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Wu J, Wang X, Li H, Qu M, Sun W, Yan X, Zhao Z, Li B. A hollow chitosan-coated PLGA microsphere to enhance drug delivery and anticancer efficiency. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Zhao YJ, Tor PC, Khoo AL, Teng M, Lim BP, Mok YM. Cost-Effectiveness Modeling of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Compared to Electroconvulsive Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Singapore. Neuromodulation 2017; 21:376-382. [PMID: 29143405 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the cost-effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the management of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of rTMS vs. ECT for TRD from Singapore societal perspective. METHODS We constructed a Markov model to project the cost and benefit of rTMS compared with ECT over one year in patients with TRD. The relative treatment effects between rTMS and ECT were obtained from meta-analyses of published trials. The effectiveness and quality of life data for patients using ECT, resource use for TRD and their associated costs were derived from the national tertiary mental institution in Singapore. RESULTS At one year, rTMS was cost-effective relative to ECT. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) associated with ECT was Singapore dollars (SGD) 311,024 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. This exceeded the willingness-to-pay threshold of SGD 70,000 per QALY gained. A similar trend was observed for ICER per remission achieved (i.e., SGD 143,811 per remission achieved with ECT). In the subgroup analysis, rTMS was found to be less costly and more effective than ECT in nonpsychotic depressive patients. In the scenario analysis, ECT employed as an ambulatory service yielded a much smaller ICER (i.e., SGD 78,819 per QALY gained) compared to the standard inpatient setting. CONCLUSIONS rTMS was a cost-effective treatment compared to ECT in TRD over one year. The cost-effectiveness of rTMS was attenuated when ECT was used in the outpatient setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiao Zhao
- Pharmacy and Therapeutics Office, Group Corporate Development, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phern Chern Tor
- Department of General Psychiatry 2, Institute of Mental Health, Mood Disorder Unit, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ai Leng Khoo
- Pharmacy and Therapeutics Office, Group Corporate Development, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Monica Teng
- Pharmacy and Therapeutics Office, Group Corporate Development, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Peng Lim
- Pharmacy and Therapeutics Office, Group Corporate Development, National Healthcare Group, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Ming Mok
- Department of General Psychiatry 2, Institute of Mental Health, Mood Disorder Unit, Singapore, Singapore
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MA MUYUAN, BAI JIE, LING YE, CHANG WEILONG, XIE GENGCHEN, LI RUIDONG, WANG GUOBIN, TAO KAIXIONG. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 regulates apoptosis and migration of colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2850-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Cho ES, Ryu SY, Jung JY, Park BK, Son HY. Effects of red ginseng extract on zearalenone induced spermatogenesis impairment in rat. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:294-300. [PMID: 23717072 PMCID: PMC3659542 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a phenolic resorcylic acid lactone compound produced by several species of Fusarium. ZEA has toxic effects in the testes of domestic and laboratory animals. Korean red ginseng (KRG), the steamed root of Panax ginseng Meyer, has multiple pharmacological effects such as vasorelaxation, anti-thrombosis, anti-hypertension, etc. In this study, we investigated the effects of KRG extract on testicular toxicity induced by ZEA. Rats were treated with 300 mg/kg oral doses of KRG for 4 weeks every other day. The rats were then treated with a single dose of 5 mg/kg ZEA delivered intraperitoneally, whereas control rats received only doses of the vehicle. As a result, germ cell apoptosis induced by ZEA was decreased by KRG pre-treatment. In addition, Fas and Fas-L expression was reduced in rats that received KRG pre-treatment compared to ones treated with ZEA alone. In conclusion, impaired spermatogenesis resulting from ZEA treatment was prevented by KRG through Fas-Fas L modulating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sang Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Wärnberg F, White D, Anderson E, Knox F, Clarke RB, Morris J, Bundred NJ. Effect of a farnesyl transferase inhibitor (R115777) on ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in a human xenograft model and on breast and ovarian cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8:R21. [PMID: 16611371 PMCID: PMC1557711 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 03/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ras pathway is essential for cell growth and proliferation. The effects of R115777, a farnesyl transferase inhibitor, were investigated in cancer cell lines expressing varying levels of growth factor receptors and with differing ras status. Effects on tumour xenografts and human ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in a xenograft mouse model were also tested. Method