal fungi from wild collected protocorms of Madagascan endemic orchid Aerangis ellisii (B.S. Williams) Schltr. and their use in seed germination in vitro. Mycorrhiza 2020; 30:567-576. [PMID: 32535694 PMCID: PMC7410863 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) are critical for seed germination and maintaining natural populations of orchids, yet the degree of specificity of most orchids to their mycorrhizal associates remains unknown. Many orchids are at risk of extinction, whether generalists or specialists, but orchid species of narrow fungal specificity are arguably under increased threat due to their requirement for specific fungal symbionts. This study characterises the fungi associated with Aerangis ellisii, a lithophytic orchid from a site in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Culturable OMF isolated from spontaneous protocorms of this species from the wild were used for seed germination. In vitro germination and seedling development of A. ellisii were achieved with fungi derived from A. ellisii and an isolate from a different Aerangis species 30 km away. The significance of these findings and their importance to conservation strategies for this species and other Aerangis spp. is discussed. These results have important implications for the conservation of A. ellisii populations in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lawrence W Zettler
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | - Alison S Jacob
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Faye McDiarmid
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park, Imperial College London, London, UK
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12
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Rimington WR, Duckett JG, Field KJ, Bidartondo MI, Pressel S. The distribution and evolution of fungal symbioses in ancient lineages of land plants. Mycorrhiza 2020; 30:23-49. [PMID: 32130512 PMCID: PMC7062687 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of the diversity and distribution of fungal symbioses in land plants is essential for mycorrhizal research. Here we update the seminal work of Wang and Qiu (Mycorrhiza 16:299-363, 2006) with a long-overdue focus on early-diverging land plant lineages, which were considerably under-represented in their survey, by examining the published literature to compile data on the status of fungal symbioses in liverworts, hornworts and lycophytes. Our survey combines data from 84 publications, including recent, post-2006, reports of Mucoromycotina associations in these lineages, to produce a list of at least 591 species with known fungal symbiosis status, 180 of which were included in Wang and Qiu (Mycorrhiza 16:299-363, 2006). Using this up-to-date compilation, we estimate that fewer than 30% of liverwort species engage in symbiosis with fungi belonging to all three mycorrhizal phyla, Mucoromycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, with the last being the most widespread (17%). Fungal symbioses in hornworts (78%) and lycophytes (up to 100%) appear to be more common but involve only members of the two Mucoromycota subphyla Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina, with Glomeromycotina prevailing in both plant groups. Our fungal symbiosis occurrence estimates are considerably more conservative than those published previously, but they too may represent overestimates due to currently unavoidable assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
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13
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Rimington WR, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Field KJ, Bidartondo MI. Evolution and networks in ancient and widespread symbioses between Mucoromycotina and liverworts. Mycorrhiza 2019; 29:551-565. [PMID: 31720838 PMCID: PMC6890582 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Like the majority of land plants, liverworts regularly form intimate symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycotina). Recent phylogenetic and physiological studies report that they also form intimate symbioses with Mucoromycotina fungi and that some of these, like those involving Glomeromycotina, represent nutritional mutualisms. To compare these symbioses, we carried out a global analysis of Mucoromycotina fungi in liverworts and other plants using species delimitation, ancestral reconstruction, and network analyses. We found that Mucoromycotina are more common and diverse symbionts of liverworts than previously thought, globally distributed, ancestral, and often co-occur with Glomeromycotina within plants. However, our results also suggest that the associations formed by Mucoromycotina fungi are fundamentally different because, unlike Glomeromycotina, they may have evolved multiple times and their symbiotic networks are un-nested (i.e., not forming nested subsets of species). We infer that the global Mucoromycotina symbiosis is evolutionarily and ecologically distinctive.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK.
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK.
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14
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Hoysted GA, Jacob AS, Kowal J, Giesemann P, Bidartondo MI, Duckett JG, Gebauer G, Rimington WR, Schornack S, Pressel S, Field KJ. Mucoromycotina Fine Root Endophyte Fungi Form Nutritional Mutualisms with Vascular Plants. Plant Physiol 2019; 181:565-577. [PMID: 31358684 PMCID: PMC6776871 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi and plants have engaged in intimate symbioses that are globally widespread and have driven terrestrial biogeochemical processes since plant terrestrialization >500 million years ago. Recently, hitherto unknown nutritional mutualisms involving ancient lineages of fungi and nonvascular plants have been discovered, although their extent and functional significance in vascular plants remain uncertain. Here, we provide evidence of carbon-for-nitrogen exchange between an early-diverging vascular plant (Lycopodiella inundata) and Mucoromycotina (Endogonales) fine root endophyte fungi. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the same fungal symbionts colonize neighboring nonvascular and flowering plants. These findings fundamentally change our understanding of the physiology, interrelationships, and ecology of underground plant-fungal symbioses in modern terrestrial ecosystems by revealing the nutritional role of Mucoromycotina fungal symbionts in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alison S Jacob
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Kowal
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Giesemann
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - William R Rimington
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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15
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Field KJ, Bidartondo MI, Rimington WR, Hoysted GA, Beerling D, Cameron DD, Duckett JG, Leake JR, Pressel S. Functional complementarity of ancient plant-fungal mutualisms: contrasting nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon exchanges between Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina fungal symbionts of liverworts. New Phytol 2019; 223:908-921. [PMID: 30919981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Liverworts, which are amongst the earliest divergent plant lineages and important ecosystem pioneers, often form nutritional mutualisms with arbuscular mycorrhiza-forming Glomeromycotina and fine-root endophytic Mucoromycotina fungi, both of which coevolved with early land plants. Some liverworts, in common with many later divergent plants, harbour both fungal groups, suggesting these fungi may complementarily improve plant access to different soil nutrients. We tested this hypothesis by growing liverworts in single and dual fungal partnerships under a modern atmosphere and under 1500 ppm [CO2 ], as experienced by early land plants. Access to soil nutrients via fungal partners was investigated with 15 N-labelled algal necromass and 33 P orthophosphate. Photosynthate allocation to fungi was traced using 14 CO2 . Only Mucoromycotina fungal partners provided liverworts with substantial access to algal 15 N, irrespective of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Both symbionts increased 33 P uptake, but Glomeromycotina were often more effective. Dual partnerships showed complementarity of nutrient pool use and greatest photosynthate allocation to symbiotic fungi. We show there are important functional differences between the plant-fungal symbioses tested, providing new insights into the functional biology of Glomeromycotina and Mucoromycotina fungal groups that form symbioses with plants. This may explain the persistence of the two fungal lineages in symbioses across the evolution of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Grace A Hoysted
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - DavidJ Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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16
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Lilleskov EA, Kuyper TW, Bidartondo MI, Hobbie EA. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition impacts on the structure and function of forest mycorrhizal communities: A review. Environ Pollut 2019; 246:148-162. [PMID: 30543941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans have dramatically increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition globally. At the coarsest resolution, N deposition is correlated with shifts from ectomycorrhizal (EcM) to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree dominance. At finer resolution, ectomycorrhizal fungal (EcMF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities respond strongly to long-term N deposition with the disappearance of key taxa. Conifer-associated EcMF are more sensitive than other EcMF, with current estimates of critical loads at 5-6 kg ha-1 yr-1 for the former and 10-20 kg ha-1 yr-1 for the latter. Where loads are exceeded, strong plant-soil and microbe-soil feedbacks may slow recovery rates after abatement of N deposition. Critical loads for AMF and tropical EcMF require additional study. In general, the responses of EcMF to N deposition are better understood than those of AMF because of methodological tractability. Functional consequences of EcMF community change are linked to decreases by fungi with medium-distance exploration strategies, hydrophobic walls, proteolytic capacity, and perhaps peroxidases for acquiring N from soil organic matter. These functional losses may contribute to declines in forest floor decomposition under N deposition. For AMF, limited capacity to directly access complexed organic N may reduce functional consequences, but research is needed to test this hypothesis. Mycorrhizal biomass often declines with N deposition, but the relative contributions of alternate mechanisms for this decline (lower C supply, higher C cost, physiological stress by N) have not been quantified. Furthermore, fungal biomass and functional responses to N inputs probably depend on ecosystem P status, yet how N deposition-induced P limitation interacts with belowground C flux and mycorrhizal community structure and function is still unclear. Current 'omic analyses indicate potential functional differences among fungal lineages and should be integrated with studies of physiology, host nutrition, growth and health, fungal and plant community structure, and ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Lilleskov
- Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 410 MacInnes Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
| | - Thomas W Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, NL-6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, England, UK; Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, England, UK.
