1
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Rajderkar SS, Paraiso K, Amaral ML, Kosicki M, Cook LE, Darbellay F, Spurrell CH, Osterwalder M, Zhu Y, Wu H, Afzal SY, Blow MJ, Kelman G, Barozzi I, Fukuda-Yuzawa Y, Akiyama JA, Afzal V, Tran S, Plajzer-Frick I, Novak CS, Kato M, Hunter RD, von Maydell K, Wang A, Lin L, Preissl S, Lisgo S, Ren B, Dickel DE, Pennacchio LA, Visel A. Dynamic enhancer landscapes in human craniofacial development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2030. [PMID: 38448444 PMCID: PMC10917818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of human facial variation and craniofacial birth defects remains poorly understood. Distant-acting transcriptional enhancers control the fine-tuned spatiotemporal expression of genes during critical stages of craniofacial development. However, a lack of accurate maps of the genomic locations and cell type-resolved activities of craniofacial enhancers prevents their systematic exploration in human genetics studies. Here, we combine histone modification, chromatin accessibility, and gene expression profiling of human craniofacial development with single-cell analyses of the developing mouse face to define the regulatory landscape of facial development at tissue- and single cell-resolution. We provide temporal activity profiles for 14,000 human developmental craniofacial enhancers. We find that 56% of human craniofacial enhancers share chromatin accessibility in the mouse and we provide cell population- and embryonic stage-resolved predictions of their in vivo activity. Taken together, our data provide an expansive resource for genetic and developmental studies of human craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Sunil Rajderkar
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kitt Paraiso
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Amaral
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kosicki
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Laura E Cook
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fabrice Darbellay
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cailyn H Spurrell
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Han Wu
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sarah Yasmeen Afzal
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Matthew J Blow
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Guy Kelman
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Jerusalem Center for Personalized Computational Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iros Barozzi
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yoko Fukuda-Yuzawa
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- University Research Management Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jennifer A Akiyama
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Veena Afzal
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stella Tran
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ingrid Plajzer-Frick
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Catherine S Novak
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Momoe Kato
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Riana D Hunter
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- UC San Francisco, Division of Experimental Medicine, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Kianna von Maydell
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Allen Wang
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bing Ren
- Institute of Genome Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diane E Dickel
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Octant Inc., Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
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2
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Rajderkar SS, Paraiso K, Amaral ML, Kosicki M, Cook LE, Darbellay F, Spurrell CH, Osterwalder M, Zhu Y, Wu H, Afzal SY, Blow MJ, Kelman G, Barozzi I, Fukuda-Yuzawa Y, Akiyama JA, Afzal V, Tran S, Plajzer-Frick I, Novak CS, Kato M, Hunter RD, von Maydell K, Wang A, Lin L, Preissl S, Lisgo S, Ren B, Dickel DE, Pennacchio LA, Visel A. Cell Type- and Tissue-specific Enhancers in Craniofacial Development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.26.546603. [PMID: 37425964 PMCID: PMC10327103 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.26.546603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of craniofacial birth defects and general variation in human facial shape remains poorly understood. Distant-acting transcriptional enhancers are a major category of non-coding genome function and have been shown to control the fine-tuned spatiotemporal expression of genes during critical stages of craniofacial development1-3. However, a lack of accurate maps of the genomic location and cell type-specific in vivo activities of all craniofacial enhancers prevents their systematic exploration in human genetics studies. Here, we combined histone modification and chromatin accessibility profiling from different stages of human craniofacial development with single-cell analyses of the developing mouse face to create a comprehensive catalogue of the regulatory landscape of facial development at tissue- and single cell-resolution. In total, we identified approximately 14,000 enhancers across seven developmental stages from weeks 4 through 8 of human embryonic face development. We used transgenic mouse reporter assays to determine the in vivo activity patterns of human face enhancers predicted from these data. Across 16 in vivo validated human enhancers, we observed a rich diversity of craniofacial subregions in which these enhancers are active in vivo. To annotate the cell type specificities of human-mouse conserved enhancers, we performed single-cell RNA-seq and single-nucleus ATAC-seq of mouse craniofacial tissues from embryonic days e11.5 to e15.5. By integrating these data across species, we find that the majority (56%) of human craniofacial enhancers are functionally conserved in mice, providing cell type- and embryonic stage-resolved predictions of their in vivo activity profiles. Using retrospective analysis of known craniofacial enhancers in combination with single cell-resolved transgenic reporter assays, we demonstrate the utility of these data for predicting the in vivo cell type specificity of enhancers. Taken together, our data provide an expansive resource for genetic and developmental studies of human craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Sunil Rajderkar
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kitt Paraiso
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Amaral
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kosicki
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laura E. Cook
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fabrice Darbellay
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cailyn H. Spurrell
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marco Osterwalder
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Han Wu
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sarah Yasmeen Afzal
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304
| | - Matthew J. Blow
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Guy Kelman
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Jerusalem Center for Personalized Computational Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Iros Barozzi
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yoko Fukuda-Yuzawa
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- University Research Management Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jennifer A. Akiyama
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Veena Afzal
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stella Tran
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ingrid Plajzer-Frick
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Catherine S. Novak
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Momoe Kato
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Riana D. Hunter
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- UC San Francisco, Division of Experimental Medicine, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Kianna von Maydell
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Allen Wang
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Bing Ren
- Institute of Genome Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diane E. Dickel
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Octant Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Len A. Pennacchio
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
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3
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Thompson M, Sakabe M, Verba M, Hao J, Meadows SM, Lu QR, Xin M. PRDM16 regulates arterial development and vascular integrity. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1165379. [PMID: 37324380 PMCID: PMC10267475 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1165379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper vascular formation is regulated by multiple signaling pathways. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling promotes endothelial proliferation. Notch and its downstream targets act to lead endothelial cells toward an arterial fate through regulation of arterial gene expression. However, the mechanisms of how endothelial cells (ECs) in the artery maintain their arterial characteristics remain unclear. Here, we show that PRDM16 (positive regulatory domain-containing protein 16), a zinc finger transcription factor, is expressed in arterial ECs, but not venous ECs in developing embryos and neonatal retinas. Endothelial-specific deletion of Prdm16 induced ectopic venous marker expression in the arterial ECs and reduced vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) recruitment around arteries. Whole-genome transcriptome analysis using isolated brain ECs show that the expression of Angpt2 (encoding ANGIOPOIETIN2, which inhibits vSMC recruitment) is upregulated in the Prdm16 knockout ECs. Conversely, forced expression of PRDM16 in venous ECs is sufficient to induce arterial gene expression and repress the ANGPT2 level. Together, these results reveal an arterial cell-autonomous function for PRDM16 in suppressing venous characteristics in arterial ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thompson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Masahide Sakabe
