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Suhaeri M, Noh MH, Moon JH, Kim IG, Oh SJ, Ha SS, Lee JH, Park K. Novel skin patch combining human fibroblast-derived matrix and ciprofloxacin for infected wound healing. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:5025-5038. [PMID: 30429884 PMCID: PMC6217057 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin injuries are frequently encountered in daily life, but deep wounds often poorly self-heal and do not recover completely. In this study, we propose a novel skin patch that combines antibiotic, cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel. Methods: Decellularized human lung fibroblast-derived matrix (hFDM) was prepared on tissue culture plate (TCP) and PVA solution was then poured onto it. After a freeze-thaw process, PVA was peeled off from TCP along with hFDM tightly anchored to PVA. Subsequently, ciprofloxacin (Cipro)-incorporated PVA/hFDM (PVA/Cipro/hFDM) was fabricated via diffusion-based drug loading. Results: In vitro analyses of PVA/Cipro/hFDM show little cytotoxicity of ciprofloxacin, stability of hFDM, rich fibronectin in hFDM, and good cell attachment, respectively. In addition, hFDM proved to be beneficial in promoting cell migration of dermal fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using transwell inserts. The antibacterial drug Cipro was very effective in suppressing colony growth of gram-negative and -positive bacteria as identified via an inhibition zone assay. For animal study, infected wound models in BALB/c mice were prepared and four test groups (control, PVA, PVA/Cipro, PVA/Cipro/hFDM) were administered separately and their effect on wound healing was examined for up to 21 days. The results support that Cipro successfully reduced bacterial infection and thus encouraged faster wound closure. Further analysis using histology and immunofluorescence revealed that the most advanced skin regeneration was achieved with PVA/Cipro/hFDM, as assessed via re-epithelialization, collagen texture and distribution in the epidermis, and skin adnexa (i.e., glands and hair follicles) regeneration in the dermis. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that our skin patch successfully consolidates the regenerative potential of ECM and the antibacterial activity of Cipro for advanced wound healing.
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Bassino E, Vallariello E, Gasparri F, Munaron L. Dermal-Epidermal Cross-Talk: Differential Interactions With Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:897-903. [PMID: 27764901 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The biological importance of circulatory blood supply and angiogenesis for hair growth is now well recognized, but the their regulatory mechanisms require more mechanistic investigation. In vitro cocultures and tricultures can be successfully employed to greatly improve our knowledge on paracrine crosstalk between cell types that populate the dermal-epidermal interface and cutaneous vasculature. Here we report that human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) promote viability and proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC), while HMVEC are not mitogenic for NHDF. In triculture setup, conditioned media (CM) obtained by cocultures (HMVEC/NHDF or HMVEC/follicle fibroblasts) differently modulate growth and proliferation of keratinocytes and alter the expression of metabolic and pro-inflammatory markers. In conclusion, tricultures were successfully employed to characterize in vitro dermal-epithelial and endothelial interactions and could integrate ex vivo and in vivo approaches by the use of high-throughput and standardized protocols in controlled conditions. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 897-903, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bassino
- Deparment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Munaron
- Deparment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Italy
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3
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Steuer A, Schmidt A, Labohá P, Babica P, Kolb JF. Transient suppression of gap junctional intercellular communication after exposure to 100-nanosecond pulsed electric fields. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 112:33-46. [PMID: 27439151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is an important mechanism that is involved and affected in many diseases and injuries. So far, the effect of nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) on the communication between cells was not investigated. An in vitro approach is presented with rat liver epithelial WB-F344 cells grown and exposed in a monolayer. In order to observe sub-lethal effects, cells were exposed to pulsed electric fields with a duration of 100ns and amplitudes between 10 and 20kV/cm. GJIC strongly decreased within 15min after treatment but recovered within 24h. Gene expression of Cx43 was significantly decreased and associated with a reduced total amount of Cx43 protein. In addition, MAP kinases p38 and Erk1/2, involved in Cx43 phosphorylation, were activated and Cx43 became hyperphosphorylated. Immunofluorescent staining of Cx43 displayed the disassembly of gap junctions. Further, a reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton was observed whereas tight junction protein ZO-1 was not significantly affected. All effects were field- and time-dependent and most pronounced within 30 to 60min after treatment. A better understanding of a possible manipulation of GJIC by nsPEFs might eventually offer a possibility to develop and improve treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Steuer
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anke Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Petra Labohá
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Greifswald, Germany; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juergen F Kolb
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Greifswald, Germany.