| | - Erik A Hobbie
- Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824-0322, USA.
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17
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Rimington WR, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Field KJ, Read DJ, Bidartondo MI. Ancient plants with ancient fungi: liverworts associate with early-diverging arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181600. [PMID: 30305437 PMCID: PMC6191707 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizas are widespread in land plants including liverworts, some of the closest living relatives of the first plants to colonize land 500 million years ago (MYA). Previous investigations reported near-exclusive colonization of liverworts by the most recently evolved arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, the Glomeraceae, indicating a recent acquisition from flowering plants at odds with the widely held notion that arbuscular mycorrhizal-like associations in liverworts represent the ancestral symbiotic condition in land plants. We performed an analysis of symbiotic fungi in 674 globally collected liverworts using molecular phylogenetics and electron microscopy. Here, we show every order of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonizes early-diverging liverworts, with non-Glomeraceae being at least 10 times more common than in flowering plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in liverworts and other ancient plant lineages (hornworts, lycopods, and ferns) were delimited into 58 taxa and 36 singletons, of which at least 43 are novel and specific to liverworts. The discovery that early plant lineages are colonized by early-diverging fungi supports the hypothesis that arbuscular mycorrhizas are an ancestral symbiosis for all land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Life Sciences Department, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Life Sciences Department, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Life Sciences Department, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Read
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
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18
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Hoysted GA, Kowal J, Jacob A, Rimington WR, Duckett JG, Pressel S, Orchard S, Ryan MH, Field KJ, Bidartondo MI. A mycorrhizal revolution. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2018; 44:1-6. [PMID: 29289791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It has long been postulated that symbiotic fungi facilitated plant migrations onto land through enhancing the scavenging of mineral nutrients and exchanging these for photosynthetically fixed organic carbon. Today, land plant-fungal symbioses are both widespread and diverse. Recent discoveries show that a variety of potential fungal associates were likely available to the earliest land plants, and that these early partnerships were probably affected by changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Here, we evaluate current hypotheses and knowledge gaps regarding early plant-fungal partnerships in the context of newly discovered fungal mutualists of early and more recently evolved land plants and the rapidly changing views on the roles of plant-fungal symbioses in the evolution and ecology of the terrestrial biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Hoysted
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Jill Kowal
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alison Jacob
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK; Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, National History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Suzanne Orchard
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Megan H Ryan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Comparative Plant & Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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19
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Berdeni D, Cotton TEA, Daniell TJ, Bidartondo MI, Cameron DD, Evans KL. The Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonisation on Nutrient Status, Growth, Productivity, and Canker Resistance of Apple ( Malus pumila). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1461. [PMID: 30018611 PMCID: PMC6037770 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We assess whether arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve growth, nutritional status, phenology, flower and fruit production, and disease resistance in woody perennial crops using apple (Malus pumila) as a study system. In a fully factorial experiment, young trees were grown for 3 years with or without AMF (Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis), and with industrial standard fertiliser applications or restricted fertiliser (10% of standard). We use two commercial scions (Dabinett and Michelin) and rootstocks (MM111 and MM106). Industrial standard fertiliser applications reduced AMF colonisation and root biomass, potentially increasing drought sensitivity. Mycorrhizal status was influenced by above ground genotypes (scion type) but not rootstocks, indicating strong interactions between above and below ground plant tissue. The AMF inoculation significantly increased resistance to Neonectria ditissima, a globally economically significant fungal pathogen of apple orchards, but did not consistently alter leaf nutrients, growth, phenology or fruit and flower production. This study significantly advances understanding of AMF benefits to woody perennial crops, especially increased disease resistance which we show is not due to improved tree nutrition or drought alleviation. Breeding programmes and standard management practises can limit the potential for these benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Berdeni
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - T. E. A. Cotton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J. Daniell
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan D. Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Karl L. Evans
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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20
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van der Linde S, Suz LM, Orme CDL, Cox F, Andreae H, Asi E, Atkinson B, Benham S, Carroll C, Cools N, De Vos B, Dietrich HP, Eichhorn J, Gehrmann J, Grebenc T, Gweon HS, Hansen K, Jacob F, Kristöfel F, Lech P, Manninger M, Martin J, Meesenburg H, Merilä P, Nicolas M, Pavlenda P, Rautio P, Schaub M, Schröck HW, Seidling W, Šrámek V, Thimonier A, Thomsen IM, Titeux H, Vanguelova E, Verstraeten A, Vesterdal L, Waldner P, Wijk S, Zhang Y, Žlindra D, Bidartondo MI. Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Nature 2018; 558:243-248. [PMID: 29875410 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Explaining the large-scale diversity of soil organisms that drive biogeochemical processes-and their responses to environmental change-is critical. However, identifying consistent drivers of belowground diversity and abundance for some soil organisms at large spatial scales remains problematic. Here we investigate a major guild, the ectomycorrhizal fungi, across European forests at a spatial scale and resolution that is-to our knowledge-unprecedented, to explore key biotic and abiotic predictors of ectomycorrhizal diversity and to identify dominant responses and thresholds for change across complex environmental gradients. We show the effect of 38 host, environment, climate and geographical variables on ectomycorrhizal diversity, and define thresholds of community change for key variables. We quantify host specificity and reveal plasticity in functional traits involved in soil foraging across gradients. We conclude that environmental and host factors explain most of the variation in ectomycorrhizal diversity, that the environmental thresholds used as major ecosystem assessment tools need adjustment and that the importance of belowground specificity and plasticity has previously been underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietse van der Linde
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK. .,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK. .,Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, UK.