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Mark Verba
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jiukuan Hao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stryder M. Meadows
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Q. Richard Lu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Mei Xin
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Zhou T, Chen Y, Liao Z, Zhang L, Su D, Li Z, Yang X, Ke X, Liu H, Chen Y, Weng R, Shen H, Xu C, Wan Y, Xu R, Su P. Spatiotemporal Characterization of Human Early Intervertebral Disc Formation at Single-Cell Resolution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206296. [PMID: 36965031 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) acts as a fibrocartilaginous joint to anchor adjacent vertebrae. Although several studies have demonstrated the cellular heterogeneity of adult mature IVDs, a single-cell transcriptomic atlas mapping early IVD formation is still lacking. Here, the authors generate a spatiotemporal and single cell-based transcriptomic atlas of human IVD formation at the embryonic stage and a comparative mouse transcript landscape. They identify two novel human notochord (NC)/nucleus pulposus (NP) clusters, SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10)+ and cathepsin K (CTSK)+ , that are distributed in the early and late stages of IVD formation and they are validated by lineage tracing experiments in mice. Matrisome NC/NP clusters, T-box transcription factor T (TBXT)+ and CTSK+ , are responsible for the extracellular matrix homeostasis. The IVD atlas suggests that a subcluster of the vertebral chondrocyte subcluster might give rise to an inner annulus fibrosus of chondrogenic origin, while the fibroblastic outer annulus fibrosus preferentially expresseds transgelin and fibromodulin . Through analyzing intercellular crosstalk, the authors further find that notochordal secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) is a novel cue in the IVD microenvironment, and it is associated with IVD development and degeneration. In conclusion, the single-cell transcriptomic atlas will be leveraged to develop preventative and regenerative strategies for IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifeng Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhiheng Liao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Deying Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics and State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhuling Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaona Ke
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hengyu Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuyu Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ricong Weng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Huimin Shen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Caixia Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Peiqiang Su
- Department of Spine Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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5
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Huang Q, Li X, Sun J, Zhou Y. Tumor-derived endomucin promotes colorectal cancer proliferation and metastasis. Cancer Med 2022; 12:3222-3236. [PMID: 35971319 PMCID: PMC9939191 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endomucin (EMCN) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein and a mucin-like component of the endothelial cell glycocalyx. The mechanism of EMCN action in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. AIMS Our aim was to explore the role of EMCN in the progression of CRC. MATERIALS & METHODS We examined EMCN expression in CRC tissues and normal para-carcinoma tissues. The function and mechanisms of EMCN were checked in CRC cell lines and in mouse xenograft. Additionally, we used co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to identify the potential EMCN-binding proteins. Functional annotation analysis showed where these genes were enriched. RESULTS We found that EMCN was overexpressed in tumor tissues compared with that in normal para-carcinoma tissues. We also found that overexpression of EMCN induced CRC proliferation and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. EMCN knockdown prevents epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro. We identified 178 potential EMCN-binding partners. Furthermore, functional annotation analysis indicated that these genes were considerably enriched in carcinogenic-related functions and pathways. Collectively, the identification of EMCN-binding partners enhanced our understanding of the mechanism of EMCN-mediated malignant phenotypes, and this research may provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC. CONCLUSION Tumor-derived endomucin promotes colorectal cancer proliferation and metastasis. We identified 178 EMCN-binding proteins and initially screened three potential EMCN-interacting proteins: NALCN, and TPM2, ANKK1. Our study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaMianyangSichuanPR China
| | - Xue‐mei Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Clinical Medical CollegeChengdu Medical CollegeChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jing‐ping Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Clinical Medical CollegeChengdu Medical CollegeChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yan Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaMianyangSichuanPR China
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6
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Tan LY, Cockshell MP, Moore E, Myo Min KK, Ortiz M, Johan MZ, Ebert B, Ruszkiewicz A, Brown MP, Ebert LM, Bonder CS. Vasculogenic mimicry structures in melanoma support the recruitment of monocytes. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2043673. [PMID: 35295096 PMCID: PMC8920250 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2043673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of cancer is facilitated by infiltrating leukocytes which can either actively kill cancer cells or promote their survival. Our current understanding of leukocyte recruitment into tumors is largely limited to the adhesion molecules and chemokines expressed by conventional blood vessels that are lined by endothelial cells (ECs). However, cancer cells themselves can form their own vascular structures (a process known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM)); but whether they actively participate in the recruitment of leukocytes remains to be elucidated. Herein, we demonstrate that VM-competent human melanoma cell lines express multiple adhesion molecules (e.g. CD44, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and junction adhesion molecules (JAMs)) and chemokines (e.g. CXCL8 and CXCL12) relevant for leukocyte recruitment. Microfluidic-based adhesion assays revealed that similar to ECs, VM-competent melanoma cells facilitate the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes, particularly monocytes, under conditions of shear flow. Moreover, we identified ICAM-1 to be a key participant in this process. Transwell assays showed that, similar to ECs, VM-competent melanoma cells facilitate monocyte transmigration toward a chemotactic gradient. Gene expression profiling of human melanoma patient samples confirmed the expression of numerous leukocyte capture adhesion molecules and chemokines. Finally, immunostaining of patient tissue microarrays revealed that tumors with high VM content also contained higher numbers of leukocytes (including macrophages). Taken together, this study suggests an underappreciated role of VM vessels in solid tumors via their active participation in leukocyte recruitment and begins to identify key adhesion molecules and chemokines that underpin this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih Y. Tan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michaelia P. Cockshell
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eli Moore
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kay K. Myo Min
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Ortiz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M. Zahied Johan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Brenton Ebert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Ruszkiewicz
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael P. Brown
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Ebert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claudine S. Bonder
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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7