In vitro, the concentrations required to reduce cell numbers by 50% (50% inhibitory concentration) were established (MDA-MB231, MCF-7, MCF-7/HER2-18, BT-474, SK-BR3 and SKOV3). Human DCIS was implanted in nude mice or, in separate experiments, cultured cells were injected (MDA-MB231, MCF-7/HER2-18, SKOV3) and allowed to form tumours. Proliferation and apoptosis were determined by immunohistochemistry in xenografts and cell tumours. Results The 50% inhibitory concentrations varied a hundred-fold, from 39 nmol/l (± 26 nmol/l) for SKBR3 to 5.9 μmol/l(± 0.8 μmol/l) for MDA-MB231. In MCF-7/HER2-18 and SKOV3 cells the levels of tumour growth inhibition were approximately 85% and 40%, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the cell turnover index (CTI; proliferation/apoptosis). In MDA-MB 231 with activated k-ras no inhibition was observed. In treated DCIS xenografts proliferation decreased and apoptosis increased. The CTI ratio between the start and 1 and 2 weeks of treatment were 1.99 and 1.50, respectively, for controls and 0.85 (P = 0.005) and 0.75 (P = 0.08) for treated xenografts. Conclusion Treatment with the farnesyl transferase inhibitor reduced cell growth in vitro and cell tumour growth in vivo. In DCIS treatment resulted in a reduced CTI. R115777 is a promising treatment for breast cancer but the relation between effect and growth factor receptor and ras status has to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Wärnberg
- Breast Biology Group, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
- Department of Pathology, South Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel White
- Breast Biology Group, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Fiona Knox
- Department of Surgery, South Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- Breast Biology Group, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Julie Morris
- Department of Medical Statistics, South Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel J Bundred
- Department of Pathology, South Manchester University Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Lightfoot HM, Lark A, Livasy CA, Moore DT, Cowan D, Dressler L, Craven RJ, Cance WG. Upregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an early event in breast tumorigenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 88:109-16. [PMID: 15564794 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-1022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in a subset of invasive breast cancers. FAK transmits signals that mediate several functions including tumor cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and survival. We used immunohistochemical techniques to assess FAK expression in patients with fibrocystic disease (FCD), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections were obtained from 119 patients (12 FCD, 38 ADH, 51 DCIS and 18 IDC). The anti-FAK 4.47 monoclonal antibody was used to detect FAK expression. FAK expression was scored as high (3 or 4 intensity and > or =90% positive cells) or low. The DCIS tissue sections demonstrated high FAK expression in 34/51 (66%) of the sections. High FAK expression was demonstrated in 6/18 (33%) of the IDC tissue sections and 8/38 (21%) of the ADH tissue sections. None (0/12) of the FCD tissues sections stained high for FAK. The pattern of FAK expression in DCIS was significantly higher than ADH (p < 0.0001) and IDC (p = 0.02). We conclude that FAK overexpression in preinvasive, DCIS tumors precedes tumor cell invasion or metastasis, suggesting that FAK may function as a survival signal and be an early event in breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry M Lightfoot
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Janssens JP, Verlinden I, Güngör N, Raus J, Michiels L. Protein biomarkers for breast cancer prevention. Eur J Cancer Prev 2004; 13:307-17. [PMID: 15554559 DOI: 10.1097/01.cej.0000136568.86245.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein biomarkers suitable for the prevention of breast cancer must be extremely sensitive, easily detectable and highly correlated with the disease. They should be expressed in the reversible phase of carcinogenesis. Among the large number of candidate tumour-associated proteins, those related to the oestrogen/chorionic gonadotropin/insulin pathway seem to be of most interest because these can be causally implicated. They presumably are the first to express differently and are open to hormonal treatments. The biomarkers that give information on membrane receptor-modulated signal transduction should be considered as well. Up to now, only tamoxifen has shown some preventive activity, suggesting that the oestrogen pathway is useful indeed. Fenretinide and recombinant human chorionic gonatotropin (hCG) are also promising. But the financial requirements and the very long assessment periods largely prevent current research. This is precisely why we badly need to give priority to molecular biology research, in particular in the protein compartment There is widespread belief that advanced proteomics together with increased informatics can provide specific combinations of disease-related expression profiles that could identify high-risk groups with much more reliability and allow us to monitor preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ph Janssens
- Biomedisch Instituut, Universitaire Campus, Gebouw C, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, B-3590 Diepenbeekj, Belgium.