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4
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Fibroblast spheroids as a model to study sustained fibroblast quiescence and their crosstalk with tumor cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 345:17-24. [PMID: 27177832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stromal fibroblasts have an important role in regulating tumor progression. Normal and quiescent fibroblasts have been shown to restrict and control cancer cell growth, while cancer-associated, i. e. activated fibroblasts have been shown to enhance proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. In this study we describe generation of quiescent fibroblasts in multicellular spheroids and their effects on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) growth in soft-agarose and xenograft models. Quiescent phenotype of fibroblasts was determined by global down-regulation of expression of genes related to cell cycle and increased expression of p27. Interestingly, microarray analysis showed that fibroblast quiescence was associated with similar secretory phenotype as seen in senescence and they expressed senescence-associated-β-galactosidase. Quiescent fibroblasts spheroids also restricted the growth of RT3 SCC cells both in soft-agarose and xenograft models unlike proliferating fibroblasts. Restricted tumor growth was associated with marginally increased tumor cell senescence and cellular differentiation, showed with senescence-associated-β-galactosidase and cytokeratin 7 staining. Our results show that the fibroblasts spheroids can be used as a model to study cellular quiescence and their effects on cancer cell progression.
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5
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Connexin43 plays diverse roles in co-ordinating cell migration and wound closure events. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 43:482-8. [PMID: 26009195 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are not only debilitating to patients, but also impose a huge financial burden on healthcare providers, as current treatments are not particularly effective. Wound healing is a highly co-ordinated process involving a vast array of signalling molecules and different cell types, therefore a substantial amount of research has been carried out in the quest to develop new therapies. The gap junction (GJ) protein connexin43 (Cx43) is one of the many molecules whose expression has been found to be up-regulated in chronic wounds and as a result targeting it may have therapeutic potential. Two different approaches have been adopted to investigate this: knockdown of Cx43 using antisense oligonucleotides and connexin mimetic peptides (CMPs) which inhibit the function of Cx43 without affecting gene expression. These peptides are targeted to the C-terminal domain or the extracellular loops of Cx43 and thus are likely to function by different means. However, both block channel function and have been shown to enhance cell migration rates. In recent years, non-channel functions have emerged for Cx43, many of which are linked to cytoskeletal dynamics and the extracellular matrix (ECM), showing that Cx43 plays diverse roles in co-ordinating wound closure events. It is clear that both CMPs and antisense oligonucleotides hold therapeutic potential, however maintaining Cx43 expression may be beneficial to the cell by preserving other non-channel functions of Cx43. Recent data in the field will be discussed in this article.