| | - Laura M Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
| | | | - Filipa Cox
- Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Henning Andreae
- Public Enterprise Sachsenforst, Kompetenzzentrum Wald und Forstwirtschaft, Pirna, Germany
| | - Endla Asi
- Estonian Environment Agency, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Bonnie Atkinson
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
| | - Sue Benham
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, UK
| | | | - Nathalie Cools
- Nature and Forest Research Institute, Environment and Climate, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Vos
- Nature and Forest Research Institute, Environment and Climate, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | | | | | - Joachim Gehrmann
- Landesamt für Natur Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hyun S Gweon
- Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Karin Hansen
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ferdinand Kristöfel
- Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Wien, Austria
| | - Paweł Lech
- Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Poland
| | | | - Jan Martin
- Landesforstanstalt M-V BT: FVI, Schwerin, Germany
| | | | - Päivi Merilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Oulu, Finland
| | - Manuel Nicolas
- Office National des Forêts, Recherche-Développement-Innovation, Fontainebleau, France
| | | | - Pasi Rautio
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Vít Šrámek
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Jíloviště, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Thimonier
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Iben Margrete Thomsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hugues Titeux
- University of Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Arne Verstraeten
- Nature and Forest Research Institute, Environment and Climate, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Lars Vesterdal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Waldner
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sture Wijk
- Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | | | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
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21
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Kowal J, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Bidartondo MI, Field KJ. From rhizoids to roots? Experimental evidence of mutualism between liverworts and ascomycete fungi. Ann Bot 2018; 121:221-227. [PMID: 29300826 PMCID: PMC5808786 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The rhizoids of leafy liverworts (Jungermanniales, Marchantiophyta) are commonly colonized by the ascomycete fungus Pezoloma ericae. These associations are hypothesized to be functionally analogous to the ericoid mycorrhizas (ErMs) formed by P. ericae with the roots of Ericaceae plants in terms of bi-directional phosphorus for carbon exchange; however, this remains unproven. Here, we test whether associations between the leafy liverwort Cephalozia bicuspidata and P. ericae are mutualistic. Methods We measured movement of phosphorus and carbon between C. bicuspidata and P. ericae using [33P]orthophosphate and 14CO2 isotope tracers in monoxenic cultures. We also measured leafy liverwort growth, with and without P. ericae. Key Results We present the first demonstration of nutritionally mutualistic symbiosis between a non-vascular plant and an ErM-forming fungus, showing transfer of fungal-acquired P to the liverwort and of liverwort-fixed C to the fungus alongside increased growth in fungus-colonized liverworts. Conclusions Thus, this ascomycete-liverwort symbiosis can now be described as mycorrhiza-like, providing further insights into ericoid mycorrhizal evolution and adding Ascomycota fungi to mycorrhizal fungal groups engaging in mutualisms with plants across the land plant phylogeny. As P. ericae also colonizes the rhizoids of Schistochilaceae liverworts, which originated in the Triassic and are sister to all other jungermannialean liverworts associated with fungi, our findings point toward an early origin of ascomycete-liverwort symbioses, possibly pre-dating their evolution in the Ericales by some 150 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Kowal
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Katie J Field
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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22
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Osborne OG, De‐Kayne R, Bidartondo MI, Hutton I, Baker WJ, Turnbull CGN, Savolainen V. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi promote coexistence and niche divergence of sympatric palm species on a remote oceanic island. New Phytol 2018; 217:1254-1266. [PMID: 29034978 PMCID: PMC5813143 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbes can have profound effects on their hosts, driving natural selection, promoting speciation and determining species distributions. However, soil-dwelling microbes are rarely investigated as drivers of evolutionary change in plants. We used metabarcoding and experimental manipulation of soil microbiomes to investigate the impact of soil and root microbes in a well-known case of sympatric speciation, the Howea palms of Lord Howe Island (Australia). Whereas H. forsteriana can grow on both calcareous and volcanic soils, H. belmoreana is restricted to, but more successful on, volcanic soil, indicating a trade-off in adaptation to the two soil types. We suggest a novel explanation for this trade-off. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are significantly depleted in H. forsteriana on volcanic soil, relative to both H. belmoreana on volcanic soil and H. forsteriana on calcareous soil. This is mirrored by the results of survival experiments, where the sterilization of natural soil reduces Howea fitness in every soil-species combination except H. forsteriana on volcanic soil. Furthermore, AMF-associated genes exhibit evidence of divergent selection between Howea species. These results show a mechanism by which divergent adaptation can have knock-on effects on host-microbe interactions, thereby reducing interspecific competition and promoting the coexistence of plant sister species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen G. Osborne
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotSL5 7PYUK
| | - Rishi De‐Kayne
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotSL5 7PYUK
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotSL5 7PYUK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmondTW9 3DSUK
| | - Ian Hutton
- Lord Howe Island MuseumLord Howe IslandNSW2898Australia
| | | | | | - Vincent Savolainen
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotSL5 7PYUK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmondTW9 3DSUK
- University of JohannesburgAuckland ParkJohannesburg2006South Africa
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23
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Bidartondo MI, Hijri M. The Ninth International Conference on Mycorrhiza in Prague: across mycorrhizal symbioses from molecules to global scales. Mycorrhiza 2018; 28:203-205. [PMID: 29192362 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London & Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, England.
