1
|
Usai G, Fambrini M, Pugliesi C, Simoni S. Exploring the patterns of evolution: Core thoughts and focus on the saltational model. Biosystems 2024; 238:105181. [PMID: 38479653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The Modern Synthesis, a pillar in biological thought, united Darwin's species origin concepts with Mendel's laws of character heredity, providing a comprehensive understanding of evolution within species. Highlighting phenotypic variation and natural selection, it elucidated the environment's role as a selective force, shaping populations over time. This framework integrated additional mechanisms, including genetic drift, random mutations, and gene flow, predicting their cumulative effects on microevolution and the emergence of new species. Beyond the Modern Synthesis, the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis expands perspectives by recognizing the role of developmental plasticity, non-genetic inheritance, and epigenetics. We suggest that these aspects coexist in the plant evolutionary process; in this context, we focus on the saltational model, emphasizing how saltation events, such as dichotomous saltation, chromosomal mutations, epigenetic phenomena, and polyploidy, contribute to rapid evolutionary changes. The saltational model proposes that certain evolutionary changes, such as the rise of new species, may result suddenly from single macromutations rather than from gradual changes in DNA sequences and allele frequencies within a species over time. These events, observed in domesticated and wild higher plants, provide well-defined mechanistic bases, revealing their profound impact on plant diversity and rapid evolutionary events. Notably, next-generation sequencing exposes the likely crucial role of allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy (saltational events) in generating new plant species, each characterized by distinct chromosomal complements. In conclusion, through this review, we offer a thorough exploration of the ongoing dissertation on the saltational model, elucidating its implications for our understanding of plant evolutionary processes and paving the way for continued research in this intriguing field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Usai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Samuel Simoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
van Casteren A, Sellers WI, Crossley DA, Costello LM, Codd JR. Shell shape does not accurately predict self-righting ability in hatchling freshwater turtles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4919. [PMID: 38418502 PMCID: PMC10902340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54191-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Flat hydrodynamic shells likely represent an evolutionary trade-off between adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle and the instability of more rounded shells, thought beneficial for self-righting. Trade-offs often result in compromises, this is particularly true when freshwater turtles, with flatter shells, must self-right to avoid the negative effects of inverting. These turtles, theoretically, invest more biomechanical effort to achieve successful and timely self-righting when compared to turtles with rounded carapaces. This increase in effort places these hatchlings in a precarious position; prone to inversion and predation and with shells seemingly maladapted to the act of self-righting. Here, we examine hatchling self-righting performance in three morphologically distinct freshwater turtle species (Apalone spinifera, Chelydra serpentina and Trachemys scripta scripta) that inhabit similar environmental niches. We demonstrate that these hatchlings were capable of rapid self-righting and used considerably less biomechanical effort relative to adult turtles. Despite differences in shell morphology the energetic efficiency of self-righting remained remarkably low and uniform between the three species. Our results confound theoretical predictions of self-righting ability based on shell shape metrics and indicate that other morphological characteristics like neck or tail morphology and shell material properties must be considered to better understand the biomechanical nuances of Testudine self-righting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam van Casteren
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - William I Sellers
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Leah M Costello
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jonathan R Codd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sato H, Adachi N, Kondo S, Kitayama C, Tokita M. Turtle skull development unveils a molecular basis for amniote cranial diversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi6765. [PMID: 37967181 PMCID: PMC10651123 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi6765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Amniote skulls display diverse architectural patterns including remarkable variations in the number of temporal arches surrounding the upper and lower temporal fenestrae. However, the cellular and molecular basis underlying this diversification remains elusive. Turtles are a useful model to understand skull diversity due to the presence of secondarily closed temporal fenestrae and different extents of temporal emarginations (marginal reduction of dermal bones). Here, we analyzed embryos of three turtle species with varying degrees of temporal emargination and identified shared widespread coexpression of upstream osteogenic genes Msx2 and Runx2 and species-specific expression of more downstream osteogenic genes Sp7 and Sparc in the head. Further analysis of representative amniote embryos revealed differential expression patterns of osteogenic genes in the temporal region, suggesting that the spatiotemporal regulation of Msx2, Runx2, and Sp7 distinguishes the temporal skull morphology among amniotes. Moreover, the presence of Msx2- and/or Runx2-positive temporal mesenchyme with osteogenic potential may have contributed to their extremely diverse cranial morphology in reptiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Sato
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Noritaka Adachi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Satomi Kondo
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Byobudani, Chichi-Jima, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Chiyo Kitayama
- Everlasting Nature of Asia (ELNA), Ogasawara Marine Center, Byobudani, Chichi-Jima, Ogasawara, Tokyo 100-2101, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jasinski SE. A new species of Chrysemys (Emydidae: Deirochelyinae) from the latest Miocene-Early Pliocene of Tennessee, USA and its implications for the evolution of painted turtles. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chrysemys, commonly known as painted turtles, have the largest native biogeographic range of all North American turtles. The presence of a new species, Chrysemys corniculata sp. nov., in the Late Hemphillian-Early Blancan North American Land Mammal Age (latest Miocene-Early Pliocene) of Tennessee provides further data on the evolution of Chrysemys, deirochelyines and emydids. The new fossil species lies basally in Deirochelyinae and suggests that either Chrysemys represents a basal deirochelyine morphology and is one of the oldest genera in the family, or that similar basal morphologies have evolved multiple times throughout deirochelyine evolution. Its occurrence at the same time as Chrysemys picta, during the Hemphillian-Early Blancan, a time of high biodiversity in emydid turtles, suggests either multiple species of Chrysemys during the Late Hemphillian-Early Blancan (at least one in the mid-west and one farther east), or multiple lineages with basal morphologies during this time. Early fossil deirochelyines occur after the greenhouse conditions of the Eocene and the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. Vicariance led to deirochelyines becoming more speciose, including the occurrence of C. corniculata, after the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, potentially suggesting cooler temperatures aided in the evolution of the subfamily and their speciation during the Hemphillian and into the Early Blancan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Jasinski
- Department of Environmental Science and Sustainability, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology , 326 Market Street, Harrisburg, PA 17101-2208 , USA
- Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology , Johnson City, TN 37614-1709 , USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oliveira MFS, Rocha LIQ, Dias LC, de Moura CEB, Vogt RC, Magalhães MS. Embryonic development of Podocnemis unifilis (Testudines: Podocnemididae). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-022-00571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2022]
|
6
|
Ascarrunz E, Sánchez-Villagra MR. The macroevolutionary and developmental evolution of the turtle carapacial scutes. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.72.e76256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The scutes of the carapace of extant turtles exhibit common elements in a narrow range of topographical arrangements. The typical arrangement has remained constant since its origin in the clade Mesochelydia (Early Jurassic), after a period of apparent greater diversity in the Triassic. This contribution is a review of the development and evolutionary history of the scute patterns of the carapace, seen through the lens of recent developmental models. This yields insights on pattern variations in the fossil record. We reinterpret the “supracaudal” scute and propose that Proganochelys had five vertebral scutes. We discuss the relationship between supramarginal scutes and Turing processes, and we show how a simple change during embryogenesis could account for origin of the configuration of the caudal region of the carapace in mesochelydians. We also discuss the nature of the decrease in number of scutes over the course of evolution, and whether macroevolutionary trends can be discerned. We argue that turtles with complete loss of scutes (e.g., softshells) follow clade-specific macroevolutionary regimes, which are distinct from the majority of other turtles. Finally, we draw a parallel between the variation of scute patterns on the carapace of turtles and the scale patterns in the pileus region (roof of the head) of squamates. The size and numbers of scales in the pileus region can evolve over a wide range, but we recognized tentative evidence of convergence towards a typical configuration when the scales become larger and fewer. Thus, typical patterns could be a more general property of similar systems of integumentary appendages.