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Emmons-Bell M, Durant F, Hammelman J, Bessonov N, Volpert V, Morokuma J, Pinet K, Adams DS, Pietak A, Lobo D, Levin M. Gap Junctional Blockade Stochastically Induces Different Species-Specific Head Anatomies in Genetically Wild-Type Girardia dorotocephala Flatworms. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27865-96. [PMID: 26610482 PMCID: PMC4661923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of an animal body plan is constructed from protein components encoded by the genome. However, bioelectric networks composed of many cell types have their own intrinsic dynamics, and can drive distinct morphological outcomes during embryogenesis and regeneration. Planarian flatworms are a popular system for exploring body plan patterning due to their regenerative capacity, but despite considerable molecular information regarding stem cell differentiation and basic axial patterning, very little is known about how distinct head shapes are produced. Here, we show that after decapitation in G. dorotocephala, a transient perturbation of physiological connectivity among cells (using the gap junction blocker octanol) can result in regenerated heads with quite different shapes, stochastically matching other known species of planaria (S. mediterranea, D. japonica, and P. felina). We use morphometric analysis to quantify the ability of physiological network perturbations to induce different species-specific head shapes from the same genome. Moreover, we present a computational agent-based model of cell and physical dynamics during regeneration that quantitatively reproduces the observed shape changes. Morphological alterations induced in a genomically wild-type G. dorotocephala during regeneration include not only the shape of the head but also the morphology of the brain, the characteristic distribution of adult stem cells (neoblasts), and the bioelectric gradients of resting potential within the anterior tissues. Interestingly, the shape change is not permanent; after regeneration is complete, intact animals remodel back to G. dorotocephala-appropriate head shape within several weeks in a secondary phase of remodeling following initial complete regeneration. We present a conceptual model to guide future work to delineate the molecular mechanisms by which bioelectric networks stochastically select among a small set of discrete head morphologies. Taken together, these data and analyses shed light on important physiological modifiers of morphological information in dictating species-specific shape, and reveal them to be a novel instructive input into head patterning in regenerating planaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Emmons-Bell
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Fallon Durant
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Jennifer Hammelman
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Nicholas Bessonov
- Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 199178, Russia;
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69622, France;
| | - Junji Morokuma
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Kaylinnette Pinet
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | - Dany S. Adams
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
| | | | - Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA;
| | - Michael Levin
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA; (M.E.-B.); (F.D.); (J.H.); (J.M.); (K.P.); (D.S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-627-6161; Fax: +1-617-627-6121
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Role of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell β-Catenin Signaling in Experimental Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1419-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Isometric Contraction of Dupuytren’s Myofibroblasts Is Inhibited by Blocking Intercellular Junctions. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2664-2671. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ehrlich HP. A Snapshot of Direct Cell-Cell Communications in Wound Healing and Scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013; 2:113-121. [PMID: 24527335 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The repair of wounds usually terminates with a scar. The healing from a severe tissue loss can create a new clinical problem, excessive scarring. Approaches to prevent excessive scarring will optimize the repair process. Controlling gap-junction communications between cells and/or the transport of the proteins that form gap junctions offers new approaches for controlling this problem. RECENT ADVANCES Gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) requires hemichannels, connexon structures, embedded in the plasma membrane of coupled cells. The connexon is composed of six proteins from the connexin (Cx) family. The docking of connexons between the neighboring cells forms a gated channel, where small molecules can pass directly between the cytoplasm of cells. In wound repair, GJIC between fibroblasts in granulation tissue advances wound repair. Also, the GJIC between mast cells and fibroblasts during the remodeling phase of repair may explain how mast cells promote excessive scarring. In addition, Cx can affect transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) intracellular signaling through its shared binding site on microtubules within fibroblasts. CRITICAL ISSUES Can excessive scarring be controlled through limiting the local amassing of mast cells or preventing their interactions with wound fibroblasts through GJIC? FUTURE DIRECTIONS The prevention of the accumulation of mast cells in granulation tissue or interfering with their communications via GJIC with fibroblasts offers new approaches for preventing excess scarring. The association of Cx with microtubules altering TGF-β signaling presents a new target for improving the quality of repair as well as the deposition of unnecessary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Paul Ehrlich