| | - Mohamed Hijri
- Plant Biology Research Institute, University of Montreal, 4101, 11 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
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24
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Schweiger JM, Bidartondo MI, Gebauer G. Stable isotope signatures of underground seedlings reveal the organic matter gained by adult orchids from mycorrhizal fungi. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julienne M.‐I. Schweiger
- Laboratory of Isotope BiogeochemistryBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College London London UK
- Royal Botanic GardensKew Richmond UK
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope BiogeochemistryBayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
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25
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Brunner I, Frey B, Hartmann M, Zimmermann S, Graf F, Suz LM, Niskanen T, Bidartondo MI, Senn-Irlet B. Ecology of Alpine Macrofungi - Combining Historical with Recent Data. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2066. [PMID: 29123508 PMCID: PMC5662630 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical datasets of living communities are important because they can be used to document creeping shifts in species compositions. Such a historical data set exists for alpine fungi. From 1941 to 1953, the Swiss geologist Jules Favre visited yearly the region of the Swiss National Park and recorded the occurring fruiting bodies of fungi >1 mm (so-called “macrofungi”) in the alpine zone. Favre can be regarded as one of the pioneers of alpine fungal ecology not least because he noted location, elevation, geology, and associated plants during his numerous excursions. However, some relevant information is only available in his unpublished field-book. Overall, Favre listed 204 fungal species in 26 sampling sites, with 46 species being previously unknown. The analysis of his data revealed that the macrofungi recorded belong to two major ecological groups, either they are symbiotrophs and live in ectomycorrhizal associations with alpine plant hosts, or they are saprotrophs and decompose plant litter and soil organic matter. The most frequent fungi were members of Inocybe and Cortinarius, which form ectomycorrhizas with Dryas octopetala or the dwarf alpine Salix species. The scope of the present study was to combine Favre's historical dataset with more recent data, either with the “SwissFungi” database or with data from major studies of the French and German Alps, and with the data from novel high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques of soils from the Swiss Alps. Results of the latter application revealed, that problems associated with these new techniques are manifold and species determination remains often unclear. At this point, the fungal taxa collected by Favre and deposited as exsiccata at the “Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève” could be used as a reference sequence dataset for alpine fungal studies. In conclusion, it can be postulated that new improved databases are urgently necessary for the near future, particularly, with regard to investigating fungal communities from alpine regions using new techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beat Frey
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Zimmermann
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank Graf
- Community Ecology, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Laura M Suz
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Tuula Niskanen
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice Senn-Irlet
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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26
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Desirò A, Rimington WR, Jacob A, Pol NV, Smith ME, Trappe JM, Bidartondo MI, Bonito G. Multigene phylogeny of Endogonales, an early diverging lineage of fungi associated with plants. IMA Fungus 2017; 8:245-257. [PMID: 29242774 PMCID: PMC5729711 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.02.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogonales is a lineage of early diverging fungi within Mucoromycota. Many species in this order produce small sporophores (“sporocarps”) containing a large number of zygospores, and many species form symbioses with plants. However, due to limited collections, subtle morphological differentiation, difficulties in growing these organisms in vitro, and idiosyncrasies in their rDNA that make PCR amplification difficult, the systematics and character evolution of these fungi have been challenging to resolve. To overcome these challenges we generated a multigene phylogeny of Endogonales using sporophores collected over the past three decades from four continents. Our results show that Endogonales harbour significant undescribed diversity and form two deeply divergent and well-supported phylogenetic clades, which we delimit as the families Endogonaceae and Densosporaceae fam. nov. The family Densosporaceae consists of the genus Densospora,Sphaerocreas pubescens, and many diverse lineages known only from environmental DNA sequences of plant-endosymbiotic fungi. Within Endogonaceae there are two clades. One corresponds to Endogone and includes the type species, E. pisiformis. Species of Endogone are characterized by above- and below-ground sporophores, a hollow and infolded sporophore form, a loose zygosporangial hyphal mantle, homogeneous gametangia, and an enigmatic trophic mode with no evidence of ectomycorrhizal association for most species. For the other clade we introduce a new generic name, Jimgerdemannia gen. nov. Members of that genus (J. flammicorona and J. lactiflua species complexes, and an undescribed species) are characterized by hypogeous sporophores with a solid gleba, a well-developed zygosporangial hyphal mantle, heterogeneous gametangia, and an ectomycorrhizal trophic mode. Future studies on Densosporaceae and Endogonaceae will be important for understanding fungal innovations including evolution of macroscopic sporophores and symbioses with plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Desirò
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Alison Jacob
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Natalie Vande Pol
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - James M Trappe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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27
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Renny M, Acosta MC, Cofré N, Domínguez LS, Bidartondo MI, Sérsic AN. Genetic diversity patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with the mycoheterotroph Arachnitis uniflora Phil. (Corsiaceae). Ann Bot 2017; 119:1279-1294. [PMID: 28398457 PMCID: PMC5604589 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Arachnitis uniflora is a mycoheterotrophic plant that exploits arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of neighbouring plants. We tested A. uniflora 's specificity towards fungi across its large latitudinal range, as well as the role of historical events and current environmental, geographical and altitudinal variables on fungal genetic diversity. Methods Arachnitis uniflora mycorrhizas were sampled at 25 sites. Fungal phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed, genetic diversity was calculated and the main divergent lineages were dated. Phylogeographical analysis was performed with the main fungal clade. Fungal diversity correlations with environmental factors were investigated. Key Results Glomeraceae fungi dominated, with a main clade that likely originated in the Upper Cretaceous and diversified in the Miocene. Two other arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal families not previously known to be targeted by A. uniflora were detected rarely and appear to be facultative associations. High genetic diversity, found in Bolivia and both northern and southern Patagonia, was correlated with temperature, rainfall and soil features. Conclusions Fungal genetic diversity and its distribution can be explained by the ancient evolutionary history of the target fungi and by micro-scale environmental conditions with a geographical mosaic pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Renny
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, IMBIV, UNC-CONICET, Edificio de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Vélez Sársfield 1611, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Cristina Acosta
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, IMBIV, UNC-CONICET, Edificio de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Vélez Sársfield 1611, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Noelia Cofré
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, IMBIV, UNC-CONICET, Edificio de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Vélez Sársfield 1611, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura S. Domínguez
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, IMBIV, UNC-CONICET, Edificio de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Vélez Sársfield 1611, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Alicia N. Sérsic
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, IMBIV, UNC-CONICET, Edificio de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Vélez Sársfield 1611, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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28