Collapse
|
7
|
Embryonic Development of the Avian Sternum and Its Morphological Adaptations for Optimizing Locomotion. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sternum is part of the forelimb appendicular skeleton found in most terrestrial vertebrates and has become adapted across tetrapods for distinctive modes of locomotion. We review the regulatory mechanisms underlying sternum and forelimb development and discuss the possible gene expression modulation that could be responsible for the sternal adaptations and associated reduction in the forelimb programme found in flightless birds. In three phylogenetically divergent vertebrate lineages that all undertake powered flight, a ventral extension of the sternum, named the keel, has evolved independently, most strikingly in volant birds. In flightless birds, however, the sternal keel is absent, and the sternum is flattened. We review studies in a variety of species that have analysed adaptations in sterna morphology that are related to the animal’s mode of locomotion on land, in the sky and in water.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ke Y, Wu R, Zelenitsky DK, Brinkman D, Hu J, Zhang S, Jiang H, Han F. A large and unusually thick-shelled turtle egg with embryonic remains from the Upper Cretaceous of China. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211239. [PMID: 34403631 PMCID: PMC8370798 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Turtle eggs containing embryos are exceedingly rare in the fossil record. Here, we provide the first description and taxonomic identification, to our knowledge, of a fossilized embryonic turtle preserved in an egg, a fossil recovered from the Upper Cretaceous Xiaguan Formation of Henan Province, China. The specimen is attributed to the Nanhsiungchelyidae (Pan-Trionychia), an extinct group of large terrestrial turtles (possibly the species Yuchelys nanyangensis). The egg is rigid, spherical, and is one of the largest and thickest shelled Mesozoic turtle eggs known. Importantly, this specimen allowed identification of other nanhsiungchelyid egg clutches and comparison to those of Adocidae, as Nanhsiungchelyidae and Adocidae form the basal extinct clade Adocusia of the Pan-Trionychia (includes living soft-shelled turtles). Despite the differences in habitat adaptations, nanhsiungchelyids (terrestrial) and adocids (aquatic) shared several reproductive traits, including relatively thick eggshells, medium size clutches and relatively large eggs, which may be primitive for trionychoids (including Adocusia and Carrettochelyidae). The unusually thick calcareous eggshell of nanhsiungchelyids compared to those of all other turtles (including adocids) may be related to a nesting style adaptation to an extremely harsh environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzheng Ke
- School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wu
- School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Darla K. Zelenitsky
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Don Brinkman
- Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Box 7500, Drumheller, Alberta T0J 0Y0, Canada
| | - Jinfeng Hu
- School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Shukang Zhang
- Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishui Jiang
- School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglu Han
- School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sena MVA, Bantim RAM, Saraiva AAF, Sayão JM, Oliveira GR. Shell and long-bone histology, skeletochronology, and lifestyle of Araripemys barretoi (Testudines: Pleurodira), a side-necked turtle of the Lower Cretaceous from Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20201606. [PMID: 34378648 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120201606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we provide a comprehensive investigation of the microanatomical and microstructural aspects of the carapace and limb bones of the Early Cretaceous side-necked turtle, Araripemys barretoi, from the Araripe Basin, Brazil. Inter-elemental histovariability reveals different secondary remodelling of the skeletal elements within the same individual. The vascularisation is scarce and mainly longitudinal, also it ceases towards the bone surface, forming an avascular parallel-fibred bone with closely spaced LAGs. These traits indicate a late ontogenetic stage and a slow growth rate for one of the two A. barretoi specimens. The high cortical thickness of the costal plate suggests an increase of the shell stiffness. The elevated relative bone wall thickness of the ulna compared to other limb bones indicates a case of local pachyosteosclerosis, possibly to improve body stability in the aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Valéria A Sena
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências (PPGEOC), Departamento de Geologia, Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil.,Centro Universitário da Vitória de Santo Antão, Loteamento São Vicente Ferrer, 71, Cajá, 55610-050 Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil
| | - Renan Alfredo M Bantim
- Universidade Regional do Cariri, Laboratório de Paleontologia da URCA, Rua Carolino Sucupira, s/n, Pimenta, 63105-000 Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônio A F Saraiva
- Universidade Regional do Cariri, Laboratório de Paleontologia da URCA, Rua Carolino Sucupira, s/n, Pimenta, 63105-000 Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Sayão
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Museu Nacional, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Oliveira
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Paleontologia & Sistemática, Departamento de Biologia, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alibardi L. Development, structure, and protein composition of the corneous beak in turtles. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2703-2725. [PMID: 33620157 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The beak or rhamphotheca in turtles is a horny lamina that replaces the teeth. Its origin, development, structure, and protein composition are here presented. At mid-development stages, the epidermis of the maxilla and mandible gives rise to placodes that enlarge and merge into laminae through an intense cell proliferation. In these expanding laminae, the epidermis gives rise to 5-8 layers of embryonic epidermis where coarse filaments accumulate for the initial keratinization of cells destined to be sloughed before hatching. Underneath the embryonic epidermis of the beak numerous layers of spindle-shaped beta-cells are produced while they are absent in other skin regions. Beta-cells contain hard corneous material and give rise to the corneous layer of the beak whose external layers desquamate due to wearing and mechanical abrasion. Beta-catenin is present in nuclei of proliferating keratinocytes of the germinal layer likely responding to a wnt signal, but also is part of the adhesive junctions located among beak keratinocytes. The thick corneous layer is made of mature corneocytes connected one to another along their irregular perimeter by an unknown cementing material and junctional remnants. Immunolabeling shows that the main components of the horny beak are Corneous Beta Proteins (CBPs) of 10-15 kDa which genes are located in the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) of the turtle genome. Specific CBPs, in addition to a lower amount of Intermediate Filament Keratins, accumulate in the horny beak. Compaction of the main proteins with other unknown, minor proteins give rise to the hard corneous material of the beak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Congenital Malformations in Sea Turtles: Puzzling Interplay between Genes and Environment. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020444. [PMID: 33567785 PMCID: PMC7915190 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Congenital malformations can lead to embryonic mortality in many species, and sea turtles are no exception. Genetic and/or environmental alterations occur during early development in the embryo, and may produce aberrant phenotypes, many of which are incompatible with life. Causes of malformations are multifactorial; genetic factors may include mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and inbreeding effects, whereas non-genetic factors may include nutrition, hyperthermia, low moisture, radiation, and contamination. It is possible to monitor and control some of these factors (such as temperature and humidity) in nesting beaches, and toxic compounds in feeding areas, which can be transferred to the embryo through their lipophilic properties. In this review, we describe possible causes of different types of malformations observed in sea turtle embryos, as well as some actions that may help reduce embryonic mortality. Abstract The completion of embryonic development depends, in part, on the interplay between genetic factors and environmental conditions, and any alteration during development may affect embryonic genetic and epigenetic regulatory pathways leading to congenital malformations, which are mostly incompatible with life. Oviparous