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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10
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Karagiannis GS, Poutahidis T, Erdman SE, Kirsch R, Riddell RH, Diamandis EP. Cancer-associated fibroblasts drive the progression of metastasis through both paracrine and mechanical pressure on cancer tissue. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:1403-18. [PMID: 23024188 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic cells recruit fibroblasts through various growth factors and cytokines. These "cancer-associated fibroblasts" (CAF) actively interact with neoplastic cells and form a myofibroblastic microenvironment that promotes cancer growth and survival and supports malignancy. Several products of their paracrine signaling repertoire have been recognized as tumor growth and metastasis regulators. However, tumor-promoting cell signaling is not the only reason that makes CAFs key components of the "tumor microenvironment," as CAFs affect both the architecture and growth mechanics of the developing tumor. CAFs participate in the remodeling of peritumoral stroma, which is a prerequisite of neoplastic cell invasion, expansion, and metastasis. CAFs are not present peritumorally as individual cells but they act orchestrated to fully deploy a desmoplastic program, characterized by "syncytial" (or collective) configuration and altered cell adhesion properties. Such myofibroblastic cohorts are reminiscent of those encountered in wound-healing processes. The view of "cancer as a wound that does not heal" led to useful comparisons between wound healing and tumorigenesis and expanded our knowledge of the role of CAF cohorts in cancer. In this integrative model of cancer invasion and metastasis, we propose that the CAF-supported microenvironment has a dual tumor-promoting role. Not only does it provide essential signals for cancer cell dedifferentiation, proliferation, and survival but it also facilitates cancer cell local invasion and metastatic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Karagiannis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada
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11
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Cogliati B, Da Silva TC, Aloia TPA, Chaible LM, Real-Lima MA, Sanches DS, Matsuzaki P, Hernandez-Blazquez FJ, Dagli MLZ. Morphological and molecular pathology of CCL4-induced hepatic fibrosis in connexin43-deficient mice. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 74:421-9. [PMID: 20830702 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gap junction channels, formed by connexins (Cx), are involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, cell growth, differentiation, and development. Several studies have shown that Cx43 is involved in the control of wound healing in dermal tissue. However, it remains unknown whether Cx43 plays a role in the control of liver fibrogenesis. Our study investigated the roles of Cx43 heterologous deletion on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. We administered CCl(4) to both Cx43-deficient (Cx43(+/-)) and wild-type mice and examined hepatocellular injury and collagen deposition by histological and ultrastructural analyses. Serum biochemical analysis was performed to quantify liver injury. Hepatocyte proliferation was analyzed immunohistochemically. Protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of liver connexins were evaluated using immunohistochemistry as well as immunoblotting analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. We demonstrated that Cx43(+/-) mice developed excessive liver fibrosis compared with wild-type mice after CCl(4) -induced chronic hepatic injury, with thick and irregular collagen fibers. Histopathological evaluation showed that Cx43(+/-) mice present less necroinflammatory lesions in liver parenchyma and consequent reduction of serum aminotransferase activity. Hepatocyte cell proliferation was reduced in Cx43(+/-) mice. There was no difference in Cx32 and Cx26 protein or mRNA expression in fibrotic mice. Protein expression of Cx43 increased in CCl(4)-treated mice, although with aberrant protein location on cytoplasm of perisinusoidal cells. Our results demonstrate that Cx43 plays an important role in the control and regulation of hepatic fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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12
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Oviedo NJ, Morokuma J, Walentek P, Kema IP, Gu MB, Ahn JM, Hwang JS, Gojobori T, Levin M. Long-range neural and gap junction protein-mediated cues control polarity during planarian regeneration. Dev Biol 2010; 339:188-99. [PMID: 20026026 PMCID: PMC2823934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Having the ability to coordinate the behavior of stem cells to induce regeneration of specific large-scale structures would have far-reaching consequences in the treatment of degenerative diseases, acute injury, and aging. Thus, identifying and learning to manipulate the sequential steps that determine the fate of new tissue within the overall morphogenetic program of the organism is fundamental. We identified novel early signals, mediated by the central nervous system and 3 innexin proteins, which determine the fate and axial polarity of regenerated tissue in planarians. Modulation of gap junction-dependent and neural signals specifically induces ectopic anterior regeneration blastemas in posterior and lateral wounds. These ectopic anterior blastemas differentiate new brains that establish permanent primary axes re-established during subsequent rounds of unperturbed regeneration. These data reveal powerful novel controls of pattern formation and suggest a constructive model linking nervous inputs and polarity determination in early stages of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor J. Oviedo