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Muraoka RS, Koh Y, Roebuck LR, Sanders ME, Brantley-Sieders D, Gorska AE, Moses HL, Arteaga CL. Increased malignancy of Neu-induced mammary tumors overexpressing active transforming growth factor beta1. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:8691-703. [PMID: 14612410 PMCID: PMC262670 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.23.8691-8703.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine if Neu is dominant over transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), we crossed mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Neu mice with MMTV-TGF-beta1(S223/225) mice expressing active TGF-beta1 in the mammary gland. Bigenic (NT) and Neu-induced mammary tumors developed with a similar latency. The bigenic tumors and their metastases were less proliferative than those occurring in MMTV-Neu mice. However, NT tumors exhibited less apoptosis and were more locally invasive and of higher histological grade. NT mice exhibited more circulating tumor cells and lung metastases than Neu mice, while NT tumors contained higher levels of phosphorylated (active) Smad2, Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and p38, as well as vimentin content and Rac1 activity in situ than tumors expressing Neu alone. Ex vivo, NT cells exhibited higher levels of P-Akt and P-MAPK than Neu cells. These were inhibited by the TGF-beta inhibitor-soluble TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRII:Fc), suggesting they were activated by autocrine TGF-beta. TGF-beta stimulated migration of Neu cells into surrounding matrix, while the soluble TGF-beta inhibitor abrogated motility and invasiveness of NT cells. These data suggest that (i) the antimitogenic and prometastatic effects of TGF-beta can exist simultaneously and (ii) Neu does not abrogate TGF-beta-mediated antiproliferative action but can synergize with TGF-beta in accelerating metastatic tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Muraoka
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Baqai T, Shousha S. Oestrogen receptor negativity as a marker for high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Histopathology 2003; 42:440-7. [PMID: 12713620 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2003.01612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative and ER-positive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, in an attempt to establish more objective criteria for the classification of DCIS. METHODS AND RESULTS Sections of 64 cases of in-situ carcinoma of the breast were stained for ER, progesterone receptors (PgR), androgen receptors (AR), c-erbB-2 and p53, using the immunoperoxidase technique. The cases included 60 DCIS and four lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Four DCIS lesions were associated with foci of microinvasion. The 60 DCIS cases included 31 high grade, 23 intermediate grade and six low grade. Twenty-four DCIS cases (40%) were ER-negative and 36 were positive. ER negativity was significantly associated with high nuclear grade (88% versus 27% for ER-positive cases, P < 0.001), PgR negativity (100% versus 25%, P < 0.001), c-erbB-2 positivity (79% versus 14%, P < 0.001) and p53 positivity (58% versus 6%, P < 0.001). There was no difference between ER-negative and -positive DCIS as regards AR expression, with 91% of cases in each group being AR-positive. Of the four cases of DCIS with microinvasion, three were ER- and PgR-negative, all four were c-erbB-2-positive and AR-positive and one was p53-positive. None of the four LCIS was ER, PgR or AR-negative and none was c-erbB-2- or p53-positive. CONCLUSIONS There is a highly significant direct relationship between ER negativity in DCIS and high nuclear grade, PgR negativity and c-erbB-2 and p53 positivity. We suggest that immunohistological assessment of ER status may help in providing a more objective way of classifying DCIS.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/classification
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma in Situ/classification
- Carcinoma in Situ/metabolism
- Carcinoma in Situ/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/classification
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T Baqai
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine and Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
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Debnath J, Mills KR, Collins NL, Reginato MJ, Muthuswamy SK, Brugge JS. The role of apoptosis in creating and maintaining luminal space within normal and oncogene-expressing mammary acini. Cell 2002; 111:29-40. [PMID: 12372298 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized in vitro three-dimensional epithelial cell cultures to analyze the role of apoptosis in the formation and maintenance of a hollow glandular architecture. Lumen formation is associated with the selective apoptosis of centrally located cells; this apoptosis follows apicobasal polarization and precedes proliferative suppression during acinar development. Notably, either inhibiting apoptosis (by exogenously expressing antiapoptotic Bcl family proteins) or enhancing proliferation (via Cyclin D1 or HPV E7 overexpression) does not result in luminal filling, suggesting glandular architecture is resistant to such isolated oncogenic insults. However, the lumen is filled when oncogenes that enhance proliferation are coexpressed with those that inhibit apoptosis, or when ErbB2, which induces both activities, is activated by homodimerization. Hence, apoptosis can counteract increased proliferation to maintain luminal space, suggesting that tumor cells must restrain apoptosis to populate the lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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