reptiles, such as sea turtles, that produce numerous eggs in a clutch that is buried on the beach provide an opportunity to study embryonic mortality associated with malformations that occur at different times during development, or that prevent the hatchling from emerging from the nest. In sea turtles, the presence of congenital malformations frequently leads to mortality. A few years ago, a detailed study was performed on external congenital malformations in three species of sea turtles from the Mexican Pacific and Caribbean coasts, the hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (n = 23,559 eggs), the green turtle, Chelonia mydas (n = 17,690 eggs), and the olive ridley, Lepidochelys olivacea (n = 20,257 eggs), finding 63 types of congenital malformations, of which 38 were new reports. Of the three species, the olive ridley showed a higher incidence of severe anomalies in the craniofacial region (49%), indicating alterations of early developmental pathways; however, several malformations were also observed in the body, including defects in the carapace (45%) and limbs (33%), as well as pigmentation disorders (20%), indicating that deviations occurred during the middle and later stages of development. Although intrinsic factors (i.e., genetic mutations or epigenetic modifications) are difficult to monitor in the field, some environmental factors (such as the incubation temperature, humidity, and probably the status of feeding areas) are, to some extent, less difficult to monitor and/or control. In this review, we describe the aetiology of different malformations observed in sea turtle embryos, and provide some actions that can reduce embryonic mortality.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sena MVDA, Bantim RAM, Saraiva AÁF, Sayão JM, Oliveira GR. Osteohistology and microanatomy of a new specimen of Cearachelys placidoi (Testudines: Pleurodira) a side-necked turtle from the lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1294-1304. [PMID: 33103362 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pelomedusoides had a recognised diverse Early Cretaceous fauna of turtles in Northeast Brazil. Within them, the bothremydid Cearachelys placidoi has a relatively abundant record. This diversity contrasts with the scarcity of osteohistological studies in this group. The relatively well-preserved shell of C. placidoi (UFRPE 5600), from the Aptian age of Araripe Basin, is studied here for the purpose of filling this gap. We performed the osteohistological description of the plastron of a new specimen of C. placidoi. Also, to conduct a comparative study, we carried out histological sections in bones of the recent chelid Phrynops sp. Our histological findings indicate similarities between the histological pattern of freshwater turtles and the coastal marine C. placidoi. Moreover, osteohistological features imply metaplastic incorporation of dermal interwoven structural fiber bundles. Lastly, the xiphiplastron of C. placidoi shows an increase of bone compactness over its craniocaudal axis. This microanatomical feature is exclusive to Cearachelys so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Valéria de Araújo Sena
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências (PPGEOC), Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.,Centro Universitário da Vitória de Santo Antão, Loteamento São Vicente Ferrer, 71, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, 55610-050, Brazil
| | - Renan Alfredo Machado Bantim
- Laboratório de Paleontologia da URCA, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Rua Carolino Sucupira, s/nº, Crato, Ceará, 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Antônio Álamo Feitosa Saraiva
- Laboratório de Paleontologia da URCA, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Rua Carolino Sucupira, s/nº, Crato, Ceará, 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Manso Sayão
- Laboratório de Paleobiologia e Paleogeografia Antártica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/nº, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro Oliveira
- Laboratório de Paleontologia & Sistemática, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/nº, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lyson TR, Bever GS. Origin and Evolution of the Turtle Body Plan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The origin of turtles and their uniquely shelled body plan is one of the longest standing problems in vertebrate biology. The unfulfilled need for a hypothesis that both explains the derived nature of turtle anatomy and resolves their unclear phylogenetic position among reptiles largely reflects the absence of a transitional fossil record. Recent discoveries have dramatically improved this situation, providing an integrated, time-calibrated model of the morphological, developmental, and ecological transformations responsible for the modern turtle body plan. This evolutionary trajectory was initiated in the Permian (>260 million years ago) when a turtle ancestor with a diapsid skull evolved a novel mechanism for lung ventilation. This key innovation permitted the torso to become apomorphically stiff, most likely as an adaption for digging and a fossorial ecology. The construction of the modern turtle body plan then proceeded over the next 100 million years following a largely stepwise model of osteological innovation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. Lyson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA
| | - Gabriel S. Bever
- Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bentley BP, McGlashan JK, Bresette MJ, Wyneken J. No evidence of selection against anomalous scute arrangements between juvenile and adult sea turtles in Florida. J Morphol 2020; 282:173-184. [PMID: 33111991 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Variations in the number and arrangement of scutes often are used for species identification in hard-shelled sea turtles. Despite the conserved nature of scute arrangements, anomalous arrangements have been noted in the literature for over a century, with anomalies linked to sub-optimal environmental conditions in the nest during development. Long-held assumptions suggest that anomalous scute arrangements are indicative of underlying physiological or morphological anomalies, with presumed long-term survival costs to the individual. Here, we examined a 25-year photo database of two species of sea turtle (Caretta caretta and Chelonia mydas) captured incidentally and non-selectively on the eastern coast of Florida. Our results suggest that C. mydas is substantially more variable with respect to the arrangement of carapacial scutes, while C. caretta had a relatively higher proportion of individuals with anomalous plastron scute arrangements. We also show evidence that (a) the forms and patterns of anomalous scutes are stable throughout growth; (b) there is limited evidence for selection against non-modal arrangements in the size classes that were examined; and (c) that their frequency has remained stable in juvenile cohorts from 1994 until present. These findings indicate that there may not be a survival cost associated with anomalous scute arrangements once the turtles reach juvenile size classes, and that variation in scute arrangements within populations is relatively common.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blair P Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica K McGlashan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jeanette Wyneken
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Clarac F, Scheyer TM, Desojo JB, Cerda IA, Sanchez S. The evolution of dermal shield vascularization in Testudinata and Pseudosuchia: phylogenetic constraints versus ecophysiological adaptations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190132. [PMID: 31928197 PMCID: PMC7017437 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on living turtles have demonstrated that shells are involved in the resistance to hypoxia during apnea via bone acidosis buffering; a process which is complemented with cutaneous respiration, transpharyngeal and cloacal gas exchanges in the soft-shell turtles. Bone acidosis buffering during apnea has also been identified in crocodylian osteoderms, which are also known to employ heat transfer when basking. Although diverse, many of these functions rely on one common trait: the vascularization of the dermal shield. Here, we test whether the above ecophysiological functions played an adaptive role in the evolutionary transitions between land and aquatic environments in both Pseudosuchia and Testudinata. To do so, we measured the bone porosity as a proxy for vascular density in a set of dermal plates before performing phylogenetic comparative analyses. For both lineages, the dermal plate porosity obviously varies depending on the animal lifestyle, but these variations prove to be highly driven by phylogenetic relationships. We argue that the complexity of multi-functional roles of the post-cranial dermal skeleton in both Pseudosuchia and Testudinata probably is the reason for a lack of obvious physiological signal, and we discuss the role of the dermal shield vascularization in the evolution of these groups. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Clarac