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Ballermann BJ, Nyström J, Haraldsson B. The Glomerular Endothelium Restricts Albumin Filtration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:766689. [PMID: 34912827 PMCID: PMC8667033 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.766689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation and/or dysfunction of the glomerular endothelium triggers proteinuria in many systemic and localized vascular disorders. Among them are the thrombotic microangiopathies, many forms of glomerulonephritis, and acute inflammatory episodes like sepsis and COVID-19 illness. Another example is the chronic endothelial dysfunction that develops in cardiovascular disease and in metabolic disorders like diabetes. While the glomerular endothelium is a porous sieve that filters prodigious amounts of water and small solutes, it also bars the bulk of albumin and large plasma proteins from passing into the glomerular filtrate. This endothelial barrier function is ascribed predominantly to the endothelial glycocalyx with its endothelial surface layer, that together form a relatively thick, mucinous coat composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycolipids, sialomucins and other glycoproteins, as well as secreted and circulating proteins. The glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer not only covers the glomerular endothelium; it extends into the endothelial fenestrae. Some glycocalyx components span or are attached to the apical endothelial cell plasma membrane and form the formal glycocalyx. Other components, including small proteoglycans and circulating proteins like albumin and orosomucoid, form the endothelial surface layer and are bound to the glycocalyx due to weak intermolecular interactions. Indeed, bound plasma albumin is a major constituent of the endothelial surface layer and contributes to its barrier function. A role for glomerular endothelial cells in the barrier of the glomerular capillary wall to protein filtration has been demonstrated by many elegant studies. However, it can only be fully understood in the context of other components, including the glomerular basement membrane, the podocytes and reabsorption of proteins by tubule epithelial cells. Discovery of the precise mechanisms that lead to glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer disruption within glomerular capillaries will hopefully lead to pharmacological interventions that specifically target this important structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Börje Haraldsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Arpino JM, Yin H, Prescott EK, Staples SCR, Nong Z, Li F, Chevalier J, Balint B, O’Neil C, Mortuza R, Milkovich S, Lee JJ, Lorusso D, Sandig M, Hamilton DW, Holdsworth DW, Poepping TL, Ellis CG, Pickering JG. Low-flow intussusception and metastable VEGFR2 signaling launch angiogenesis in ischemic muscle. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg9509. [PMID: 34826235 PMCID: PMC8626079 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to promote sprouting angiogenesis in skeletal muscles of individuals with peripheral artery disease have not been clinically successful. We discovered that, contrary to the prevailing view, angiogenesis following ischemic muscle injury in mice was not driven by endothelial sprouting. Instead, real-time imaging revealed the emergence of wide-caliber, primordial conduits with ultralow flow that rapidly transformed into a hierarchical neocirculation by transluminal bridging and intussusception. This process was accelerated by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2). We probed this response by developing the first live-cell model of transluminal endothelial bridging using microfluidics. Endothelial cells subjected to ultralow shear stress could reposition inside the flowing lumen as pillars. Moreover, the low-flow lumen proved to be a privileged location for endothelial cells with reduced VEGFR2 signaling capacity, as VEGFR2 mechanosignals were boosted. These findings redefine regenerative angiogenesis in muscle as an intussusceptive process and uncover a basis for its launch.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Michael Arpino
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Hao Yin
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Emma K. Prescott
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Sabrina C. R. Staples
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Zengxuan Nong
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Fuyan Li
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Chevalier
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Brittany Balint
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Caroline O’Neil
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie Milkovich
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Jason J. Lee
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Daniel Lorusso
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Martin Sandig
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - David W. Holdsworth
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Tamie L. Poepping
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Christopher G. Ellis
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - J. Geoffrey Pickering
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Hennigs JK, Matuszcak C, Trepel M, Körbelin J. Vascular Endothelial Cells: Heterogeneity and Targeting Approaches. Cells 2021; 10:2712. [PMID: 34685692 PMCID: PMC8534745 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Forming the inner layer of the vascular system, endothelial cells (ECs) facilitate a multitude of crucial physiological processes throughout the body. Vascular ECs enable the vessel wall passage of nutrients and diffusion of oxygen from the blood into adjacent cellular structures. ECs regulate vascular tone and blood coagulation as well as adhesion and transmigration of circulating cells. The multitude of EC functions is reflected by tremendous cellular diversity. Vascular ECs can form extremely tight barriers, thereby restricting the passage of xenobiotics or immune cell invasion, whereas, in other organ systems, the endothelial layer is fenestrated (e.g., glomeruli in the kidney), or discontinuous (e.g., liver sinusoids) and less dense to allow for rapid molecular exchange. ECs not only differ between organs or vascular systems, they also change along the vascular tree and specialized subpopulations of ECs can be found within the capillaries of a single organ. Molecular tools that enable selective vascular targeting are helpful to experimentally dissect the role of distinct EC populations, to improve molecular imaging and pave the way for novel treatment options for vascular diseases. This review provides an overview of endothelial diversity and highlights the most successful methods for selective targeting of distinct EC subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K. Hennigs
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Christiane Matuszcak
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Martin Trepel
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- ENDomics Lab, Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
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10
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Kim J, Choi H. The mucin protein MUCL1 regulates melanogenesis and melanoma genes in a manner dependent on threonine content. Br J Dermatol 2021; 186:532-543. [PMID: 34545566 PMCID: PMC9299140 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The regulation of melanogenesis has been investigated as a long‐held aim for pharmaceutical manipulations with denotations for malignancy of melanoma. Mucins have a protective function in epithelial organs; however, in the most outer organ, the skin, the role of mucins has not been studied enough. Objectives Our initial hypothesis developed from the identification of correlations between pigmentation and expressions of skin mucins, particularly those existing in skin tissue. We aimed to investigate the action of mucins in human melanocytic cells. Materials and methods The expression of mucin proteins in human skin was investigated using microarray data from the Human Protein Atlas consortium (HPA) and the Genotype‐Tissue Expression consortium (GTEx) database. Mucin expression was measured at RNA and protein levels in melanoma cells. The findings were further validated and confirmed by analysis of independent experiments. Results We found that the several mucin proteins showed expression in human skin cells and among these, mucin‐like protein 1 (MUCL1) showed the highest expression and also clear negative correlation with melanogenesis in epidermal melanocytes. We confirmed the correlations between melanogenesis and MUCL1 by revealing negative correlations in melanocytes with different melanin production, resulting from increased composition of threonine, mucin‐conforming amino acid, and increased autophagy‐related forkhead‐box O signalling. Furthermore, threonine itself affects melanogenesis and metastatic activity in melanoma cells. Conclusions We identified a significant association between MUCL1 and threonine with melanogenesis and metastasis‐related genes in melanoma cells. Our results define a novel mechanism of mucin regulation, suggesting diagnostic and preventive roles of MUCL1 in cutaneous melanoma. Whatis already known about this topic? Despite considerable advances in radioactive therapeutics or chemotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of abnormal melanogenesis, there are still many caveats to delivery, effectiveness and safety, thus leaving a necessity for more immediate pharmaceutical targets. Mucins have protective and chemical barrier functions in epithelial organs; however, in the skin, mucin has scarce expression and is known only as a diagnostic aid in skin disorders such as mucinosis.
