1
|
Alrumayyan N, Slauenwhite D, McAlpine SM, Roberts S, Issekutz TB, Huber AM, Liu Z, Derfalvi B. Prolidase deficiency, a rare inborn error of immunity, clinical phenotypes, immunological features, and proposed treatments in twins. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 18:17. [PMID: 35197125 PMCID: PMC8867623 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-022-00658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Prolidase deficiency (PD) is an autosomal recessive inborn multisystemic disease caused by mutations in the PEPD gene encoding the enzyme prolidase D, leading to defects in turnover of proline-containing proteins, such as collagen. PD is categorized as a metabolic disease, but also as an inborn error of immunity. PD presents with a range of findings including dysmorphic features, intellectual disabilities, recurrent infections, intractable skin ulceration, autoimmunity, and splenomegaly. Despite symptoms of immune dysregulation, only very limited immunologic assessments have been reported and standard therapies for PD have not been described. We report twin females with PD, including comprehensive immunologic profiles and treatment modalities used. Case presentation Patient 1 had recurrent infections in childhood. At age 13, she presented with telangiectasia, followed by painful, refractory skin ulcerations on her lower limbs, where skin biopsy excluded vasculitis. She had typical dysmorphic features of PD. Next-generation sequencing revealed pathogenic compound heterozygous mutations (premature stop codons) in the PEPD gene. Patient 2 had the same mutations, typical PD facial features, atopy, and telangiectasias, but no skin ulceration. Both patients had imidodipeptiduria. Lymphocyte subset analysis revealed low-normal frequency of Treg cells and decreased frequency of expression of the checkpoint molecule CTLA-4 in CD4+ TEM cells. Analysis of Th1, Th2, and Th17 profiles revealed increased inflammatory IL-17+ CD8+ TEM cells in both patients and overexpression of the activation marker HLA-DR on CD4+ TEM cells, reflecting a highly activated proinflammatory state. Neither PD patient had specific antibody deficiencies despite low CD4+CXCR5+ Tfh cells and low class-switched memory B cells. Plasma IL-18 levels were exceptionally high. Conclusions Immunologic abnormalities including skewed frequencies of activated inflammatory CD4+ and CD8+ TEM cells, decreased CTLA-4 expression, and defects in memory B cells may be a feature of immune dysregulation associated with PD; however, a larger sample size is required to validate these findings. The high IL-18 plasma levels suggest underlying autoinflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Alrumayyan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Drew Slauenwhite
- Division of Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Sarah M McAlpine
- Division of Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Sarah Roberts
- Division of Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Thomas B Issekutz
- Division of Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Adam M Huber
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Zaiping Liu
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry & Maritime Newborn Screening, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | - Beata Derfalvi
- Division of Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eni-Aganga I, Lanaghan ZM, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C, Pandhare J. PROLIDASE: A Review from Discovery to its Role in Health and Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:723003. [PMID: 34532344 PMCID: PMC8438212 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.723003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolidase (peptidase D), encoded by the PEPD gene, is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic metalloproteinase, the only enzyme capable of cleaving imidodipeptides containing C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline. Prolidase catalyzes the rate-limiting step during collagen recycling and is essential in protein metabolism, collagen turnover, and matrix remodeling. Prolidase, therefore plays a crucial role in several physiological processes such as wound healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Accordingly, mutations leading to loss of prolidase catalytic activity result in prolidase deficiency a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by defective wound healing. In addition, alterations in prolidase enzyme activity have been documented in numerous pathological conditions, making prolidase a useful biochemical marker to measure disease severity. Furthermore, recent studies underscore the importance of a non-enzymatic role of prolidase in cell regulation and infectious disease. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on prolidase, from its discovery to its role in health and disease, while addressing the current knowledge gaps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ireti Eni-Aganga
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Zeljka Miletic Lanaghan
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rossignol F, Duarte Moreno MS, Benoist JF, Boehm M, Bourrat E, Cano A, Chabrol B, Cosson C, Díaz JLD, D'Harlingue A, Dimmock D, Freeman AF, García MT, Garganta C, Goerge T, Halbach SS, de Laffolie J, Lam CT, Martin L, Martins E, Meinhardt A, Melki I, Ombrello AK, Pérez N, Quelhas D, Scott A, Slavotinek AM, Soares AR, Stein SL, Süßmuth K, Thies J, Ferreira CR, Schiff M. Quantitative analysis of the natural history of prolidase deficiency: description of 17 families and systematic review of published cases. Genet Med 2021; 23:1604-1615. [PMID: 34040193 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolidase deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism causing ulcers and other skin disorders, splenomegaly, developmental delay, and recurrent infections. Most of the literature is constituted of isolated case reports. We aim to provide a quantitative description of the natural history of the condition by describing 19 affected individuals and reviewing the literature. METHODS Nineteen patients were phenotyped per local institutional procedures. A systematic review following PRISMA criteria identified 132 articles describing 161 patients. Main outcome analyses were performed for manifestation frequency, diagnostic delay, overall survival, symptom-free survival, and ulcer-free survival. RESULTS Our cohort presented a wide variability of severity. Autoimmune disorders were found in 6/19, including Crohn disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and arthritis. Another immune finding was hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Half of published patients were symptomatic by age 4 and had a delayed diagnosis (mean delay 11.6 years). Ulcers were present initially in only 30% of cases, with a median age of onset at 12 years old. CONCLUSION Prolidase deficiency has a broad range of manifestations. Symptoms at onset may be nonspecific, likely contributing to the diagnostic delay. Testing for this disorder should be considered in any child with unexplained autoimmunity, lower extremity ulcers, splenomegaly, or HLH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Rossignol