- Department of Organismal Biology, Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten M. Scheyer
- Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia B. Desojo
- CONICET, División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n°, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ignacio A. Cerda
- CONICET, Argentina y Instituto de Investigacion en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Museo Carlos Ameghino, Belgrano 1700, Paraje Pichi Ruca (predio Marabunta), 8300 Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Sophie Sanchez
- Department of Organismal Biology, Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS-40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Rodríguez A, Pareja-Carrera J, Mateo R, Martinez-Haro M. Tools for non-invasive sampling of metal accumulation and its effects in Mediterranean pond turtle populations inhabiting mining areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:194-206. [PMID: 31129400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Among reptiles, freshwater turtle species have high potential for metal accumulation because of their long lifespan or their aquatic and terrestrial habits. In order to monitor metal bioaccumulation, determine potential toxic effects, and investigate tools for non-invasive metal sampling in reptiles, we studied lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) accumulation in Mediterranean pond turtles (Mauremys leprosa) inhabiting two former mining areas, one of them with high environmental concentrations of Pb (Sierra Madrona-Alcudia Valley district) and the other one with high environmental concentrations of Hg (Almadén district). Individuals from the Pb mining area showed mean blood concentrations (i.e. 5.59 μg Pb/g dry weight, d.w.) that were higher than those measured in other populations. Blood Hg concentrations were highest (8.83 μg Hg/g d.w.) in the site close to the former Hg mines, whereas blood Hg concentrations in terrapins from another site of Almadén district, located ∼28 km downstream, were not different from locations at the non-mining area. Animals from the Pb-contaminated site showed evidence of oxidative stress, whereas those from the Hg-contaminated site showed increased activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, as well as reduced circulating levels of the main endogenous antioxidant peptide, glutathione. Concentrations measured in feces and carapace scutes were useful indicators to monitor blood concentrations of Pb, but not of Hg. Our results provide evidence of the usefulness of freshwater turtles as sentinels of chronic metal pollution, and validate non-invasive tools to advance Pb monitoring in reptiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel E Ortiz-Santaliestra
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM. Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Antonio Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM. Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Jennifer Pareja-Carrera
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM. Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM. Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Mónica Martinez-Haro
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM. Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cordero GA, Stearns S, Quinteros K, Berns CM, Binz SM, Janzen F. The postembryonic transformation of the shell in emydine box turtles. Evol Dev 2019; 21:297-310. [PMID: 31441599 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A key trend in the 210-million-year-old history of modern turtles was the evolution of shell kinesis, that is, shell movement during neck and limb retraction. Kinesis is hypothesized to enhance predator defense in small terrestrial and semiaquatic turtles and has evolved multiple times since the early Cretaceous. This complex phenotype is nonfunctional and far from fully differentiated following embryogenesis. Instead, kinesis develops slowly in juveniles, providing a unique opportunity to illustrate the postembryonic origins of an adaptive trait. To this end, we examined ventral shell (plastral) kinesis in emydine box turtles and found that hatchling plastron shape differs from that of akinetic-shelled relatives, particularly where the hinge that enables kinesis differentiates. We also demonstrated shape changes relative to plastron size in juveniles, coinciding with a shift in the carapace-plastron structural connection, rearrangement of ectodermal plates, and bone repatterning. Furthermore, because the shell grows larger relative to the head, complete concealment of the head and extremities is only achieved after relative shell proportions increase. Structural alterations that facilitate the box turtle's transformation are probably prepatterned in embryos but require function-induced changes to differentiate in juveniles. This mode of delayed trait differentiation is essential to phenotypic diversification in turtles and perhaps other tetrapods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Cordero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Geosciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samantha Stearns
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kevin Quinteros
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chelsea M Berns
- Department of Biology, Salisbury University, Salisbury, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Binz
- Department of Physics, Salisbury University, Salisbury, Maryland, USA
| | - Fredric Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schoch RR, Klein N, Scheyer TM, Sues HD. Microanatomy of the stem-turtle Pappochelys rosinae indicates a predominantly fossorial mode of life and clarifies early steps in the evolution of the shell. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10430. [PMID: 31320733 PMCID: PMC6639533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46762-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike any other tetrapod, turtles form their dorsal bony shell (carapace) not from osteoderms, but by contribution of the ribs and vertebrae that expand into the dermis to form plate-like shell components. Although this was known from embryological studies in extant turtles, important steps in this evolutionary sequence have recently been highlighted by the Triassic taxa Pappochelys, Eorhynchochelys and Odontochelys, and the Permian Eunotosaurus. The discovery of Pappochelys shed light on the origin of the ventral bony shell (plastron), which formed from enlarged gastralia. A major question is whether the turtle shell evolved in the context of a terrestrial or aquatic environment. Whereas Odontochelys was controversially interpreted as aquatic, a terrestrial origin of turtles was proposed based on evidence of fossorial adaptations in Eunotosaurus. We report palaeohistological data for Pappochelys, a taxon that exemplifies earlier evolutionary stages in the formation of the bony shell than Odontochelys. Bone histological evidence reveals (1) evolutionary changes in bone microstructure in ribs and gastralia approaching the turtle condition and (2) evidence for a predominantly amphibious or fossorial mode of life in Pappochelys, which support the hypothesis that crucial steps in the evolution of the shell occurred in a terrestrial rather than fully aquatic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer R Schoch
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, D-70191, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nicole Klein
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, D-70191, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Abteilung Paläontologie, Nussallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hans-Dieter Sues