Whatdoes this study add? We provide detailed analysis demonstrating the potential of mucin‐like protein 1 (MUCL1), which showed negative correlations in melanocytes with different melanin production, resulting from increased composition of threonine and increased autophagy‐related forkhead‐box O signalling in epidermal melanocytes and melanoma cells. We established that through an alternative pathway for MUCL1 biosynthesis, threonine supplementation recovers MUCL1 levels in melanoma. Changes, brought on by the essential amino acid threonine, resulted in substantial modulations in melanogenesis and reduced metastasis‐related genes.
Whatis the translational message? This study demonstrates for the first time that the mucin protein of skin cells is compounded by distorted mucin homeostasis, with major effects on melanogenesis and metastasis‐related genes in melanoma. We anticipate that these novel findings will be of keen interest to the community of scientists and medical practitioners examining skin dysfunction.
Linked Comment: C. Casalou and D.J. Tobin. Br J Dermatol 2022; 186:388–389. Plain language summary available online
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Amorepacific R&D Center, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Korea
| | - H Choi
- Amorepacific R&D Center, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Korea
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11
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Zhang J, Li D, Zheng X, Zhang W, Hou R, Liu C, Zhang Y, Hu K, Zhou H, Xue Y. TMT-labelled quantitative proteomic analysis to predict the target promoting human odontogenic inflammatory granulation tissue transform into reparative granulation tissue. Acta Odontol Scand 2021; 79:458-465. [PMID: 33823749 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1890817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Odontogenic inflammatory diseases are main causes for alveolar bone breakdown and teeth loss, leaving great difficulties in denture restoration. Local inflammatory granulation tissue (IGT) is considered as pathological tissue and required to be removed. However, there are many evidences supporting that under appropriate intervention, IGT in alveolar bone maybe transformed into reparative granulation tissue (RGT), followed by ossification. Therefore, this study aimed to discover a specific target to promote this transformation. MATERIALS AND METHODS After drawing out histological differences between IGT and RGT with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC) assay staining, TMT-labelled quantitative proteomic analysis was applied to identify potential targets. RESULTS The most striking histological property of RGT was found to be ECM deposition, which significantly decreased inflammatory cells, prominently increased fibroblasts as well as triggered changes of vascular types. Combined with histological findings and proteomic analysis, five KEGG pathways were associated with ECM, inflammation and angiogenesis and 49 pathways involved in differentially expressed proteins. COL1A1 was not only the most up-regulated protein, but also one of main hubs in protein-protein interaction regulatory network. Specific protease cathepsin K (CTSK) was identified. Level of CTSK in RGT was down-regulated to 69.10-76.97% (p < .05), with significantly up-regulated COL1A1, COL1A2, FN1 and TGFB1 included in focal adhesion, PI3K-Akt signalling pathways and angiogenesis. CTSK involved in transformation from IGT to RGT. CONCLUSIONS CTSK might be a target to regulate transformation from IGT to RGT in alveolar bone through ECM, stem cells and angiogenesis mechanisms. However, further research is also clearly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dengke Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueni Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wuyang Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changkui Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaijin Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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12
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The Cellular Choreography of Osteoblast Angiotropism in Bone Development and Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147253. [PMID: 34298886 PMCID: PMC8305002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction between endothelial cells and osteoblasts is essential for bone development and homeostasis. This process is mediated in large part by osteoblast angiotropism, the migration of osteoblasts alongside blood vessels, which is crucial for the homing of osteoblasts to sites of bone formation during embryogenesis and in mature bones during remodeling and repair. Specialized bone endothelial cells that form "type H" capillaries have emerged as key interaction partners of osteoblasts, regulating osteoblast differentiation and maturation and ensuring their migration towards newly forming trabecular bone areas. Recent revolutions in high-resolution imaging methodologies for bone as well as single cell and RNA sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of some of the signaling pathways and molecular interactions that underpin this regulatory relationship. Similarly, the intercellular cross talk between endothelial cells and entombed osteocytes that is essential for bone formation, repair, and maintenance are beginning to be uncovered. This is a relatively new area of research that has, until recently, been hampered by a lack of appropriate analysis tools. Now that these tools are available, greater understanding of the molecular relationships between these key cell types is expected to facilitate identification of new drug targets for diseases of bone formation and remodeling.