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marvid S Duarte Moreno
- Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Benoist
- Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Manfred Boehm
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Bourrat
- Reference Center for Genodermatoses MAGEC Saint Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital universitaire Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Aline Cano
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Chabrol
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Claudine Cosson
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Arthur D'Harlingue
- Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - David Dimmock
- Project Baby Bear, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - María Tallón García
- Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cheryl Garganta
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tobias Goerge
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sara S Halbach
- University of Chicago Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jan de Laffolie
- University Children's Hospital, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christina T Lam
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ludovic Martin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Andrea Meinhardt
- University Children's Hospital, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Melki
- General Pediatrics, Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine Department, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rheumatic, Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases in Children (RAISE), Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rheumatic, Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases in Children (RAISE), Paris, France.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Amanda K Ombrello
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Noémie Pérez
- Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, Valenciennes, France
| | - Dulce Quelhas
- Centro de Genética Médica Doutor Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS, UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anna Scott
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne M Slavotinek
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital San Francisco, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Sarah L Stein
- University of Chicago Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kira Süßmuth
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jenny Thies
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Manuel Schiff
- Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital universitaire Robert-Debré, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wątor E, Rutkiewicz M, Weiss MS, Wilk P. Co‐expression with chaperones can affect protein 3D structure as exemplified by loss‐of‐function variants of human prolidase. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3045-3056. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wątor
- Macromolecular Crystallography Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Berlin Germany
| | - Maria Rutkiewicz
- Macromolecular Crystallography Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Berlin Germany
| | - Manfred S. Weiss
- Macromolecular Crystallography Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Berlin Germany
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Macromolecular Crystallography Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pistone G, Curiale S, Bongiorno MR. Prolidase deficiency in two dermatological patients in western Sicily. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2020; 155:223-228. [PMID: 32394675 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.16.05156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prolidase deficiency is a rare disorder inherited through an autosomal recessive gene. The hallmark of the disorder are iminodipeptiduria, chronic skin ulcers, recurring infections, mental retardation and characteristic facial appearance, although prolidase deficiency can occur with no clinical manifestation. The primary biological function of the enzyme involves the metabolism of collagen degradation products and the recycling of proline for collagen resynthesis. We describe two patients with prolidase deficiency and review the different clinical manifestations suggesting the pathogenetic mechanism through few hypotheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pistone
- Section of Dermatology, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.M.I.S.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatrice Curiale
- Section of Dermatology, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.M.I.S.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria R Bongiorno
- Section of Dermatology, Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica (Di.Bi.M.I.S.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy -
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lsazade A, Elçin G, Doğan S, Gülseren D, Gököz Ö, Gürbüz B, Orhan D, Sivri S, Karaduman A. A rare cause of cutaneous ulceration: Prolidase deficiency. Int Wound J 2019; 16:1057-1058. [PMID: 31087532 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Artoghrul Lsazade
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gonca Elçin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Doğan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Gülseren
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özay Gököz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berrak Gürbüz
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Diclehan Orhan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serap Sivri
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşen Karaduman
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adışen E, Erduran FB, Ezgü FS, Kasapkara ÇS, Besio R, Forlino A, Gürer MA. A Rare Cause of Lower Extremity Ulcers: Prolidase Deficiency. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2015; 15:86-91. [PMID: 26637345 DOI: 10.1177/1534734615619550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prolidase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, which is associated with chronic skin ulcers, a characteristic facial appearance, mental retardation, and recurrent infections. This study describes 4 patients with recurrent leg ulcerations and abnormal facies who were first clinically suspected of prolidase deficiency and then biochemically confirmed. Two siblings and 2 other patients were admitted to our clinic at different times, and they had some common features such as chronic leg and foot ulcers recalcitrant to treatment, consanguineous parents, facial dysmorphism, mental retardation, and widespread telangiectasias. Physical examination and detection of low prolidase level in blood finally led us to the diagnose of ulcers secondary to prolidase deficiency. Prolidase deficiency is a rare genodermatosis and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent leg and foot ulcers that develop at an early age.
