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Gong L, El-Omar EM. Application of molecular techniques in Helicobacter pylori detection: limitations and improvements. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12841. [PMID: 34333819 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Gong
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emad M El-Omar
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ikezawa K, Kanamori T, Iwai K, Otsuka K, Kobayashi M, Ochi D, Sugiyama H, Suzuki H, Soeda A. Helicobacter pylori infection in rehabilitation staff younger than 35 years: Infection surveillance for three years. J Infect Prev 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1757177419852669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Screening for Helicobacter pylori infection is important because of the high risk of gastric cancer development. The H. pylori carrier rate among elderly Japanese patients is still high; therefore, rehabilitation (RH) workers who are in frequent contact with such individuals could be assumed to be at a higher risk of H. pylori infection. Aim/Objective: We surveyed RH workers to investigate the initial occurrence of H. pylori infections in adults. Methods: Urine samples of RH workers aged < 35 years were screened for H. pylori antibodies to confirm infection. H. pylori infection rates were stratified according to the type of RH work and duration of employment. Infection surveillance was performed at six-month intervals for H. pylori-negative individuals. Findings/Results: The H. pylori infection rate among 173 workers was 16.8%. Infection rates were 26.3%, 16.3% and 15.3% among speech, occupational and physiotherapists, respectively. The employment duration was divided into < 24, 24–47, 48–60 and ⩾ 61 months; the respective infection rates were 5.0%, 12.0%, 17.6% and 28.6%. However, no new H. pylori infection was detected in a total of seven surveillance studies of H. pylori-negative workers over a three-year period. Discussion: The results of the initial examination showed that the infection rate increased with the duration of employment. However, subsequent surveillance detected no new H. pylori infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Ikezawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Iwai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kouichirou Otsuka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mariko Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ochi
- Division of Endoscopy, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Clinic of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsuko Soeda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kim YS, Baik GH. Epidemiology ofHelicobacter pyloriInfection in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2011.11.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Gwang Ho Baik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Azevedo NF, Guimarães N, Figueiredo C, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ. A new model for the transmission of Helicobacter pylori: role of environmental reservoirs as gene pools to increase strain diversity. Crit Rev Microbiol 2007; 33:157-69. [PMID: 17653985 DOI: 10.1080/10408410701451922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years after the first successful cultivation and isolation of Helicobacter pylori, the scientific community is still struggling to understand the way(s) this bacterium is transmitted among the human population. Here, both epidemiologic and microbiologic evidence addressing this matter is reviewed and explored to conclude that most H. pylori successful colonizations are derived from direct person-to-person contact and that even though exposure of humans to H. pylori from environmental sources is a very common event, in most occasions the host is able to fight off infection. In addition, under a new model developed here, we propose that the near elimination of environmental reservoirs is the main responsible for the lower prevalence observed in the more industrialized countries by acting on two levels: by decreasing the number of direct infections and by diminishing the number of intraspecies recombination events for producing strain variation within H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Azevedo
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Chiu HC, Lin TL, Wang JT. Identification and characterization of an organic solvent tolerance gene in Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2007; 12:74-81. [PMID: 17241305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-cleaning and soaking in glutaraldehyde is the necessary procedure to disinfect endoscopes. However, some chemical-solvent-tolerant bacteria may survive after incomplete endoscopic disinfection. The goal of this study was to identify glutaraldehyde resistance-related genes in Helicobacter pylori. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lambda-Zap phagemid expression library of H. pylori strain NTUH-C1 was selected with 0.1% glutaraldehyde. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of glutaraldehyde-resistant DNA fragments of H. pylori NTUH-C1 strain were determined. Imp/OstA recombinant protein was expressed, purified, and used to generate anti-Imp/OstA polyclonal antibody. Imp/ostA knockout, deletion, and complementation strains were constructed. The function of Imp/OstA was monitored by organic solvent tolerance assay, antibiotics susceptibility test, and N-phenylnapthylamine assay. RESULTS Using Imp/ostA polyclonal antibody against cell lysate of wild-type and imp/ostA mutant showed that it is not essential in H. pylori. Organic solvent tolerance assay demonstrated the role of Imp/ostA in n-hexane tolerance. MIC test showed that the mutation of imp/ostA was susceptible to hydrophobic and beta-lactam antibiotics. NPN assay demonstrated that the level of outer membrane permeability was increased by 50% in mutant strain comparing to wild-type strain (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS We have identified an Imp/OstA protein that was associated with glutaraldehyde resistance in our clinical strain H. pylori NTUH-C1 by screening of lambda-Zap expression library. Disruption of this protein results in altering membrane permeability, sensitivity to organic solvent, and susceptibility to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chuan Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Brown LM, Osato M, You WC, El-Zimaity H, Li JY, Zhang L, Gail MH. Disinfection of endoscopes from Helicobacter pylori-positive subjects: evaluation of the effectiveness of the Chinese Calijing disinfection kit. Am J Infect Control 2005; 33:197-201. [PMID: 15877013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Calijing disinfection kit (an endoscope disinfection method used in Chinese hospitals) in eradicating Helicobacter pylori and assess whether use of the kit in 1994 during endoscopies in the Shandong Intervention Trial (SIT), Shandong, China, could have resulted in iatrogenic transmission of H pylori . METHODS Bacterial culture studies at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, using endoscopes and forceps from 49 H pylori -positive patients were performed on contaminated endoscopes before and after disinfection with the Calijing kit. RESULTS At least 1 endoscope culture site was H pylori positive in 39 of 49 (79.6%) specimens predisinfection, whereas H pylori was not isolated from any endoscopic culture site postdisinfection. Non- H pylori bacteria and fungi were recovered from 22.6% of the postdisinfection cultures. CONCLUSION Although no viable H pylori were recovered following the disinfection procedures, levels of H pylori below the detection threshold of the bacteriologic assay may have contributed to an increase in H pylori seroprevalence noted in the SIT. In addition, the kit was unable to provide disinfection against non- H pylori organisms, suggesting the need to adhere to internationally accepted disinfection procedures for endoscope reprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Morris Brown
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-7244, USA.
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Escobar ML, Kawakami E. Evidence of mother-child transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2005; 41:239-44. [PMID: 15806268 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032004000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socioeconomical status is a major risk factor for natural acquisition of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in developing countries. Its transmission route is unknown but studies suggest person-to-person transmission. AIM To evaluate seropositivity of anti-H. pylori antibodies in family members of infected symptomatic index patients as compared to family members of symptomatic uninfected index patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and twelve family members of 38 patients who underwent endoscopy to exclude peptic disease were studied. Patients were deemed H. pylori infected or not infected when rapid urease test and histology were both positive or both negative. The family members underwent ELISA serology using the Cobas Core II Kit (Roche) and were classified into three groups: I - 29 family members of 10 H. pylori (+) duodenal ulcer index patients; II - 57 family members of 17 H. pylori (+) index patients without duodenal ulcer; III - 26 family members of 11 H. pylori (-) index patients. RESULTS Seropositivity of group I and II (infected patients) was higher than the control group, 83% vs 38%, specially in mothers, 81% vs 18%, and in siblings 76% vs 20%. Differences between fathers' seropositivity was not statistically significant in the three groups: 100% vs 86% vs 70%. Seropositivity of all family members (mother, father and siblings) between infected group (I vs II) was similar. CONCLUSION Prevalence of H. pylori infection was higher in family members of infected patients, but was similar among family members of infected patients with and without duodenal ulcer. H. pylori infection is more frequent in mothers and siblings of infected index children. A common source of infection cannot be excluded, but facts suggest that person-to-person transmission occurs, specially from mother to child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Luis Escobar
- Department of Pediatrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Brasil.