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 121, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Szczygielski T, Słowiak J, Dróżdż D. Shell variability in the stem turtles Proterochersis spp. PeerJ 2019; 6:e6134. [PMID: 30595986 PMCID: PMC6305121 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Turtle shells tend to exhibit frequent and substantial variability, both in bone and scute layout. Aside from secondary changes, caused by diseases, parasites, and trauma, this variability appears to be inherent and result from stochastic or externally induced flaws of developmental programs. It is, thus, expected to be present in fossil turtle species at least as prominently, as in modern populations. Descriptions of variability and ontogeny are, however, rare for fossil turtles, mainly due to rarity, incompleteness, damage, and post-mortem deformation of their remains. This paper is an attempt at description and interpretation of external shell variability in representatives of the oldest true turtles, Proterochersis robusta and Proterochersis porebensis (Proterochersidae, the sister group to all other known testudinatans) from the Late Triassic (Norian) of Germany and Poland. Methods All the available shell remains of Proterochersis robusta (13 specimens) and Proterochersis porebensis (275 specimens) were studied morphologically in order to identify any ontogenetic changes, intraspecific variability, sexual dimorphism, and shell abnormalities. To test the inferred sexual dimorphism, shape analyses were performed for two regions (gular and anal) of the plastron. Results Proterochersis spp. exhibits large shell variability, and at least some of the observed changes seem to be correlated with ontogeny (growth of gulars, extragulars, caudals, and marginals, disappearance of middorsal keel on the carapace). Several specimens show abnormal layout of scute sulci, several others unusual morphologies of vertebral scute areas, one has an additional pair of plastral scutes, and one extraordinarily pronounced, likely pathological, growth rings on the carapace. Both species are represented in a wide spectrum of sizes, from hatchlings to old, mature individuals. The largest fragmentary specimens of Proterochersis porebensis allow estimation of its maximal carapace length at approximately 80 cm, while Proterochersis robusta appears to have reached lower maximal sizes. Discussion This is the second contribution describing variability among numerous specimens of Triassic turtles, and the first to show evidence of unambiguous shell abnormalities. Presented data supplement the sparse knowledge of shell scute development in the earliest turtles and suggest that at least some aspects of the developmental programs governing scute development were already similar in the Late Triassic to these of modern forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szczygielski
- Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Paleobiology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Słowiak
- Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Dróżdż
- Department of Evolutionary Paleobiology, Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Evolution, Diversity, and Development of the Craniocervical System in Turtles with Special Reference to Jaw Musculature. HEADS, JAWS, AND MUSCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93560-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
23
|
Cordero GA, Quinteros K, Janzen FJ. Delayed trait development and the convergent evolution of shell kinesis in turtles. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1585. [PMID: 30282655 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding developmental processes is foundational to clarifying the mechanisms by which convergent evolution occurs. Here, we show how a key convergently evolving trait is slowly 'acquired' in growing turtles. Many functionally relevant traits emerge late in turtle ontogeny, owing to design constraints imposed by the shell. We investigated this trend by examining derived patterns of shell formation associated with the multiple (at least 8) origins of shell kinesis in small-bodied turtles. Using box turtles as a model, we demonstrate that the flexible hinge joint required for shell kinesis differentiates gradually and via extensive repatterning of shell tissue. Disproportionate changes in shell shape and size substantiate that this transformation is a delayed ontogenetic response (3-5 years post-hatching) to structural alterations that arise in embryogenesis. These findings exemplify that the translation of genotype to phenotype may reach far beyond embryonic life stages. Thus, the temporal scope for developmental origins of adaptive morphological change might be broader than generally understood. We propose that delayed trait differentiation via tissue repatterning might facilitate phenotypic diversification and innovation that otherwise would not arise due to developmental constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A Cordero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kevin Quinteros
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fredric J Janzen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 2200 Osborn Drive, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Stayton CT, O'Connor LF, Nisivoccia NM. The influence of multiple functional demands on morphological diversification: A test on turtle shells. Evolution 2018; 72:1933-1949. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
White ZW, Vernerey FJ. Armours for soft bodies: how far can bioinspiration take us? BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2018; 13:041004. [PMID: 29595522 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aababa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of armour is as old as the dawn of civilization. Early man looked to natural structures to harvest or replicate for protection, leaning on millennia of evolutionary developments in natural protection. Since the advent of more modern weaponry, Armor development has seemingly been driven more by materials research than bio-inspiration. However, parallels can still be drawn between modern bullet-protective armours and natural defensive structures. Soft armour for handgun and fragmentation threats can be likened to mammalian skin, and similarly, hard armour can be compared with exoskeletons and turtle shells. Via bio-inspiration, it may be possible to develop structures previously un-researched for ballistic protection. This review will cover current modern ballistic protective structures focusing on energy dissipation and absorption methods, and their natural analogues. As all armour is a compromise between weight, flexibility and protection, the imbricated structure of scaled skin will be presented as a better balance between these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W White
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 427 UCB, Boulder, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abnormal Shell Shapes in Northern Map Turtles of the Juniata River, Pennsylvania, USA. J HERPETOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1670/17-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
27
|
Zhang X, Cai ZB, Li W, Zhu MH. Understanding hydration effects on mechanical and impacting properties of turtle shell. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 78:116-123. [PMID: 29156290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Study of the properties of natural biomaterials provides a reliable experimental basis for the design of biomimetic materials. The mechanical properties and impact wear behaviors of turtle shell with different soaking time were investigated on a micro-amplitude impact wear tester. The damage behavior of turtle shells with different soaking time and impact cycles were systematically analyzed, also the impact dynamics behavior was inspected during the impact wear progress. The results showed that the energy absorption and impact contact force were significantly different with varied soaking time. Under different impact cycles, the peak contact force of shell samples with same soaking time were approximate to each other in value and the values of impact contact time change in a small range. However, the damage extent of shells were distinct with varied impact cycles. It was found that impact worn scars of shells increase with impact cycles increasing. However, under the same impact cycles, energy absorption and contact time increased with the extending of soaking time, but the peak contact force decrease. Especially shell without soaking, the absorption rate is the lowest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zhen-Bing Cai
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Min-Hao Zhu
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vieira LG, Lima FC, Mendonôa SHST, Menezes LT, Hirano LQL, Santos ALQ. Ontogeny of the Postcranial Axial Skeleton of Melanosuchus niger (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:607-623. [PMID: 29150983 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes the description of the development of the postcranial axial skeleton, including vertebrae, gastralium, ribs, sternum, and interclavicle, in Melanosuchus niger. Six nests were marked and two eggs removed from each nest at 24-hr intervals until hatching. For posthatching evaluation, 30 hatchlings were kept in captivity and one exemplar was euthanized at three-day intervals. Samples were diaphanized using potassium hydroxide (KOH), alizarin red S, and Alcian blue. A routinely generally used method was applied for histological evaluation. It was difficult to define in which vertebrae the development of cartilaginous centers began, but it was possible to observe that this condensation advanced in the craniocaudal direction. The condensation started in the vertebral arches and was visibly stronger in the cervical and dorsal regions, advancing to the lumbar, sacral and, last, to the caudal region. The atlas showed a highly different morphology compared with the other cervical vertebrae, with a short intercenter, two neural arches, and a proatlas. The ossification process began in the body of cervical vertebrae III to VIII and alizarin retention decreased in the last vertebrae, indicating a craniocaudal direction in bone development, similar to cartilage formation. In the histological sections of gastralium and interclavicles of M. niger at several development stages, it was possible to observe that these elements showed intramembranous development. Anat Rec, 301:607-623, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LucéLia Gonçalves Vieira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Bloco 2B, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais CEP 38400-902 - CP 592, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Campos Lima
- Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia BR 364, Km 192. Setor Industrial, Jataí, Goiás CEP 75801615, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Tannús Menezes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Bloco 2B, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais CEP 38400-902 - CP 592, Brazil
| | - Líria Queiroz Luz Hirano
- University Center of Triângulo, Av. Raulino Cotta Pacheco, 70, apto 201, Osvaldo Resende, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais CEP 38400-370, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Quagliatto Santos
- Laboratory for Teaching and Research on Wild Animals, Federal University of Uberlândia, Rua Piauí, s/n, 4S, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Clarac F, De Buffrénil V, Cubo J, Quilhac A. Vascularization in Ornamented Osteoderms: Physiological Implications in Ectothermy and Amphibious Lifestyle in the Crocodylomorphs? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:175-183. [PMID: 29024422 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization in the core of crocodylian osteoderms, and in their superficial pits has been hypothesized to be a key feature involved in physiological thermoregulation and/or acidosis buffering during anoxia (apnea). However, up to now, there have been no quantitative data showing that the inner, or superficial, blood supply of the osteoderms is greater than that occurring in neighboring dermal tissues. We provide such data: our results clearly indicate that the vascular networks in both the osteoderms and the pits forming their superficial ornamentation are denser than in the overlying dermis. These results support previous physiological assumptions and indicate that vascularization in pseudosuchian (crocodylians and close relatives) ornamented osteoderms could be part of a broad eco-physiological adaptation towards ectothermy and aquatic ambush predation acquired by the crocodylomorphs during their post-Triassic evolution. Moreover, regressions demonstrate that the number of enclosed vessels is correlated with the sectional area of the cavities housing them (superficial pits and inner cavities). These regressions can be used to infer the degree of vascularization on dry and fossilized osteoderms and thus document the evolution of the putative function of the osteoderms in the Pseudosuchia. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 301:175-183, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Clarac
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP), Paris, F-75005, France.,Département Histoire de la Terre, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7207 (CR2P), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN/CNRS/UPMC, F-75231, France
| | - V De Buffrénil
- Département Histoire de la Terre, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7207 (CR2P), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN/CNRS/UPMC, F-75231, France
| | - J Cubo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP), Paris, F-75005, France
| | - A Quilhac
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris (ISTeP), Paris, F-75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Clarac F, Goussard F, Teresi L, Buffrénil V, Sansalone V. Do the ornamented osteoderms influence the heat conduction through the skin? A finite element analysis in Crocodylomorpha. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:39-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
31
|
Achrai B, Wagner HD. The turtle carapace as an optimized multi-scale biological composite armor – A review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:50-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
32
|
Moustakas-Verho JE, Cebra-Thomas J, Gilbert SF. Patterning of the turtle shell. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:124-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
33
|
Protection mechanisms of the carapace of a box turtle. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 71:54-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
34
|
Xu C, Grizante MB, Kusumi K. Somitogenesis and Axial Development in Reptiles. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1650:335-353. [PMID: 28809033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7216-6_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Among amniote vertebrates, reptiles display the greatest variation in axial skeleton morphology. Only recently have they been used in gene expression studies of somitogenesis , challenging previous assumptions about the segmentation clock and axial patterning. An increasing number of reptile genomes and transcriptomes are becoming available as next-generation sequencing becomes more affordable. Information regarding gene sequence and structure can be used to design and synthesize labeled riboprobes by in vitro transcription for gene expression analysis by in situ hybridization, thus, enabling the characterization of spatial and temporal expression patterns of genes involved in somitogenesis, a topic of great interest within evolutionary developmental studies of vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Mariana B Grizante
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Foth C, Rabi M, Joyce WG. Skull shape variation in extant and extinct Testudinata and its relation to habitat and feeding ecology. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Foth
- Departement für Geowissenschaften; Universität Freiburg; 1700 Freiburg Switzerland
| | - Márton Rabi
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Turin; 10125 Turin Italy
- Institut für Geowissenschaften; Universität Tübingen; 72074 Tübingen Germany
| | - Walter G. Joyce
- Departement für Geowissenschaften; Universität Freiburg; 1700 Freiburg Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wilkerson RP, Gludovatz B, Watts J, Tomsia AP, Hilmas GE, Ritchie RO. A Novel Approach to Developing Biomimetic ("Nacre-Like") Metal-Compliant-Phase (Nickel-Alumina) Ceramics through Coextrusion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10061-10067. [PMID: 27690374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired "brick-and-mortar" alumina ceramics containing a nickel compliant phase are synthesized by coextrusion of alumina and nickel oxide. Results show that these structures are coarser yet exhibit exceptional resistance-curve behavior with a fracture toughness three or more times higher than that of alumina, consistent with significant extrinsic toughening, from crack bridging and "brick" pull-out, in the image of natural nacre.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Wilkerson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bernd Gludovatz
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeremy Watts
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Antoni P Tomsia
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gregory E Hilmas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vieira LG, Santos AL, Lima FC, Mendonça SH, Menezes LT, Sebben A. Osteologia de Melanosuchus niger (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) e a evidência evolutiva. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016001000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: O objetivo foi realizar a descrição anatômica do esqueleto de Melanosuchus niger, com o intuito de contribuir com informações evolutivas sobre a espécie. Utilizaram-se três espécimes adultos de M. niger, com comprimento médio de 2,40m, provenientes da coleção biológica do Lapas-UFU. Na cintura peitoral, a escápula é maior do que o coracóide. Já nos elementos da cintura pelvina, o púbis não participa da formação do acetábulo, o contato com o ilío, ocorre por ligamentos, e sua articulação com o ísquio, permite movimentos dorso-ventrais. Nos membros torácicos, o úmero figura como elemento do estilopódio, a ulna e rádio como elementos do zeugopódio. No carpo há o ulnar do carpo, fusão do radial+intermédio, fusão dos distais do carpo 3+4+5 e o pisiforme; possui cinco metacarpos, numerados lateromedialmente e a fórmula falângica 2:3:4:3:2. Nos membros pelvinos, o estilopódio é formado pelo fêmur e o zeugopódio pela tíbia e fíbula. No tarso há a fusão do intermédio+central, fibular do tarso, distal do tarso 3, distal do tarso 4; possui quatro metatarsos longos I, II, III e IV, sendo os metatarsos II e III maiores que os demais. O metatarso V é um osso bastante reduzido e o pé possui a fórmula falângica 2:3:4:4. No crânio, a abertura nasal é única, o palatino, vômer, pterigóide, pré-maxila e maxila formam a estrutura óssea do palato secundário; o osso parietal é o único elemento no teto craniano. No esqueleto pós- axial em pares de costelas distintas que se articulam com as vértebras cervicais, dorsais, lombares, sacrais e caudais. A gastrália é formada por sete fileiras de ossos finos localizados entre o púbis e a região caudal do esterno.