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13
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Zhang G, Yang X, Gao R. Research progress on the structure and function of endomucin. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:325-329. [PMID: 33532708 PMCID: PMC7824966 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endomucin is a type I integral membrane glycoprotein, which is expressed in venous and capillary endothelial cells. It consists of 261 amino acids with an extracellular domain that is highly O-glycosylated at serine and threonine residues and has several potential N-glycosylation sites. Endomucin plays an important role in biological processes such as cell interaction, molecular cell signaling, angiogenesis and cell migration, and in recent years it has also been identified as an anti-adhesion molecule and a marker of endothelial cells. While it has been shown to be involved in a number of physiological and pathological mechanisms, many of its functions remain unknown, and further study is needed. This article reviews research progress on the function of endomucin to date, in order to provide guidance for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine CentrePeking Union Medical Collage (PUMC)BeijingPR China
| | - Xingjiu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine CentrePeking Union Medical Collage (PUMC)BeijingPR China
| | - Ran Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (National Health and Family Planning Commission)Institute of Laboratory Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine CentrePeking Union Medical Collage (PUMC)BeijingPR China
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14
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Lustgarten Guahmich N, Farber G, Shafiei S, McNally D, Redmond D, Kallinos E, Stuhlmann H, Dufort D, James D, Blobel CP. Endothelial deletion of ADAM10, a key regulator of Notch signaling, causes impaired decidualization and reduced fertility in female mice. Angiogenesis 2020; 23:443-458. [PMID: 32385775 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the initiation of pregnancy, the vasculature of the implantation site expands rapidly, yet little is known about this process or its role in fertility. Here, we report that endothelial-specific deletion of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10), an essential regulator of Notch signaling, results in severe subfertility in mice. We found that implantation sites develop until 5.5 days post conception (dpc) but are resorbed by 6.5 dpc in A10ΔEC mice. Analysis of the mutant implantation sites showed impaired decidualization and abnormal vascular patterning compared to controls. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis revealed changes in endothelial cell marker expression consistent with defective ADAM10/Notch signaling in samples from A10ΔEC mice, suggesting that this signaling pathways is essential for the physiological function of endometrial endothelial cells during early pregnancy. Our findings raise the possibility that impaired endothelial cell function could be a cause for repeated pregnancy loss (RPL) and infertility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lustgarten Guahmich
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Farber
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shiva Shafiei
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dylan McNally
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleni Kallinos
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heidi Stuhlmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Dufort
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daylon James
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl P Blobel
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA. .,Hospital for Special Surgery at Weill Cornell Medicine, 535 East 70th, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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15
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Yan ZQ, Wang XK, Zhou Y, Wang ZG, Wang ZX, Jin L, Yin H, Xia K, Tan YJ, Feng SK, Xie PL, Tang SY, Fang CY, Cao J, Xie H. H-type blood vessels participate in alveolar bone remodeling during murine tooth extraction healing. Oral Dis 2020; 26:998-1009. [PMID: 32144839 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate whether skeletal-specific H-type blood vessels exist in alveolar bone and how they function in alveolar bone remodeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS H-type vessels with high expression of CD31 and Endomucin (CD31hi Emcnhi ) were immunostained in alveolar bone. Abundance and age-related changes in CD31hi Emcnhi endothelial cells (H-ECs) were detected by flow cytometry. Osteoprogenitors association with H-type vessels and bone mass were detected in tooth extraction model of alveolar bone remodeling by immunohistofluorescence and micro-CT, respectively. Transcription and expression of H-EC feature genes during in vitro Notch inhibition were measured by RT-qPCR and immunocytofluorescence. RESULTS We verified that H-type vessels existed in alveolar bone, the abundance of which was highest at infancy age, then decreased but maintained a constant level during aging. In tooth extraction model, H-ECs significantly increased with concomitant perivascular accumulation of Runx2+ osteoprogenitors and gradually augmentation of bone mass. Notch inhibition of in vitro cultured H-ECs resulted in decreased expression levels of Emcn and hes1, but not Pecam1 or Kdr genes, with decreased expression levels of H-EC numbers, accordingly. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that H-type vessels promote osteogenesis during alveolar bone remodeling. Notch signaling pathway regulates expression of Emcn and possibly determines fate and functions of alveolar H-ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qi Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Kai Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng-Guang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Juan Tan
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shi-Kai Feng
- Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping-Li Xie
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Si-Yuan Tang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Yun Fang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Movement System Injury and Repair Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Bone Joint Degeneration and Injury, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Yang J, LeBlanc ME, Cano I, Saez-Torres KL, Saint-Geniez M, Ng YS, D'Amore PA. ADAM10 and ADAM17 proteases mediate proinflammatory cytokine-induced and constitutive cleavage of endomucin from the endothelial surface. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6641-6651. [PMID: 32193206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact between inflammatory cells and endothelial cells (ECs) is a crucial step in vascular inflammation. Recently, we demonstrated that the cell-surface level of endomucin (EMCN), a heavily O-glycosylated single-transmembrane sialomucin, interferes with the interactions between inflammatory cells and ECs. We have also shown that, in response to an inflammatory stimulus, EMCN is cleared from the cell surface by an unknown mechanism. In this study, using adenovirus-mediated overexpression of a tagged EMCN in human umbilical vein ECs, we found that treatment with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) or the strong oxidant pervanadate leads to loss of cell-surface EMCN and increases the levels of the C-terminal fragment of EMCN 3- to 4-fold. Furthermore, treatment with the broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat (BB94) or inhibition of ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 (ADAM10) and ADAM17 with two small-molecule inhibitors, GW280264X and GI254023X, or with siRNA significantly reduced basal and TNFα-induced cell-surface EMCN cleavage. Release of the C-terminal fragment of EMCN by TNF-α treatment was blocked by chemical inhibition of ADAM10 alone or in combination with ADAM17. These results indicate that cell-surface EMCN undergoes constitutive cleavage and that TNF-α treatment dramatically increases this cleavage, which is mediated predominantly by ADAM10 and ADAM17. As endothelial cell-surface EMCN attenuates leukocyte-EC interactions during inflammation, we propose that EMCN is a potential therapeutic target to manage vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michelle E LeBlanc
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Issahy Cano
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kahira L Saez-Torres
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yin-Shan Ng
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Patricia A D'Amore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 .,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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17