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University. Suite 4600, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford. MA 02155, USA
| | - Junji Morokuma
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University. Suite 4600, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford. MA 02155, USA
| | - Peter Walentek
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University. Suite 4600, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford. MA 02155, USA
| | - Ido P. Kema
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Man Bock Gu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University. Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Myung Ahn
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University. Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Shan Hwang
- Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan National Institute of Genetics. Yata 1111, Mishima Shizuoka 411-8540. Japan
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan National Institute of Genetics. Yata 1111, Mishima Shizuoka 411-8540. Japan
| | - Michael Levin
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and Department of Biology, Tufts University. Suite 4600, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford. MA 02155, USA
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Kovacs A, Kanter EM, Yamada KA. Reduced expression of Cx43 attenuates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction via impaired TGF-beta signaling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H477-87. [PMID: 19966054 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00806.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to mediating cell-to-cell electrical coupling, gap junctions are important in tissue repair, wound healing, and scar formation. The expression and distribution of connexin43 (Cx43), the major gap junction protein expressed in the heart, are altered substantially after myocardial infarction (MI); however, the effects of Cx43 remodeling on wound healing and the attendant ventricular dysfunction are incompletely understood. Cx43-deficient and wild-type mice were subjected to proximal ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery and followed for 6 days or 4 wk to test the hypothesis that reduced expression of Cx43 influences wound healing, fibrosis, and ventricular remodeling after MI. We quantified the progression of infarct healing by measuring neutrophil expression, collagen content, and myofibroblast expression. We found significantly reduced transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts at 6 days and significantly reduced collagen deposition both in the infarct at 6 days and at 4 wk in the noninfarcted region of Cx43-deficient mice. As expected, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, a profibrotic cytokine, was dramatically upregulated in MI hearts, but its phosphorylated comediator (pSmad) was significantly downregulated in the nuclei of Cx43-deficient hearts post-MI, suggesting that downstream signaling of TGF-beta is diminished substantially in Cx43-deficient hearts. This diminution in profibrotic TGF-beta signaling resulted in the attenuation of adverse structural remodeling as assessed by echocardiography. These findings suggest that efforts to enhance the expression of Cx43 to maintain intercellular coupling or reduce susceptibility to arrhythmias should be met with caution until the role of Cx43 in infarct healing is fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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14
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Kong Q, Vazquez M. Flow-induced shear stresses increase the number of cell-cell contacts within extracellular matrix. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 89:968-79. [PMID: 18470918 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cell-cell contacts within extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential to maintain tissue homeostasis and metabolism, as well as critical toward the cell-ECM mechanotransduction that can affect intracellular organization and intercellular communication to enable cell response to external stimuli. This work illustrates the effects of shear stresses on cell-cell contacts within pre-stressed collagen ECM that were loaded in two separate conditions of constant flow (CF) and constant elution time (CET). The numbers of cell-cell contacts and cytoplasmic processes in both media and 3D ECM gels were analyzed in order to examine the shear effects of different magnitudes and time periods on 3D cell-ECM formation. The sheared collagen ECM microstructures were imaged and studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to illustrate greater distances between constituent cells when larger shear stresses were applied. And the gap junction Connexin 43 expressed between networked cells that were sheared in short time period using CF loading exhibited more than those using CET loading. Notably, the number of cell-cell contacts increased when larger shear stresses were applied, suggesting these stresses may be used to increase intercellular communication within 3D matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Kong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The City College of The City University of New York (CCNY), 140th Street and Convent Ave., T-402, New York, New York 10031, USA
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15