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Schiebold JMI, Bidartondo MI, Karasch P, Gravendeel B, Gebauer G. You are what you get from your fungi: nitrogen stable isotope patterns in Epipactis species. Ann Bot 2017; 119:1085-1095. [PMID: 28334113 PMCID: PMC5604585 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Partially mycoheterotrophic plants are enriched in 13 C and 15 N compared to autotrophic plants. Here, it is hypothesized that the type of mycorrhizal fungi found in orchid roots is responsible for variation in 15 N enrichment of leaf tissue in partially mycoheterotrophic orchids. Methods The genus Epipactis was used as a case study and carbon and nitrogen isotope abundances of eight Epipactis species, fungal sporocarps of four Tuber species and autotrophic references were measured. Mycorrhizal fungi were identified using molecular methods. Stable isotope data of six additional Epipactis taxa and ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic basidiomycetes were compiled from the literature. Key Results The 15 N enrichment of Epipactis species varied between 3·2 ± 0·8 ‰ ( E. gigantea ; rhizoctonia-associated) and 24·6 ± 1·6 ‰ ( E. neglecta ; associated with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes). Sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes (10·7 ± 2·2 ‰) were significantly more enriched in 15 N than ectomycorrhizal (5·2 ± 4·0 ‰) and saprotrophic basidiomycetes (3·3 ± 2·1 ‰). Conclusions As hypothesized, it is suggested that the observed gradient in 15 N enrichment of Epipactis species is strongly driven by 15 N abundance of their mycorrhizal fungi; i.e. ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. associated with rhizoctonias < ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. with ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes < ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes and basidiomycetes < ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne M.-I. Schiebold
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Peter Karasch
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mykologie (German Mycological Society), Kirchl 78, 94545 Hohenau, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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29
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Gomes SIF, Aguirre‐Gutiérrez J, Bidartondo MI, Merckx VSFT. Arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions of mycoheterotrophic Thismia are more specialized than in autotrophic plants. New Phytol 2017; 213:1418-1427. [PMID: 27739593 PMCID: PMC5248637 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In general, plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi exchange photosynthetically fixed carbon for soil nutrients, but occasionally nonphotosynthetic plants obtain carbon from AM fungi. The interactions of these mycoheterotrophic plants with AM fungi are suggested to be more specialized than those of green plants, although direct comparisons are lacking. We investigated the mycorrhizal interactions of both green and mycoheterotrophic plants. We used next-generation DNA sequencing to compare the AM communities from roots of five closely related mycoheterotrophic species of Thismia (Thismiaceae), roots of surrounding green plants, and soil, sampled over the entire temperate distribution of Thismia in Australia and New Zealand. We observed that the fungal communities of mycoheterotrophic and green plants are phylogenetically more similar within than between these groups of plants, suggesting a specific association pattern according to plant trophic mode. Moreover, mycoheterotrophic plants follow a more restricted association with their fungal partners in terms of phylogenetic diversity when compared with green plants, targeting more clustered lineages of fungi, independent of geographic origin. Our findings demonstrate that these mycoheterotrophic plants target more narrow lineages of fungi than green plants, despite the larger fungal pool available in the soil, and thus they are more specialized towards mycorrhizal fungi than autotrophic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia I. F. Gomes
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centerpostbus 9517Leiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML)University of Leidenpostbus 9500Leiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
| | - Jesús Aguirre‐Gutiérrez
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centerpostbus 9517Leiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)Computational Geo‐EcologyUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1098 HXthe Netherlands
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, KewRichmondSurreyTW9 3DSUK
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30
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Field KJ, Rimington WR, Bidartondo MI, Allinson KE, Beerling DJ, Cameron DD, Duckett JG, Leake JR, Pressel S. Functional analysis of liverworts in dual symbiosis with Glomeromycota and Mucoromycotina fungi under a simulated Palaeozoic CO2 decline. ISME J 2016; 10:1514-26. [PMID: 26613340 PMCID: PMC5029179 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants form mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomeromycota, but recent studies have found that ancient plant lineages form mutualisms with Mucoromycotina fungi. Simultaneous associations with both fungal lineages have now been found in some plants, necessitating studies to understand the functional and evolutionary significance of these tripartite associations for the first time. We investigate the physiology and cytology of dual fungal symbioses in the early-diverging liverworts Allisonia and Neohodgsonia at modern and Palaeozoic-like elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations under which they are thought to have evolved. We found enhanced carbon cost to liverworts with simultaneous Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycota associations, greater nutrient gain compared with those symbiotic with only one fungal group in previous experiments and contrasting responses to atmospheric CO2 among liverwort-fungal symbioses. In liverwort-Mucoromycotina symbioses, there is increased P-for-C and N-for-C exchange efficiency at 440 p.p.m. compared with 1500 p.p.m. CO2. In liverwort-Glomeromycota symbioses, P-for-C exchange is lower at ambient CO2 compared with elevated CO2. No characteristic cytologies of dual symbiosis were identified. We provide evidence of a distinct physiological niche for plant symbioses with Mucoromycotina fungi, giving novel insight into why dual symbioses with Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycota fungi persist to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
| | - Kate E Allinson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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31
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Spake R, van der Linde S, Newton AC, Suz LM, Bidartondo MI, Doncaster CP. Similar biodiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in set-aside plantations and ancient old-growth broadleaved forests. Biol Conserv 2016; 194:71-79. [PMID: 26917858 PMCID: PMC4730558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Setting aside overmature planted forests is currently seen as an option for preserving species associated with old-growth forests, such as those with dispersal limitation. Few data exist, however, on the utility of set-aside plantations for this purpose, or the value of this habitat type for biodiversity relative to old-growth semi-natural ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the contribution of forest type relative to habitat characteristics in determining species richness and composition in seven forest blocks, each containing an ancient old-growth stand (> 1000 yrs) paired with a set-aside even-aged planted stand (ca. 180 yrs). We investigated the functionally important yet relatively neglected ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), a group for which the importance of forest age has not been assessed in broadleaved forests. We found that forest type was not an important determinant of EMF species richness or composition, demonstrating that set-aside can be an effective option for conserving ancient EMF communities. Species richness of above-ground EMF fruiting bodies was principally related to the basal area of the stand (a correlate of canopy cover) and tree species diversity, whilst richness of below-ground ectomycorrhizae was driven only by tree diversity. Our results suggest that overmature planted forest stands, particularly those that are mixed-woods with high basal area, are an effective means to connect and expand ecological networks of ancient old-growth forests in historically deforested and fragmented landscapes for ectomycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Spake
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sietse van der Linde
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Jodrell Gate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Adrian C. Newton
- Centre for Ecology, Environment and Sustainability, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Laura M. Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Jodrell Gate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Jodrell Gate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - C. Patrick Doncaster
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Kowal J, Pressel S, Duckett JG, Bidartondo MI. Liverworts to the rescue: an investigation of their efficacy as mycorrhizal inoculum for vascular plants. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Kowal
- Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Jodrell Laboratory Richmond Kew TW9 3AB UK
| | | | | | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Jodrell Laboratory Richmond Kew TW9 3AB UK