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Niu T, Zhao M, Jiang Y, Xing X, Shi X, Cheng L, Jin H, Liu K. Endomucin restores depleted endothelial glycocalyx in the retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. FASEB J 2019; 33:13346-13357. [PMID: 31545913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901161r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial glycocalyx plays a significant role in the development and progression of diabetic complications. Endomucin (EMCN) is an anti-inflammatory membrane glycoprotein that is mainly expressed in venous and capillary endothelial cells. However, the function of EMCN in diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression is still completely unknown. We first investigated the change of EMCN expression in the retina and human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. We then overexpressed EMCN in the retina with adeno-associated virus and induced DR with streptozotocin (STZ). We analyzed EMCN's effect on the integrity of endothelial glycocalyx under conditions of DR. Furthermore, we investigated EMCN's protective effect against inflammation and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) destruction. We found that EMCN is specifically expressed in retinal endothelial cells and that its levels are decreased during hyperglycemia in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of EMCN can restore the retinal endothelial glycocalyx of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, EMCN overexpression can decrease leukocyte-endothelial adhesion to ameliorate inflammation and stabilize the BRB to inhibit vessel leakage in rats with DR. EMCN may protect patients with diabetes from retinal vascular degeneration by restoring the endothelial glycocalyx. EMCN may thus represent a novel therapeutic strategy for DR because it targets endothelial glycocalyx degradation associated with this disease.-Niu, T., Zhao, M., Jiang, Y., Xing, X., Shi, X., Cheng, L., Jin, H., Liu, K. Endomucin restores depleted endothelial glycocalyx in the retinas of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Niu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengya Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xindan Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyi Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Zahr A, Alcaide P, Yang J, Jones A, Gregory M, dela Paz NG, Patel-Hett S, Nevers T, Koirala A, Luscinskas FW, Saint-Geniez M, Ksander B, D'Amore PA, Argüeso P. Endomucin prevents leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and has a critical role under resting and inflammatory conditions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10363. [PMID: 26831939 PMCID: PMC4740757 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endomucin is a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed luminally by endothelial cells that line postcapillary venules, a primary site of leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. Here we show that endomucin abrogation on quiescent endothelial cells enables neutrophils to adhere firmly, via LFA-1-mediated binding to ICAM-1 constitutively expressed by endothelial cells. Moreover, TNF-α stimulation downregulates cell surface expression of endomucin concurrent with increased expression of adhesion molecules. Adenovirus-mediated expression of endomucin under inflammatory conditions prevents neutrophil adhesion in vitro and reduces the infiltration of CD45+ and NIMP-R14+ cells in vivo. These results indicate that endomucin prevents leukocyte contact with adhesion molecules in non-inflamed tissues and that downregulation of endomucin is critical to facilitate adhesion of leukocytes into inflamed tissues. Endomucin is expressed by endothelial cells that line postcapillary venules—the site of leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. Zahr et al. show that endomucin is an anti-adhesive molecule that is downregulated by the cytokine TNF-a and thereby helps in the transition from a quiescent to a pro-adhesive inflamed endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisar Zahr
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jinling Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Alexander Jones
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Meredith Gregory
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Nathaniel G dela Paz
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Sunita Patel-Hett
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Tania Nevers
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Adarsha Koirala
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Francis W Luscinskas
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Bruce Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Patricia A D'Amore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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19
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Bălan M, Kiefer F. A novel model for ectopic, chronic, intravital multiphoton imaging of bone marrow vasculature and architecture in split femurs. INTRAVITAL 2015; 4:e1066949. [PMID: 28243515 PMCID: PMC5312711 DOI: 10.1080/21659087.2015.1066949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Creating a model for intravital visualization of femoral bone marrow, a major site of hematopoiesis in adult mammalian organisms, poses a serious challenge, in that it needs to overcome bone opacity and the inaccessibility of marrow. Furthermore, meaningful analysis of bone marrow developmental and differentiation processes requires the repetitive observation of the same site over long periods of time, which we refer to as chronic imaging. To surmount these issues, we developed a chronic intravital imaging model that allows the observation of split femurs, ectopically transplanted into a dorsal skinfold chamber of a host mouse. Repeated, long term observations are facilitated by multiphoton microscopy, an imaging technique that combines superior imaging capacity at greater tissue depth with low phototoxicity. The transplanted, ectopic femur was stabilized by its sterile environment and rapidly connected to the host vasculature, allowing further development and observation of extended processes. After optimizing transplant age and grafting procedure, we observed the development of new woven bone and maturation of secondary ossification centers in the transplanted femurs, preceded by the sprouting of a sinusoidal-like vascular network, which was almost entirely composed of femoral endothelial cells. After two weeks, the transplant was still populated with stromal and haematopoietic cells belonging both to donor and host. Over this time frame, the transplant partially retained myeloid progenitor cells with single and multi-lineage differentiation capacity. In summary, our model allowed repeated intravital imaging of bone marrow angiogenesis and hematopoiesis. It represents a promising starting point for the development of improved chronic optical imaging models for femoral bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Bălan
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence; Cells in Motion, CiM; Münster, Germany; Current address: Division of Vascular Biology; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB); Karolinska Institute; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine; Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence; Cells in Motion, CiM; Münster, Germany
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20
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Lack of the Transcription Factor Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α) in Macrophages Accelerates the Necrosis of Mycobacterium avium-Induced Granulomas. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3534-44. [PMID: 26099585 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00144-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of mycobacterial infection is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are well-organized aggregates of immune cells, namely, infected macrophages. The granuloma's main function is to constrain and prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria while focusing the immune response to a limited area. In some cases these lesions can grow progressively into large granulomas which can undergo central necrosis, thereby leading to their caseation. Macrophages are the most abundant cells present in the granuloma and are known to adapt under hypoxic conditions in order to avoid cell death. Our laboratory has developed a granuloma necrosis model that mimics the human pathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using C57BL/6 mice infected intravenously with a low dose of a highly virulent strain of Mycobacterium avium. In this work, a mouse strain deleted of the hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) under the Cre-lox system regulated by the lysozyme M gene promoter was used to determine the relevance of HIF-1α in the caseation of granulomas. The genetic ablation of HIF-1α in the myeloid lineage causes the earlier emergence of granuloma necrosis and clearly induces an impairment of the resistance against M. avium infection coincident with the emergence of necrosis. The data provide evidence that granulomas become hypoxic before undergoing necrosis through the analysis of vascularization and quantification of HIF-1α in a necrotizing mouse model. Our results show that interfering with macrophage adaptation to hypoxia, such as through HIF-1α inactivation, accelerates granuloma necrosis.