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Zeng Y, Lv X, Zeng S, Shi J. Activity-dependent neuronal control of gap-junctional communication in fibroblasts. Brain Res 2009; 1280:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Palatinus JA, Rhett JM, Gourdie RG. Translational lessons from scarless healing of cutaneous wounds and regenerative repair of the myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 48:550-7. [PMID: 19560469 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative healing is the process by which injured tissues are restored to their original structure and function. Many species are capable of healing in this manner. However, in mammals the healing response in most tissues is marked by fibroblast proliferation and scar tissue deposition. While scarring contributes to efficient resolution of mammalian wounds and restoration of at least partial structural and functional support, the final result of scar formation can be more deleterious than the initial insult. This is especially true in the heart, which is sensitive to electrical heterogeneities and altered mechanical properties produced by scarring. Several therapeutic modalities promoting regeneration in skin wounds have been developed that modulate various aspects of the healing process. Targets include cytokine stimulation, control of fibroblast activation, modulation of gap junctions, and stem cell differentiation. Here, we review and compare mechanisms of injury, repair, and scarring in the skin and heart and discuss the promise and caveats of future therapies that may translate to improving repair of myocardial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Palatinus
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Nemosis, a novel way of fibroblast activation, in inflammation and cancer. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1633-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wright CS, van Steensel MAM, Hodgins MB, Martin PEM. Connexin mimetic peptides improve cell migration rates of human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts in vitro. Wound Repair Regen 2009; 17:240-9. [PMID: 19320893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2009.00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nonhealing cutaneous wounds, a major cause of morbidity and mortality, are difficult to treat. Recent studies suggest that significant increases in skin wound-healing rates occur by altering gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC). As migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts is an important feature of wound healing, this study investigated whether migration rates in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts could be altered by modulating GJIC via connexin mimetic peptides. First, HeLa cells stably transfected with connexin43 (Cx43), Cx40, or Cx26 were used as a model to determine connexin specificity and the doses of connexin mimetic peptides required to attenuate GJIC. Gap26 and Gap26M inhibited GJIC dose dependently and were nonconnexin specific, whereas Gap27 was Cx43-selective. Skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts expressed a variety of connexins, with Cx43 predominating. Cx43 protein expression was reduced at leading edges 3 hours after scraping confluent monolayers, resolving at 24 hours. Gap26M and Gap27 significantly increased migration rates across scrapes in keratinocytes and fibroblasts by blocking gap junction functionality. GJIC inhibition can thus directly influence keratinocyte and fibroblast migration. Furthermore, our results support the therapeutic potential of connexin mimetic peptides to aid wound closure, and provide a simple approach to screening new agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Wright
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK
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Abstract
Gap junctions that allow the direct communication between cytoplasmic compartments of neighboring cells are present in a variety of tissues and organs and play pivotal roles in a wide range of physiological processes. In the ovary, gap junctions consist mainly of connexin (Cx) 43 and Cx37, and their indispensable role in regulating folliculogenesis and oogenesis is well established. The ovarian Cx43 is regulated by gonadotropins at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels whereas the regulation of the ovarian Cx37 is yet unknown. In addition to their involvement in normal ovarian functions, gap junction proteins, particularly Cx43, seem to act as cancer suppressors. A summary of our present knowledge regarding gap junctional communication (GJC) and the ovarian gap junction proteins in normally developing ovaries and under pathological conditions is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Gershon
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Wound healing, a coordinated process, proceeds by sequential changes in cell differentiation and terminates with the deposition of a new connective tissue matrix, a scar. Initially, there is the migratory fibroblast, followed by the proliferative fibroblast, then the synthetic fibroblast, which transforms into the myofibroblast, and finally the apoptotic fibroblast. Gap junction intercellular communications are proposed to coordinate the stringent control of fibroblast phenotypic changes. Does added oleamide, a natural fatty acid that blocks gap junction intercellular communications, alter the phenotypic progression of wound fibroblasts? METHODS Pairs of polyvinyl alcohol sponges attached to Alzet pumps, which constantly pumped either oleamide or vehicle solvent, were implanted subcutaneously into three rats. On day 8, implants were harvested and evaluated histologically and biochemically. RESULTS The capsule of oleamide-treated sponge contained closely packed fibroblasts with little connective tissue between them. The birefringence intensity of that connective tissue was reduced, indicating a reduced density of collagen fiber bundles. Myofibroblasts, identified immunohistologically by alpha-smooth muscle actin-stained stress fibers, were reduced in oleamide-treated implants. Western blot analysis showing less alpha-smooth muscle actin confirmed the reduced density of myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS It appears that oleamide retards the progression of wound repair, where less connective tissue is deposited, the collagen is less organized, and the appearance of myofibroblasts is impaired. These findings support the hypothesis that gap junction intercellular communications between wound fibroblasts in granulation tissue play a role in the progression of repair and the maturation of granulation tissue into scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Au