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Yokoya K, Zettler LW, Kendon JP, Bidartondo MI, Stice AL, Skarha S, Corey LL, Knight AC, Sarasan V. Preliminary findings on identification of mycorrhizal fungi from diverse orchids in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Mycorrhiza 2015; 25:611-25. [PMID: 25771863 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Orchid flora of Madagascar is one of the most diverse with nearly 1000 orchid taxa, of which about 90% are endemic to this biodiversity hotspot. The Itremo Massif in the Central Highlands of Madagascar with a Highland Subtropical climate range encompasses montane grassland, igneous and metamorphic rock outcrops, and gallery and tapia forests. Our study focused on identifying culturable mycorrhizae from epiphytic, lithophytic, and terrestrial orchid taxa to understand their diversity and density in a spatial matrix that is within the protected areas. We have collected both juvenile and mature roots from 41 orchid taxa for isolating their orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), and to culture, identify, and store in liquid nitrogen for future studies. Twelve operational taxonomic units (OTUs), of three known orchid mycorrhizal genera, were recognized by analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of 85 isolates, and, by comparing with GenBank database entries, each OTU was shown to have closely related fungi that were also found as orchid associates. Orchid and fungal diversity were greater in gallery forests and open grasslands, which is very significant for future studies and orchid conservation. As far as we know, this is the first ever report of detailed identification of mycorrhizal fungi from Madagascar. This study will help start to develop a programme for identifying fungal symbionts from this unique biodiversity hotspot, which is undergoing rapid ecosystem damage and species loss. The diversity of culturable fungal associates, their density, and distribution within the Itremo orchid hotspot areas will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lawrence W Zettler
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | | | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew L Stice
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | - Shannon Skarha
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | - Laura L Corey
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | - Audrey C Knight
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Plants Division, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Plants Division, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Plants Division, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
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Field KJ, Leake JR, Tille S, Allinson KE, Rimington WR, Bidartondo MI, Beerling DJ, Cameron DD. From mycoheterotrophy to mutualism: mycorrhizal specificity and functioning in Ophioglossum vulgatum sporophytes. New Phytol 2015; 205:1492-1502. [PMID: 25615559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal functioning in the fern Ophioglossum is complex and poorly understood. It is unknown whether mature O. vulgatum sporophytes form mutualistic associations with fungi of the Glomeromycota and with what specificity. Are green sporophytes able to 'repay' fungal carbon (C) invested in them by mycorrhizal partners during the initially heterotrophic gametophyte and early sporophyte stages of the lifecycle? We identified fungal partners of O. vulgatum sporophytes using molecular techniques and supplied them with (33) P-orthophosphate and O. vulgatum sporophytes with (14) CO2 . We traced the movement of fungal-acquired nutrients and plant-fixed C between symbionts and analysed natural abundance (13) C and (15) N isotope signatures to assess nutritional interactions. We found fungal specificity of O. vulgatum sporophytes towards a mycorrhizal fungus closely related to Glomus macrocarpum. Our radioisotope tracers revealed reciprocal C-for-phosphorus exchange between fern sporophytes and fungal partners, despite competition from surrounding vegetation. Monocultures of O. vulgatum were enriched in (13) C and (15) N, providing inconclusive evidence of mycoheterotrophy when experiencing competition from the surrounding plant community. We show mutualistic and specific symbiosis between a eusporangiate fern and fungi of the Glomeromycota. Our findings suggest a 'take now, pay later' strategy of mycorrhizal functioning through the lifecycle O. vulgatum, from mycoheterotrophic gametophyte to mutualistic aboveground sporophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stefanie Tille
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kate E Allinson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Desirò A, Faccio A, Kaech A, Bidartondo MI, Bonfante P. Endogone, one of the oldest plant-associated fungi, host unique Mollicutes-related endobacteria. New Phytol 2015; 205:1464-1472. [PMID: 25345989 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glomeromycota have been considered the most ancient group of fungi capable of positively interacting with plants for many years. Recently, other basal fungi, the Endogone Mucoromycotina fungi, have been identified as novel plant symbionts, challenging the paradigm of Glomeromycota as the unique ancestral symbionts of land plants. Glomeromycota are known to host endobacteria and recent evidences show that also some Mucoromycotina contain endobacteria. In order to examine similarities between basal groups of plant-associated fungi, we tested whether Endogone contained endobacteria. Twenty-nine Endogone were investigated in order to identify Mollicutes-related endobacteria (Mre). Fruiting bodies were processed for transmission electron microscopy and molecularly investigated using fungal and Mre-specific primers. We demonstrate that Mre are present inside 13 out of 29 Endogone: endobacteria are directly embedded in the fungal cytoplasm and their 16S rDNA sequences cluster together with the ones retrieved from Glomeromycota, forming, however, a separate new clade. Our findings provide new insights on the evolutionary relations between Glomeromycota, Mucoromycotina and endobacteria, raising new questions on the role of these still enigmatic microbes in the ecology, evolution and diversification of their fungal hosts during the history of plant-fungal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Desirò
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Antonella Faccio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, UOS Turin, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Andres Kaech
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, 10125, Italy
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Liebel HT, Bidartondo MI, Gebauer G. Are carbon and nitrogen exchange between fungi and the orchid Goodyera repens affected by irradiance? Ann Bot 2015; 115:251-61. [PMID: 25538109 PMCID: PMC4540094 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The green orchid Goodyera repens has been shown to transfer carbon to its mycorrhizal partner, and this flux may therefore be affected by light availability. This study aimed to test whether the C and N exchange between plant and fungus is dependent on light availability, and in addition addressed the question of whether flowering and/or fruiting individuals of G. repens compensate for changes in leaf chlorophyll concentration with changes in C and N flows from fungus to plant. METHODS The natural abundances of stable isotopes of plant C and N were used to infer changes in fluxes between orchid and fungus across natural gradients of irradiance at five sites. Mycorrhizal fungi in the roots of G. repens were identified by molecular analyses. Chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves of the orchid and of reference plants were measured directly in the field. KEY RESULTS Leaf δ(13)C values of G. repens responded to changes in light availability in a similar manner to autotrophic reference plants, and different mycorrhizal fungal associations also did not affect the isotope abundance patterns of the orchid. Flowering/fruiting individuals had lower leaf total N and chlorophyll concentrations, which is most probably explained by N investments to form flowers, seeds and shoot. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that mycorrhizal physiology is relatively fixed in G. repens, and changes in the amount and direction of C flow between plant and fungus were not observed to depend on light availability. The orchid may instead react to low-light sites through increased clonal growth. The orchid does not compensate for low leaf total N and chlorophyll concentrations by using a (13)C- and (15)N-enriched fungal source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko T Liebel
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany and Imperial College London and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany and Imperial College London and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany and Imperial College London and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, UK