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21
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Ramasamy SK, Kusumbe AP, Wang L, Adams RH. Endothelial Notch activity promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis in bone. Nature 2014; 507:376-380. [PMID: 24647000 DOI: 10.1038/nature13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessel growth in the skeletal system and osteogenesis seem to be coupled, suggesting the existence of molecular crosstalk between endothelial and osteoblastic cells. Understanding the nature of the mechanisms linking angiogenesis and bone formation should be of great relevance for improved fracture healing or prevention of bone mass loss. Here we show that vascular growth in bone involves a specialized, tissue-specific form of angiogenesis. Notch signalling promotes endothelial cell proliferation and vessel growth in postnatal long bone, which is the opposite of the well-established function of Notch and its ligand Dll4 in the endothelium of other organs and tumours. Endothelial-cell-specific and inducible genetic disruption of Notch signalling in mice not only impaired bone vessel morphology and growth, but also led to reduced osteogenesis, shortening of long bones, chondrocyte defects, loss of trabeculae and decreased bone mass. On the basis of a series of genetic experiments, we conclude that skeletal defects in these mutants involved defective angiocrine release of Noggin from endothelial cells, which is positively regulated by Notch. Administration of recombinant Noggin, a secreted antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins, restored bone growth and mineralization, chondrocyte maturation, the formation of trabeculae and osteoprogenitor numbers in endothelial-cell-specific Notch pathway mutants. These findings establish a molecular framework coupling angiogenesis, angiocrine signals and osteogenesis, which may prove significant for the development of future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana K Ramasamy
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, German
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, German
| | - Lin Wang
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, German
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, and University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, German
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22
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Nikitenko LL, Shimosawa T, Henderson S, Mäkinen T, Shimosawa H, Qureshi U, Pedley RB, Rees MCP, Fujita T, Boshoff C. Adrenomedullin haploinsufficiency predisposes to secondary lymphedema. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1768-76. [PMID: 23364478 PMCID: PMC3682392 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphedema is a debilitating condition, and genetic factors predisposing to its development remain largely unknown. Adrenomedullin (AM) is peptide encoded, together with proadrenomedullin N-terminal peptide (PAMP), by the Adm gene (adrenomedullin gene). AM and its putative receptor calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) are implicated in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during embryogenesis and wound healing, suggesting their possible involvement in secondary lymphedema. To investigate whether AM deficiency predisposes to secondary lymphedema, we used heterozygous adult mice with Adm gene-knockin stop mutation, which selectively abrogated AM, but preserved PAMP, expression (Adm(AM+/Δ) animals). After hind limb skin incision, Adm messenger RNA expression was upregulated in wounded tissue of both Adm(AM+/+) and Adm(AM+/Δ) mice. However, only Adm(AM+/Δ) animals developed limb swelling and histopathological lymphedematous changes, including epidermal thickening, elevated collagen fiber density, and increased microvessel diameter. Secondary lymphedema was prevented when circulating AM levels in Adm(AM+/Δ) mice were restored by systemic peptide delivery. In human skin, CLR was expressed in tissue components affected by lymphedema, including epidermis, lymphatics, and blood vessels. Our study identified a previously unrecognized role for endogenous AM as a key factor in secondary lymphedema pathogenesis and provided experimental in vivo evidence of an underlying germ-line genetic predisposition to developing this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Nikitenko
- Cancer Research UK Viral Oncology Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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23
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Bagchi M, Kim LA, Boucher J, Walshe TE, Kahn CR, D'Amore PA. Vascular endothelial growth factor is important for brown adipose tissue development and maintenance. FASEB J 2013; 27:3257-71. [PMID: 23682123 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-221812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is critical for angiogenesis, but also has pleiotropic effects on several nonvascular cells. Our aim was to investigate the role of VEGF in brown adipose tissue (BAT). We show that VEGF expression increases 2.5-fold during differentiation of cultured murine brown adipocytes and that VEGF receptor-2 is phosphorylated, indicating VEGF signaling. VEGF increased proliferation in brown preadipocytes in vitro by 70%, and blockade of VEGF signaling using anti-VEGFR2 antibody DC101 increased brown adipocyte apoptosis, as determined by cell number and activation of caspase 3. Systemic VEGF neutralization in mice, accomplished by adenoviral expression of soluble Flt1, resulted in 7-fold increase in brown adipocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial degeneration, and increased mitophagy compared to control mice expressing a null adenovirus. Absence of the heparan sulfate-binding VEGF isoforms, VEGF164 and VEGF188, resulted in abnormal BAT development in mice at E15.5, with fewer brown adipocytes and lower mitochondrial protein compared to wild-type littermates. These results suggest a role for VEGF in brown adipocytes and preadipocytes to promote survival, proliferation, and normal mitochondria and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandrita Bagchi
- Department of Pathology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Clarkin CE, Gerstenfeld LC. VEGF and bone cell signalling: an essential vessel for communication? Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:1-11. [PMID: 23129289 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell survival factor and is required for effective coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Although central to bone homeostasis, repair and the pathobiology that affect these processes, the precise mechanisms coupling endothelial cell function within bone formation and remodelling remain unclarified. This review will (i) focus on the potential directionality of VEGF signalling in adult bone by identifying the predominant source of VEGF within the bone microenvironment, (ii) will summarize current VEGF receptor expression studies by bone cells and (iii) will provide evidence for a role for VEGF signalling during postnatal repair and osteoporosis. A means of understanding the directionality of VEGF signalling in adult bone would allow us to most effectively target angiogenic pathways in diseases characterized by changes in bone remodelling rates and enhance bone repair when compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Clarkin
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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25
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dela Paz NG, Walshe TE, Leach LL, Saint-Geniez M, D'Amore PA. Role of shear-stress-induced VEGF expression in endothelial cell survival. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:831-43. [PMID: 22399811 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.084301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a crucial role in developmental and pathological angiogenesis. Expression of VEGF in quiescent adult tissue suggests a potential role in the maintenance of mature blood vessels. We demonstrate, using a Vegf-lacZ reporter mouse model, that VEGF is expressed by arterial but not by venous or capillary endothelial cells (ECs) in vivo. Using an in vitro model, we show that arterial shear stress of human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) decreases apoptosis and increases VEGF expression, which is mediated by the induction of Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Additionally, shear stress stimulates the expression of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and is associated with its activation. Knockdown of VEGF in shear stressed HUVECs blocks the protective effect of shear stress, resulting in EC apoptosis equivalent to that in control ECs cultured under static conditions. Similarly, treatment of ECs subjected to arterial shear stress with the VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU1498, or VEGFR2 neutralizing antiserum, led to increased apoptosis, demonstrating that the mechanoprotection from increased shear is mediated by VEGFR2. Taken together, these studies suggest that arterial flow induces VEGF-VEGFR2 autocrine-juxtacrine signaling, which is a previously unidentified mechanism for vascular EC survival in adult arterial blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel G dela Paz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusett Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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26
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Arterial versus venous endothelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:5-16. [PMID: 18972135 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner lining of all blood vessels from the largest artery and veins, viz., the aorta and venae cavae, respectively, to the capillaries that connect the arterial and venous systems. Because these two major conducting systems of the cardiovasculature differ functionally, it is not surprising that the physical makeup of arteries and veins, including the ECs that line their lumina, are also distinct. Although few would argue that the local environment contributes to the differences between arteries and veins, recent evidence has shown that the specification of arterial and venous identity is largely genetically determined.