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Kikuchi S, Ohgihara A, Hasegawa A, Miki K, Kaneko E, Mizukoshi H. Seroconversion and seroreversion of Helicobacter pylori antibodies over a 9-year period and related factors in Japanese adults. Helicobacter 2004; 9:335-41. [PMID: 15270748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are still insufficient data on the frequency of seroconversion and seroreversion of Helicobacter pylori antibodies. The frequency of serochange and related factors were investigated in this study over 9 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Using sera from 3104 workers who underwent health checks in 1989 and again in 1998, H. pylori antibodies were measured. Those with intermediate serology were excluded from the study. Information on past history was collected using a questionnaire. RESULTS Of the 912 seronegative and 1286 seropositive subjects in 1989, seroconversion was observed in 57 and seroreversion in 91 subjects. Seroconversion and seroreversion rates over the 9-year period were 6.3% and 7.1%, respectively, giving rates per 1000 person-years (with 95% confidence interval) of 7.0 (5.2-8.7) and 7.9 (6.3-9.4), respectively. Subjects that reported abdominal symptoms or gastric fiberscope use showed significantly higher seroconversion rates than controls (8.7 vs. 4.5 and 9.2 vs. 1.6, respectively), which remained significant after adjustment for age and gender. Those with a history of duodenal ulcers, a smoking habit or a drinking habit showed significantly lower seroreversion rates than controls (3.5 vs. 8.9, 5.4 vs. 9.2 and 5.9 vs. 13.3, respectively). After adjustment, the association between seroreversion and smoking habit disappeared, while the associations with history of duodenal ulcers and drinking habit remained. CONCLUSIONS Those with a history of nonspecific abdominal symptoms and those with a history of gastric fiberscope use showed higher seroconversion rates. Alcohol consumption and duodenal ulcers may inhibit the autoeradication of H. pylori, possibly through increased acid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kikuchi
- Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Japan.
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Abstract
Endoscopes are used frequently for the diagnosis and therapy of medical disorders. For example, greater than 10000000 gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures are performed each year in the United States. Failure to employ appropriate cleaning and disinfection/sterilization of endoscopes has been responsible for multiple nosocomial outbreaks and serious, sometimes life-threatening, infections. Flexible endoscopes, by virtue of the site of use, have a high bioburden of microorganisms after use. The bioburden found on flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes following use has ranged from 10(5) to 10(10)CFU/ml, with the highest levels being found in the suction channels. Cleaning dramatically reduces the bioburden on endoscopes. Several investigators have shown a mean log(10) reduction factor of 4 (99.99%) in the microbial contaminants with cleaning alone. Cleaning should be done promptly following each use of an endoscope to prevent drying of secretions, allow removal of organic material, and decrease the number of microbial pathogens. Because the endoscope comes into intimate contact with mucous membranes, high-level disinfection is the reprocessing standard after each patient use. High-level disinfection refers to the use of a disinfectant (e.g., FDA-cleared chemical sterilant or high-level disinfectant) that inactivates all microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycobacteria) but not high levels of bacterial spores. The disinfection process requires immersion of the endoscope in the high-level disinfectant and ensuring all channels are perfused for the approved contact time (e.g., for ortho-phthaladehyde this is 12 min in the US). Following disinfection, the endoscope and channels are rinsed with sterile water, filtered water, or tapwater. The channels are then flushed with alcohol and dried using forced air. The endoscope should be stored in a manner that prevents recontamination. A protocol that describes the meticulous manual cleaning process, the appropriate training and evaluation of the reprocessing personnel, and a quality assurance program for endoscopes should be adopted and enforced by each unit performing endoscopic reprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Rutala
- Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care System, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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Weber DJ, Rutala WA. The emerging nosocomial pathogens Cryptosporidium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Helicobacter pylori, and hepatitis C: epidemiology, environmental survival, efficacy of disinfection, and control measures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22:306-15. [PMID: 11428444 DOI: 10.1086/501907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
New and emerging infectious diseases pose a threat to public health and may be responsible for nosocomial outbreaks. Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli are gastrointestinal pathogens that have caused nosocomial infections via person-to-person transmission, environmental contamination, or contaminated water or food. Helicobacter pylori has been transmitted via inadequately disinfected endoscopes. Finally, hepatitis C may be acquired by healthcare personnel by percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to blood or between patients by use of contaminated blood products or via environmental contamination. Rigorous adherence to Standard Precautions, Contact Precautions for patients with infectious diarrhea, disinfection of environmental surfaces, and appropriate disinfection of endoscopes are adequate to prevent nosocomial acquisition of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Weber
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599-7030, USA
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