- Hershey, Pa. From the Irving S. Zubar Plastic Surgery Laboratory, Division of Plastic Surgery, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
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Au SR, Au K, Saggers GC, Karne N, Ehrlich HP. Rat mast cells communicate with fibroblasts via gap junction intercellular communications. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:1170-7. [PMID: 17063481 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Usually mast cells (MCs) modulate other cellular activities through the release of their cytoplasmic granules. Recently, gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) between an established human MC cell line (HMC-1) co-cultured with human dermal fibroblasts in fibroblast populated collagen lattices (FPCLs), enhanced the rate and degree of FPCL contraction. However, HMC-1 cells were unable to generate GJIC with human neonatal fibroblasts in monolayer culture. Here freshly isolated rat peritoneal MCs are co-cultured with fibroblasts in collagen lattices and in monolayer culture in vitro and introduced into rat polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge implants in vivo. Co-cultured MC-FPCL contracted faster and to a greater degree. Loading Calcein AM green fluorescent dye into red fluorescent Dil tagged MC generates MC-paratroopers. When MC-paratroopers form GJIC with fibroblasts, some green dye is passed into the fibroblast, while the MC-paratrooper retains both its red and green fluorescence. MC-paratroopers passed green fluorescent dye into both human and rat dermal fibroblasts in monolayer culture. In rats 7-day-old subcutaneous PVA sponge implants, which received an injection of MC-paratroopers, exhibited auto-fluorescent green fibroblasts, when harvested 24 h later. MC-paratroopers pretreated with a long-acting GJIC inhibitor prior to their introduction into PVA sponge implants, failed to pass dye into fibroblasts. It is proposed that GJIC between granulation tissue fibroblasts and MCs can modulate some aspects of wound repair and fibrosis.
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Abstract
Cutaneous tissue repair aims at restoring the barrier function of the skin. To achieve this, defects need to be replaced by granulation tissue to form new connective tissue, and epithelial wound closure is required to restore the physical barrier. Different wound-healing phases are recognized, starting with an inflammation-dominated early phase giving way to granulation tissue build-up and scar remodeling after epithelial wound closure has been achieved. In the granulation tissue, mesenchymal cells are maximally activated, cells proliferate, and synthesize huge amounts of extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells also proliferate and migrate over the provisional matrix of the underlying granulation tissue, eventually closing the defect. This review focuses on the role of keratinocyte-fibroblast interactions in the wound-healing process. There is ample evidence that keratinocytes stimulate fibroblasts to synthesize growth factors, which in turn will stimulate keratinocyte proliferation in a double paracrine manner. Moreover, fibroblasts can acquire a myofibroblast phenotype under the control of keratinocytes. This depends on a finely tuned balance between a proinflammatory or a transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-dominated environment. As the phenotype of fibroblasts from different tissues or body sites becomes better defined, we may understand their individual contribution in wound healing in more detail and possibly explain different clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Werner
- Institute of Cell Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ehrlich HP, Sun B, Saggers GC, Kromath F. Gap junction communications influence upon fibroblast synthesis of Type I collagen and fibronectin. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:735-43. [PMID: 16475185 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In rats polyvinyl alcohol sponge subcutaneous implants treated with gap junctional intercellular communications (GJIC) uncouplers showed reduced deposition of connective tissue. Do uncouplers inhibit the synthesis and deposition of a new connective tissue by fibroblasts? Confluent human dermal fibroblasts in serum-free medium received either endosulfan or oleamide, GJIC uncouplers. Collected media were subjected to Dot Blot analysis for native Type I collagen and fibronectin. Uncoupler-treated fibroblasts released less Type I collagen, while there was no change in fibronectin release. Collagen synthesis was restored to normal, when the uncouplers were removed, showing that these uncouplers were reversible and not toxic to cells. Northern blot analysis revealed procollagen alpha1 (I) mRNA was minimally affected by endosulfan. Oleamide-treated 17-day chick embryo calvaria explants were incubated with Type I collagen antibody, frozen, cryosectioned, and then subjected to rhodamine (Rh) tagged anti-mouse-IgG antibody, to detect newly deposited Type I collagen. Fluorescent antibody-collagen complexes were localized on the periphery of cells in control calvaria, but absent around cells in oleamide-treated calvaria. GJIC optimize collagen synthesis but not fibronectin synthesis. The lack of connective tissue deposited in granulation tissues treated with uncouplers appears related to the inhibition of collagen synthesis. These findings suggest that altering GJIC might control collagen deposition in scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Paul Ehrlich
- Irving S. Zubar Laboratory, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0850, USA.