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Field KJ, Rimington WR, Bidartondo MI, Allinson KE, Beerling DJ, Cameron DD, Duckett JG, Leake JR, Pressel S. First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2. New Phytol 2015; 205:743-56. [PMID: 25230098 PMCID: PMC4303992 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that Mucoromycotina, an ancient and partially saprotrophic fungal lineage, associates with the basal liverwort lineage Haplomitriopsida casts doubt on the widely held view that Glomeromycota formed the sole ancestral plant-fungus symbiosis. Whether this association is mutualistic, and how its functioning was affected by the fall in atmospheric CO2 concentration that followed plant terrestrialization in the Palaeozoic, remains unknown. We measured carbon-for-nutrient exchanges between Haplomitriopsida liverworts and Mucoromycotina fungi under simulated mid-Palaeozoic (1500 ppm) and near-contemporary (440 ppm) CO2 concentrations using isotope tracers, and analysed cytological differences in plant-fungal interactions. Concomitantly, we cultured both partners axenically, resynthesized the associations in vitro, and characterized their cytology. We demonstrate that liverwort-Mucoromycotina symbiosis is mutualistic and mycorrhiza-like, but differs from liverwort-Glomeromycota symbiosis in maintaining functional efficiency of carbon-for-nutrient exchange between partners across CO2 concentrations. Inoculation of axenic plants with Mucoromycotina caused major cytological changes affecting the anatomy of plant tissues, similar to that observed in wild-collected plants colonized by Mucoromycotina fungi. By demonstrating reciprocal exchange of carbon for nutrients between partners, our results provide support for Mucoromycotina establishing the earliest mutualistic symbiosis with land plants. As symbiotic functional efficiency was not compromised by reduced CO2 , we suggest that other factors led to the modern predominance of the Glomeromycota symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - William R Rimington
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic GardensKew, TW9 3DS, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History MuseumCromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic GardensKew, TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Kate E Allinson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History MuseumCromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jonathan R Leake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of SheffieldSheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History MuseumCromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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Suz LM, Barsoum N, Benham S, Dietrich HP, Fetzer KD, Fischer R, García P, Gehrman J, Kristöfel F, Manninger M, Neagu S, Nicolas M, Oldenburger J, Raspe S, Sánchez G, Schröck HW, Schubert A, Verheyen K, Verstraeten A, Bidartondo MI. Environmental drivers of ectomycorrhizal communities in Europe's temperate oak forests. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5628-44. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Suz
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Richmond Surrey TW9 3DS UK
- Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Sue Benham
- Forest Research; Farnham Surrey GU10 4LH UK
| | | | | | - Richard Fischer
- Thünen Institute of International Forestry and Forest Economics; Hamburg 21031 Germany
| | - Paloma García
- Ministerio de Agricultura; Alimentacióny Medio Ambiente; Madrid 28010 Spain
| | - Joachim Gehrman
- Landesamt für Natur; Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz NRW; Recklinghausen D 45659 Germany
| | - Ferdinand Kristöfel
- Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests; Natural Hazards and Landscape; Vienna A-1131 Austria
| | | | - Stefan Neagu
- Forest Research and Management Institute (ICAS); Voluntari 077190 Romania
| | - Manuel Nicolas
- Office National des Forêts (RENECOFOR); Fontainebleau 77300 France
| | | | - Stephan Raspe
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry; Freising D-85354 Germany
| | - Gerardo Sánchez
- Ministerio de Agricultura; Alimentacióny Medio Ambiente; Madrid 28010 Spain
| | - Hans Werner Schröck
- Forschungsanstalt für Waldökologie und Forstwirtschaft Rheinland-Pfalz; Trippstadt 67705 Germany
| | - Alfred Schubert
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry; Freising D-85354 Germany
| | | | - Arne Verstraeten
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest; Geraardsbergen 9500 Belgium
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Richmond Surrey TW9 3DS UK
- Imperial College London; London SW7 2AZ UK
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Bateman RM, Rudall PJ, Bidartondo MI, Cozzolino S, Tranchida-Lombardo V, Carine MA, Moura M. Speciation via floral heterochrony and presumed mycorrhizal host switching of endemic butterfly orchids on the Azorean archipelago. Am J Bot 2014; 101:979-1001. [PMID: 24907253 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
• Premise of the study: Most orchid species native to the Macaronesian islands reflect immigration from western Europe or North Africa followed by anagenesis. The only putative exception is the butterfly orchids (Platanthera) of the Azores, where three species apparently reflect at least one cladogenetic speciation event. This multidisciplinary study explores the origin, speciation, phenotypic, and genotypic cohesion of these Azorean species and their mainland relatives.• Methods: Plants of Platanthera from 30 localities spanning all nine Azorean islands were compared with those of four continental European relatives for 38 morphometric characters; substantial subsets were also analyzed for plastid microsatellites, and for nrITS of both the orchids and their mycorrhizae.• Key results: Although the three Azorean and four mainland species are all readily distinguished morphometrically using several floral characters, and hybridization appears rare, divergence in ITS and especially plastid sequences is small. Despite occupying similar laurisilva habitats, the Azorean species differ radically in the identities and diversity of their mycorrhizal partners; specialism apparently increases rarity.• Conclusions: Although morphological evidence suggests two invasions of the islands from NW Africa and/or SW Europe, ITS data imply only one. As the molecular data are unable to distinguish among the potential mainland ancestors, two scenarios of relationship are explored that imply different ancestors. Both scenarios require both anagenetic and cladogenetic speciation events, involving homoplastic shifts in overall flower size and (often substantial) changes in the relative dimensions of individual floral organs. Limited genotypic divergence among the three species compared with greater phenotypic divergence suggests comparatively recent speciation. Mycorrhizae may be the most critical factor dictating the respective ecological tolerances, and thus the relative frequencies, of these species. The recent IUCN Red-List amalgamation of Azorean Platanthera taxa into a single species urgently requires reappraisal, as P. micrantha is an excellent indicator species of seminatural laurisilva forest and P. azorica is arguably Europe's rarest orchid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula J Rudall
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Salvatore Cozzolino
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, I-80126, Italy
| | | | - Mark A Carine
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Mónica Moura
- CIBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources-Azores, Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Rua Mae de Deus 58, Apartado 1422, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
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Stöckel M, Těšitelová T, Jersáková J, Bidartondo MI, Gebauer G. Carbon and nitrogen gain during the growth of orchid seedlings in nature. New Phytol 2014; 202:606-615. [PMID: 24444001 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For germination and establishment, orchids depend on carbon (C) and nutrients supplied by mycorrhizal fungi. As adults, the majority of orchids then appear to become autotrophic. To compare the proportional C and nitrogen (N) gain from fungi in mycoheterotrophic seedlings and in adults, here we examined in the field C and N stable isotope compositions in seedlings and adults of orchids associated with ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi. Using a new highly sensitive approach, we measured the isotope compositions of seedlings and adults of four orchid species belonging to different functional groups: fully and partially mycoheterotrophic orchids associated with narrow or broad sets of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and two adult putatively autotrophic orchids associated exclusively with saprotrophic fungi. Seedlings of orchids associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi were enriched in (13) C and (15) N similarly to fully mycoheterotrophic adults. Seedlings of saprotroph-associated orchids were also enriched in (13) C and (15) N, but unexpectedly their enrichment was significantly lower, making them hardly distinguishable from their respective adult stages and neighbouring autotrophic plants. We conclude that partial mycoheterotrophy among saprotroph-associated orchids cannot be identified unequivocally based on C and N isotope compositions alone. Thus, partial mycoheterotrophy may be much more widely distributed among orchids than hitherto assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Stöckel
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tamara Těšitelová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jersáková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Abstract
Hornworts are considered the sister group to vascular plants, but their fungal associations remain largely unexplored. The ancestral symbiotic condition for all plants is, nonetheless, widely assumed to be arbuscular mycorrhizal with Glomeromycota fungi. Owing to a recent report of other fungi in some non-vascular plants, here we investigate the fungi associated with diverse hornworts worldwide, using electron microscopy and molecular phylogenetics. We found that both Glomeromycota and Mucoromycotina fungi can form symbioses with most hornworts, often simultaneously. This discovery indicates that ancient terrestrial plants relied on a wider and more versatile symbiotic repertoire than previously thought, and it highlights the so far unappreciated ecological and evolutionary role of Mucoromycotina fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Desirò