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27
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Aly S, Laskay T, Mages J, Malzan A, Lang R, Ehlers S. Interferon-gamma-dependent mechanisms of mycobacteria-induced pulmonary immunopathology: the role of angiostasis and CXCR3-targeted chemokines for granuloma necrosis. J Pathol 2007; 212:295-305. [PMID: 17534845 DOI: 10.1002/path.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to granuloma caseation, a hallmark of tuberculosis (TB) in humans, are poorly understood. Lung histopathology of C57BL/6 (WT) mice 16 weeks after aerosol infection with Mycobacterium avium strain TMC724 is uniquely characterized by centrally necrotizing granulomas, strongly resembling human TB lesions. However, IFN-gamma-deficient (GKO) and IFN-gamma-receptor-deficient (GRKO) mice did not develop granuloma necrosis following M. avium infection. Comparison of differentially expressed genes in infected WT and GKO lungs by DNA microarray and RNase protection assays revealed that the angiostatic chemokines CXCL9-11 were significantly reduced in GKO mice. In contrast, angiogenic mediators such as angiopoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiogenic chemokines such as CXCL2, CCL3, and CCL4, remained unchanged or were expressed at higher levels than in infected WT mice, suggesting impaired neovascularization of the granuloma as a possible mechanism for caseation in WT mice. Granuloma vascularization was significantly decreased in central, but not peripheral, areas of granulomas of infected WT compared to GKO mice. In contrast to GRKO mice, WT mice showed signs of severe hypoxia in cells immediately surrounding the necrotic core of granulomas as measured immunohistochemically with a reagent detecting pimonidazole adducts. To test the hypothesis that CXCR3, the common receptor for the angiostatic chemokines CXCL9-11, is involved in granuloma caseation, histomorphology was assessed in M. avium-infected mice deficient for CXCR3 (CXCR3-KO). 16 weeks after infection, these mice developed caseating granulomas similar to WT mice. We conclude that IFN-gamma causes a dysbalance between angiostatic and angiogenic mediators and a concomitant reduction in granuloma vascularization, but that CXCR3-targeted chemokines are not sufficient to induce granuloma necrosis in a mouse model of mycobacteria-induced immunopathology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Capillaries/pathology
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/physiology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/immunology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/microbiology
- Granuloma, Respiratory Tract/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mycobacterium avium
- Necrosis
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aly
- Division of Molecular Infection Biology, Research Centre Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
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28
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Dorner AA, Wegmann F, Butz S, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Wolburg H, Mack A, Nasdala I, August B, Westermann J, Rathjen FG, Vestweber D. Coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) is essential for early embryonic cardiac development. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:3509-21. [PMID: 16079292 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a cell contact protein on various cell types with unknown physiological function. It belongs to a subfamily of the immunoglobulin-superfamily of which some members are junctional adhesion molecules on epithelial and/or endothelial cells. CAR is dominantly expressed in the hearts and brains of mice until the newborne phase after which it becomes mainly restricted to various epithelial cells. To understand more about the physiological function of CAR, we have generated CAR-deficient mice by gene targeting. We found that these mice die between E11.5 and E13.5 of embryonal development. Ultrastructural analysis of cardiomyocytes revealed that the density of myofibrils was reduced and that their orientation and bundling was disorganized. In addition, mitochondria were enlarged and glycogen storage strongly enriched. In line with these defects, we observed pericardial edema formation as a clear sign of insufficient heart function. Developmental abnormalities likely to be secondary effects of gene ablation were the persistent singular cardial atrio-ventricular canal and dilatations of larger blood vessels such as the cardinal veins. The secondary nature of these defects was supported by the fact that CAR was not expressed on vascular cells or on cells of the vascular wall. No obvious signs for alterations of the histological organization of the placenta were observed. We conclude that CAR is required for embryonal heart development, most likely due to its function during the organization of myofibrils in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin A Dorner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössie-Strasse10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Kanda H, Tanaka T, Matsumoto M, Umemoto E, Ebisuno Y, Kinoshita M, Noda M, Kannagi R, Hirata T, Murai T, Fukuda M, Miyasaka M. Endomucin, a sialomucin expressed in high endothelial venules, supports L-selectin-mediated rolling. Int Immunol 2004; 16:1265-74. [PMID: 15249540 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte homing to lymph nodes is regulated by transient but specific interactions between lymphocytes and high endothelial venules (HEVs), the initial phase of which is mainly governed by the leukocyte adhesion molecule L-selectin, which recognizes sulfated and sialylated O-linked oligosaccharides displayed on sialomucin core proteins. One of the sialomucin proteins, endomucin, is predominantly expressed in vascular endothelial cells of a variety of tissues including the HEVs of lymph nodes; however, whether it functions as a ligand for L-selectin remains to be formally proven. Here we show that the endomucin splice isoform a is predominantly expressed in PNAd+ HEVs and MAdCAM-1+ HEVs, as seen in non-HEV-type vascular endothelial cells. Using affinity purification with soluble L-selectin, we found that HEV endomucin is specifically modified with L-selectin-reactive oligosaccharides and can bind L-selectin as well as an HEV-specific mAb, MECA-79. Our results also indicated that a 90-100 kDa endomucin species is preferentially decorated with L-selectin-reactive sugar chains, whereas an 80 kDa species represents conventional forms expressed in non-HEV-type vascular endothelial cells in lymph nodes. Furthermore, a CHO cell line expressing endomucin together with a specific combination of carbohydrate-modifying enzymes [core-2 beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT), alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase VII (FucTVII) and L-selectin ligand sulfotransferase (LSST)] showed L-selectin-dependent rolling under flow conditions in vitro. These results suggest that when endomucin is appropriately modified by a specific set of glycosyltransferases and a sulfotransferase, it can function as a ligand for L-selectin, and that the endomucin expressed in HEVs may represent another sialomucin ligand for L-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Kanda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Recognition, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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