Collapse
|
38
|
Alibardi L. Microscopic and immunohistochemical study on the cornification of the developing beak in the turtleEmydura macquarii. J Morphol 2016; 277:1309-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of Bigea; Università Di Bologna; via Selmi 3 Bologna 40126 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The olive ridley sea turtle ( Lepidochelys olivacea), considered the most abundant sea turtle species, is listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. The most important nesting areas are located in the Eastern Pacific, and congenital malformations have been previously reported in this species. The present study was conducted in a single population at El Verde beach, one of the most important nesting beaches for the species in the northwestern Mexican Pacific. The study was based on embryos that had been incubated in a controlled environment. Schistosomus reflexus syndrome (SRS) was observed in 124 of 20 257 olive ridley embryos (0.6%), comprising 124 of 400 (31%) cases of congenital malformations over a 7-month period. Affected embryos had malformations of the carapace, bridge, or plastron, resulting in exposure of the abdominal or thoracic viscera, as well as spinal malformation and abnormal positioning of limbs adjacent to the head with subsequent ankylosis. SRS phenotypes (although lethal) varied from mild to severe, although most cases were severe. SRS was mostly associated with congenital malformations in the neck (short neck, 80%), tail (anury, 38%), and flippers (different types of dysmelias, 53%). In most cases of severe SRS, ankyloses were present. Documenting these findings could be important to identify the cause of the developmental defects, and identification of the cause of the defects may be of significance to the population and to our efforts to manage this and other populations at risk.
Collapse
|
40
|
Lyson T, Rubidge B, Scheyer T, de Queiroz K, Schachner E, Smith R, Botha-Brink J, Bever G. Fossorial Origin of the Turtle Shell. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1887-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
41
|
Mayerl CJ, Brainerd EL, Blob RW. Pelvic girdle mobility of cryptodire and pleurodire turtles during walking and swimming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:2650-8. [PMID: 27340204 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.141622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Movements of the pelvic girdle facilitate terrestrial locomotor performance in a wide range of vertebrates by increasing hind limb excursion and stride length. The extent to which pelvic movements contribute to limb excursion in turtles is unclear because the bony shell surrounding the body presents a major obstacle to their visualization. In the Cryptodira, which are one of the two major lineages of turtles, pelvic anatomy indicates the potential for rotation inside the shell. However, in the Pleurodira, the other major suborder, the pelvis shows a derived fusion to the shell, preventing pelvic motion. In addition, most turtles use their hind limbs for propulsion during swimming as well as walking, and the different locomotor demands between water and land could lead to differences in the contributions of pelvic rotation to limb excursion in each habitat. To test these possibilities, we used X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) to compare pelvic mobility and femoral motion during walking and swimming between representative species of cryptodire (Pseudemys concinna) and pleurodire (Emydura subglobosa) turtles. We found that the pelvis yawed substantially in cryptodires during walking and, to a lesser extent, during swimming. These movements contributed to greater femoral protraction during both walking and swimming in cryptodires when compared with pleurodires. Although factors related to the origin of pelvic-shell fusion in pleurodires are debated, its implications for their locomotor function may contribute to the restriction of this group to primarily aquatic habits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Richard W Blob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Szczygielski T, Sulej T. Revision of the Triassic European turtlesProterochersisandMurrhardtia(Reptilia, Testudinata, Proterochersidae), with the description of new taxa from Poland and Germany. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szczygielski
- Institute of Palaeobiology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Twarda 51/55 00-818 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Sulej
- Institute of Palaeobiology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Twarda 51/55 00-818 Warsaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vieira LG, Santos AL, Moura LR, Orpinelli SR, Pereira KF, Lima FC. Morphology, development and heterochrony of the carapace of Giant Amazon River Turtle Podocnemis expansa (Testudines, Podocnemidae). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016000500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: With aim to report the ontogeny of the osseous elements of the carapace in Peurodiras, 62 embryos and 43 nestlings of Podocnemis expansa were collected and submitted to the clearing and staining technique of bones and cartilages and study of serial histological slices. The carapace has mixed osseous structure of endo and exoskeleton, formed by 8 pairs of costal bones associated with ribs, 7 neural bones associated with neural arches, 11 pairs of peripheral bones, 1 nuchal, 1 pygal and 1 suprapygal. This structure begins its formation in the beginning of stage 16 with the ossification of the periosteal collar of the ribs. With exception of the peripheral bones, the other ones begin their ossification during the embrionary period. In histologic investigation it was found that the costal bones and neural bones have a close relation to the endoskeleton components, originating themselves as intramembranous expansions of the periosteal collar of the ribs and neural arches, respectively. The condensation of the mesenchyme adjacent to the periosteal collar induces the formation of spikes that grow in trabeculae permeated by fibroblasts below the dermis. The nuchal bone also ossifies in an intramembranous way, but does not show direct relation to the endoskeleton. Such information confirms those related to the other Pleurodira, mainly with Podocnemis unifilis, sometimes with conspicuous variations in the chronology of the ossification events. The formation of dermal plates in the carapace of Pleurodira and Criptodira follow the same pattern.