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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Corcoran P, Jacobson DJ, Bidartondo MI, Hickey PC, Kerekes JF, Taylor JW, Johannesson H. Quantifying functional heterothallism in the pseudohomothallic ascomycete Neurospora tetrasperma. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:962-75. [PMID: 22954339 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurospora tetrasperma is a pseudohomothallic filamentous ascomycete that has evolved from heterothallic ancestors. Throughout its life cycle, it is predominantly heterokaryotic for mating type, and thereby self-fertile. However, studies of N. tetrasperma have revealed the occasional production of self-sterile asexual and sexual spores of a single-mating type, indicating that it can be functionally heterothallic. Here, we report the extensive sampling and isolation of natural, heterokaryotic, strains of N. tetrasperma from the United Kingdom (UK): 99 strains were collected from Surrey, England, and four from Edinburgh, Scotland. We verified by phylogenetic analyses that these strains belong to N. tetrasperma. We isolated cultures from single germinated asexual spores (conidia) from 17 of these newly sampled UK strains from Surrey, and 16 previously sampled strains of N. tetrasperma from New Zealand (NZ). Our results show that the N. tetrasperma strains from the UK population produced a significantly greater proportion of self-sterile, homokaryotic conidia than the NZ population: the proportion of homokaryotic conidia was 42.6 % (133/312 spores) and 15.3 % (59/386) from the UK and the NZ populations, respectively. Although homokaryons recovered from several strains show a bias for one of the mating types, the total ratio of mat A to mat a mating type in homokaryons (UK: 72/61, NZ 28/31) did not deviate significantly from the expected 1:1 ratio for either of these populations. These results indicate that different populations exhibit differences in their life cycle characteristics, and that a higher degree of outcrossing might be expected from the UK population. This study points to the importance of studying multiple strains and populations when investigating life history traits of an organism with a complex life cycle, as previously undetected differences between populations may be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraic Corcoran
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sommer J, Pausch J, Brundrett MC, Dixon KW, Bidartondo MI, Gebauer G. Limited carbon and mineral nutrient gain from mycorrhizal fungi by adult Australian orchids. Am J Bot 2012; 99:1133-1145. [PMID: 22753812 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY In addition to autotrophic and fully mycoheterotrophic representatives, the orchid family comprises species that at maturity obtain C and N partially from fungal sources. These partial mycoheterotrophs are often associated with fungi that simultaneously form ectomycorrhizas with trees. This study investigates mycorrhizal nutrition for orchids from the southwestern Australian biodiversity hotspot. METHODS The mycorrhizal fungi of 35 green and one achlorophyllous orchid species were analyzed using molecular methods. Nutritional mode was identified for 27 species by C and N isotope abundance analysis in comparison to non-orchids from the same habitat. As a complementary approach, (13)CO(2) pulse labeling was applied to a subset of six orchid species to measure photosynthetic capacity. KEY RESULTS Almost all orchids associated with rhizoctonia-forming fungi. Due to much higher than expected variation within the co-occurring nonorchid reference plants, the stable isotope approach proved challenging for assigning most orchids to a specialized nutritional mode; therefore, these orchids were classified as autotrophic at maturity. The (13)CO(2) pulse labeling confirmed full autotrophy for six selected species. Nonetheless, at least three orchid species (Gastrodia lacista, Prasophyllum elatum, Corybas recurvus) were identified as nutritionally distinctive from autotrophic orchids and reference plants. CONCLUSIONS Despite the orchid-rich flora in southwestern Australia, partial mycoheterotrophy among these orchids is less common than in other parts of the world, most likely because most associate with saprotrophic fungi rather than ectomycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Sommer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Field KJ, Cameron DD, Leake JR, Tille S, Bidartondo MI, Beerling DJ. Contrasting arbuscular mycorrhizal responses of vascular and non-vascular plants to a simulated Palaeozoic CO₂ decline. Nat Commun 2012; 3:835. [PMID: 22588297 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal symbiosis is widely hypothesized to have promoted the evolution of land plants from rootless gametophytes to rooted sporophytes during the mid-Palaeozoic (480-360 Myr, ago), at a time coincident with a 90% fall in the atmospheric CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)](a)). Here we show using standardized dual isotopic tracers ((14)C and (33)P) that AM symbiosis efficiency (defined as plant P gain per unit of C invested into fungi) of liverwort gametophytes declines, but increases in the sporophytes of vascular plants (ferns and angiosperms), at 440 p.p.m. compared with 1,500 p.p.m. [CO(2)](a). These contrasting responses are associated with larger AM hyphal networks, and structural advances in vascular plant water-conducting systems, promoting P transport that enhances AM efficiency at 440 p.p.m. [CO(2)](a). Our results suggest that non-vascular land plants not only faced intense competition for light, as vascular land floras grew taller in the Palaeozoic, but also markedly reduced efficiency and total capture of P as [CO(2)](a) fell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Bidartondo MI, Read DJ, Trappe JM, Merckx V, Ligrone R, Duckett JG. The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi. Biol Lett 2011; 7:574-7. [PMID: 21389014 PMCID: PMC3130224 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonization of land by plants relied on fundamental biological innovations, among which was symbiosis with fungi to enhance nutrient uptake. Here we present evidence that several species representing the earliest groups of land plants are symbiotic with fungi of the Mucoromycotina. This finding brings up the possibility that terrestrialization was facilitated by these fungi rather than, as conventionally proposed, by members of the Glomeromycota. Since the 1970s it has been assumed, largely from the observation that vascular plant fossils of the early Devonian (400 Ma) show arbuscule-like structures, that fungi of the Glomeromycota were the earliest to form mycorrhizas, and evolutionary trees have, until now, placed Glomeromycota as the oldest known lineage of endomycorrhizal fungi. Our observation that Endogone-like fungi are widely associated with the earliest branching land plants, and give way to glomeromycotan fungi in later lineages, raises the new hypothesis that members of the Mucoromycotina rather than the Glomeromycota enabled the establishment and growth of early land colonists.
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Waterman RJ, Bidartondo MI, Stofberg J, Combs JK, Gebauer G, Savolainen V, Barraclough TG, Pauw A. The Effects of Above- and Belowground Mutualisms on Orchid Speciation and Coexistence. Am Nat 2011; 177:E54-68. [DOI: 10.1086/657955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Cox F, Barsoum N, Lilleskov EA, Bidartondo MI. Nitrogen availability is a primary determinant of conifer mycorrhizas across complex environmental gradients. Ecol Lett 2010; 13:1103-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Liebel HT, Bidartondo MI, Preiss K, Segreto R, Stöckel M, Rodda M, Gebauer G. C and N stable isotope signatures reveal constraints to nutritional modes in orchids from the Mediterranean and Macaronesia. Am J Bot 2010; 97:903-912. [PMID: 21622461 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We compared the nutritional modes and habitats of orchids (e.g., autotrophic, partially or fully mycoheterotrophic) of the Mediterranean region and adjacent islands of Macaronesia. We hypothesized that ecological factors (e.g., relative light availability, surrounding vegetation) determine the nutritional modes of orchids and thus impose restrictions upon orchid distribution. Covering habitats from dark forests to open sites, orchid samples of 35 species from 14 genera were collected from 20 locations in the Mediterranean and Macaronesia to test for mycoheterotrophy. Mycorrhizal fungi were identified via molecular analyses, and stable isotope analyses were applied to test whether organic nutrients are gained from the fungal associates. Our results show that orchids with partial or full mycoheterotrophy among the investigated species are found exclusively in Neottieae thriving in light-limited forests. Neottioid orchids are missing in Macaronesia, possibly because mycoheterotrophy is constrained by the lack of suitable ectomycorrhizal fungi. Furthermore, most adult orchids of open habitats in the Mediterranean and Macaronesia show weak or no N gains from fungi and no C gain through mycoheterotrophy. Instead isotope signatures of some of these species indicate net plant-to-fungus C transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko T Liebel
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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