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Chanson M, Derouette JP, Roth I, Foglia B, Scerri I, Dudez T, Kwak BR. Gap junctional communication in tissue inflammation and repair. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1711:197-207. [PMID: 15955304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Local injury induces a complex orchestrated response to stimulate healing of injured tissues, cellular regeneration and phagocytosis. Practically, inflammation is defined as a defense process whereby fluid and white blood cells accumulate at a site of injury. The balance of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors is likely to play a key role in regulating important cell functions such as migration, proliferation, and matrix synthesis during the process of inflammation. Hence, the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of innate responses depend upon cellular communication. A process similar to tissue repair and subsequent scarring is found in a variety of fibrotic diseases. This may occur in a single organ such as liver, kidneys, pancreas, lung, skin, and heart, but fibrosis may also have a more generalized distribution such as in atherosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances on the contribution of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication in the modulation of the inflammatory response and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Chanson
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Department of Pediatrics, HUG-P.O. BOX 14, Micheli-du-Crest, 24, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Chen BY, Wei JG, Wang YC, Yu J, Qian JX, Chen YM, Xu J. Effects of cholesterol on proliferation and functional protein expression in rabbit bile duct fibroblasts. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:889-93. [PMID: 15040039 PMCID: PMC4727005 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i6.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of cholesterol (Ch) on the growth and functional protein expression of rabbit bile duct fibroblasts.
METHODS: The cultured bile duct fibroblasts were divided randomly into two groups: the control group and the experiment group (fibroblasts were incubated respectively with 0.6 g/L Ch for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h). The growth and DNA synthesis of bile duct fibroblasts were measured by the means of 3H-TdR incorporation. The total protein content of fibroblast was measured by BSA protein assay reagent kit, then the expression of α-actin was analyzed semi-quantitatively by Western blot.
RESULTS: After treatment with 0.6 g/L Ch for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, the values of 3H-TdR incorporation of bile duct fibroblasts were respectively 3.1 ± 0.39, 3.8 ± 0.37, 4.6 ± 0.48 and 5.2 ± 0.56 mBq/cell, and the values of the corresponding control groups were 3.0 ± 0.33, 3.2 ± 0.39, 3.7 ± 0.49 and 4.3 ± 0.43 mBq/cell. After comparing the values of experiment groups and their corresponding control groups, it was found that the 3H-TdR incorporation of bile duct fibroblasts after treatment with 0.6 g/L Ch for 24, 36 and 48 h were significantly increased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01), while the 3H-TdR incorporation of 12-h group was not different statistically from its control group. Ch had no obvious effect on the total protein content of fibroblasts. After incubated with 0.6 g/L Ch for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, the total protein content of each experiment group was not altered markedly compared with its corresponding control group. The values of experiment groups were 0.246 ± 0.051, 0.280 ± 0.049, 0.263 ± 0.044 and 0.275 ± 0.056 ng/cell, and those of corresponding control groups were 0.253 ± 0.048, 0.270 ± 0.042, 0.258 ± 0.050 and 0.270 ± 0.045 ng/cell. Western blot analysis revealed that the α-actin expression in fibroblasts affected by Ch for 12 and 24 h was not markedly changed compared with their corresponding control groups (P>0.05), the values of total gray scale of 12- and 24-h groups were 1 748 ± 185 and 1 756 ± 173, respectively. But after stimulation with Ch for 36 h, the total gray scale of fibroblasts (1 923 ± 204) was significantly higher than that of control group (1 734 ± 197). When the time of Ch treatment was lengthened to 48 h, the α-actin expression was markedly elevated, the total gray scale was 2 189 ± 231 (P < 0.01 vs control group).
CONCLUSION: Moderately concentrated Ch can promote the proliferation of bile duct fibroblasts at early stage. With the prolongation of Ch treatment, the α-actin expression of fibroblasts was also increased, but the hypertrophy of fibroblasts was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ying Chen
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shannxi Province, China
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