Collapse
|
44
|
Peterson T, Müller GB. Phenotypic Novelty in EvoDevo: The Distinction Between Continuous and Discontinuous Variation and Its Importance in Evolutionary Theory. Evol Biol 2016; 43:314-335. [PMID: 27512237 PMCID: PMC4960286 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-016-9372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of novel phenotypic structures is one of the most significant aspects of organismal evolution. Yet the concept of evolutionary novelty is used with drastically different connotations in various fields of research, and debate exists about whether novelties represent features that are distinct from standard forms of phenotypic variation. This article contrasts four separate uses for novelty in genetics, population genetics, morphology, and behavioral science, before establishing how novelties are used in evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo). In particular, it is detailed how an EvoDevo-specific research approach to novelty produces insight distinct from other fields, gives the concept explanatory power with predictive capacities, and brings new consequences to evolutionary theory. This includes the outlining of research strategies that draw attention to productive areas of inquiry, such as threshold dynamics in development. It is argued that an EvoDevo-based approach to novelty is inherently mechanistic, treats the phenotype as an agent with generative potential, and prompts a distinction between continuous and discontinuous variation in evolutionary theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Peterson
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd B. Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- The KLI Institute, Martinstrasse 12, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Development of the turtle plastron, the order-defining skeletal structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5317-22. [PMID: 27114549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600958113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal and ventral aspects of the turtle shell, the carapace and the plastron, are developmentally different entities. The carapace contains axial endochondral skeletal elements and exoskeletal dermal bones. The exoskeletal plastron is found in all extant and extinct species of crown turtles found to date and is synaptomorphic of the order Testudines. However, paleontological reconstructed transition forms lack a fully developed carapace and show a progression of bony elements ancestral to the plastron. To understand the evolutionary development of the plastron, it is essential to know how it has formed. Here we studied the molecular development and patterning of plastron bones in a cryptodire turtle Trachemys scripta We show that plastron development begins at developmental stage 15 when osteochondrogenic mesenchyme forms condensates for each plastron bone at the lateral edges of the ventral mesenchyme. These condensations commit to an osteogenic identity and suppress chondrogenesis. Their development overlaps with that of sternal cartilage development in chicks and mice. Thus, we suggest that in turtles, the sternal morphogenesis is prevented in the ventral mesenchyme by the concomitant induction of osteogenesis and the suppression of chondrogenesis. The osteogenic subroutines later direct the growth and patterning of plastron bones in an autonomous manner. The initiation of plastron bone development coincides with that of carapacial ridge formation, suggesting that the development of dorsal and ventral shells are coordinated from the start and that adopting an osteogenesis-inducing and chondrogenesis-suppressing cell fate in the ventral mesenchyme has permitted turtles to develop their order-specific ventral morphology.
Collapse
|
46
|
Inverse Relationship between Biting and Head Retraction in an Ontogenetic Series of Sonoran Mud Turtles ( Kinosternon sonoriense). J HERPETOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1670/14-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
47
|
Arbour VM, Zanno LE, Larson DW, Evans DC, Sues HD. The furculae of the dromaeosaurid dinosaur Dakotaraptor steini are trionychid turtle entoplastra. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1691. [PMID: 26893972 PMCID: PMC4756751 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dakotaraptor steini is a recently described dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. Included within the D. steini hypodigm are three elements originally identified as furculae, one of which was made part of the holotype specimen. We show that the elements described as D. steini ‘furculae’ are not theropod dinosaur furculae, but are rather trionychid turtle entoplastra referable to cf. Axestemys splendida. The hypodigm of D. steini should be adjusted accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Arbour
- Paleontology Research Lab, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lindsay E Zanno
- Paleontology Research Lab, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Derek W Larson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - David C Evans
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hans-Dieter Sues
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History , Washington, DC , United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Xiang Gu G, Su I, Sharma S, Voros JL, Qin Z, Buehler MJ. Three-Dimensional-Printing of Bio-Inspired Composites. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:021006. [PMID: 26747791 PMCID: PMC5101043 DOI: 10.1115/1.4032423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optimized for millions of years, natural materials often outperform synthetic materials due to their hierarchical structures and multifunctional abilities. They usually feature a complex architecture that consists of simple building blocks. Indeed, many natural materials such as bone, nacre, hair, and spider silk, have outstanding material properties, making them applicable to engineering applications that may require both mechanical resilience and environmental compatibility. However, such natural materials are very difficult to harvest in bulk, and may be toxic in the way they occur naturally, and therefore, it is critical to use alternative methods to fabricate materials that have material functions similar to material function as their natural counterparts for large-scale applications. Recent progress in additive manufacturing, especially the ability to print multiple materials at upper micrometer resolution, has given researchers an excellent instrument to design and reconstruct natural-inspired materials. The most advanced 3D-printer can now be used to manufacture samples to emulate their geometry and material composition with high fidelity. Its capabilities, in combination with computational modeling, have provided us even more opportunities for designing, optimizing, and testing the function of composite materials, in order to achieve composites of high mechanical resilience and reliability. In this review article, we focus on the advanced material properties of several multifunctional biological materials and discuss how the advanced 3D-printing techniques can be used to mimic their architectures and functions. Lastly, we discuss the limitations of 3D-printing, suggest possible future developments, and discuss applications using bio-inspired materials as a tool in bioengineering and other fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Xiang Gu
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular
Mechanics (LAMM),
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering;
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Avenue,
Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Isabelle Su
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular
Mechanics (LAMM),
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Avenue,
Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular
Mechanics (LAMM),
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering;
Department of Materials Science and
Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Avenue,
Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jamie L. Voros
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular
Mechanics (LAMM),
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering;
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
School of Architecture and Planning,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Avenue,
Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Zhao Qin
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular
Mechanics (LAMM),
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Avenue,
Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular
Mechanics (LAMM),
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
77 Massachusetts Avenue,
Cambridge, MA 02139
e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mattei D, Veschetti E, D'Ilio S, Blasi MF. Mapping elements distribution in carapace of Caretta caretta: A strategy for biomonitoring contamination in sea turtles? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 98:341-348. [PMID: 26072050 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the carapace distribution of Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sb, U, V and Zn by GF-AAS and ICP-AES in one specimen of Caretta caretta from Mediterranean Sea. Calcium, Mg, Mn, Pb, U, Zn were mainly distributed in the central area while Cd, Cr, Cu, Sb, V in lateral areas. Cadmium, Cr, Mg, Mn, Sb, U and V were different between lateral areas. The different distribution may be related to several exposures during lifetime and/or the shell ossification during growth. Carapace may be a suitable matrix for metal biomonitoring, however, further studies are required to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Mattei
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
| | - E Veschetti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - S D'Ilio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - M F Blasi
- Filicudi WildLife Conservation, Stimpagnato Filicudi, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nicholson DB, Holroyd PA, Benson RBJ, Barrett PM. Climate-mediated diversification of turtles in the Cretaceous. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7848. [PMID: 26234913 PMCID: PMC4532850 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chelonians are ectothermic, with an extensive fossil record preserved in diverse palaeoenvironmental settings: consequently, they represent excellent models for investigating organismal response to long-term environmental change. We present the first Mesozoic chelonian taxic richness curve, subsampled to remove geological/collection biases, and demonstrate that their palaeolatitudinal distributions were climate mediated. At the Jurassic/Cretaceous transition, marine taxa exhibit minimal diversity change, whereas non-marine diversity increases. A Late Cretaceous peak in 'global' non-marine subsampled richness coincides with high palaeolatitude occurrences and the Cretaceous thermal maximum (CTM): however, this peak also records increased geographic sampling and is not recovered in continental-scale diversity patterns. Nevertheless, a model-detrended richness series (insensitive to geographic sampling) also recovers a Late Cretaceous peak, suggesting genuine geographic range expansion among non-marine turtles during the CTM. Increased Late Cretaceous diversity derives from intensive North American sampling, but subsampling indicates that Early Cretaceous European/Asian diversity may have exceeded that of Late Cretaceous North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Nicholson
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Patricia A. Holroyd
- Museum of Paleontology, University of California, 1101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Roger B. J. Benson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Paul M. Barrett
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| |
Collapse
|