Collapse
|
8
|
Solak B, Kara RO, Erdem T, Muftuoglu T. A case of prolidase deficiency accompanying leg ulcers. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2015; 14:92-4. [PMID: 25691319 DOI: 10.1177/1534734615570360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolidase deficiency (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that has symptoms such as skin ulcers, characteristic facies, mental retardation, skeletal deformities, hematological anomalies, splenomegaly, and chronic infections. Deficiency of prolidase leads to the increased excretion of proline in urine, which causes impaired collagen synthesis and delay in wound healing. This case reports a 40-year-old female who has had cutaneous ulcers since the age of 7 years. We also recognized borderline intellectual functioning as well as hematologic abnormalities and splenomegaly. We present this rare case to draw attention to consider prolidase deficiency in the differential diagnosis of leg ulcers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berna Solak
- Sakarya University, School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Rabia Oztas Kara
- Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Teoman Erdem
- Sakarya University, School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Tuba Muftuoglu
- Haydarpasa Hospital of Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Kelly JJ, Freeman AF, Wang H, Cowen EW, Kong HH. An Amish boy with recurrent ulcerations of the lower extremities, telangiectases of the hands, and chronic lung disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62:1031-4. [PMID: 20466176 PMCID: PMC3413893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Kelly
- Department of Dermatology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Alexandra F. Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heng Wang
- DDC Clinic for Special Needs Children, Middlefield, OH
| | - Edward W. Cowen
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heidi H. Kong
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lupi A, Perugini P, Genta I, Modena T, Conti B, Casado B, Cetta G, Pavanetto F, Iadarola P. Biodegradable microspheres for prolidase delivery to human cultured fibroblasts. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:597-603. [PMID: 15142336 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Prolidase deficiency (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by inadequate levels of the cytosolic exopeptidase prolidase (E.C. 3.4.13.9), for which there is not, as yet, a resolutive cure. We have investigated whether biodegradable microspheres loaded with prolidase could release active enzyme inside cells, to consider this system as a possible therapeutic approach for prolidase deficiency. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres were prepared, modifying the classical double emulsion solvent evaporation method to mitigate the burst effect of the enzyme from the microspheres. Ex-vivo experiments were performed, by incubating microencapsulated prolidase with cultured fibroblasts from PD patients and from controls, to determine the amount of active enzyme delivered to the cells. The microparticulate drug delivery system described carried small amounts of active prolidase inside fibroblasts, ensuring a response to the intracellular accumulation of X-Pro dipeptides, the mechanism that is supposed to be responsible for the development of clinical manifestations of this disorder in man. A positive result of the presence of active enzyme inside cells was an improvement in fibroblast shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lupi
- Department of Biochemistry "A. Castellani", University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Theriot CM, Tove SR, Grunden AM. Biotechnological applications of recombinant microbial prolidases. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 68:99-132. [PMID: 19426854 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(09)01203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prolidase is a metallopeptidase that is ubiquitous in nature and has been isolated from mammals, bacteria and archaea. Prolidase specifically hydrolyzes dipeptides with a prolyl residue in the carboxy terminus (NH(2)-X-/-Pro-COOH). Currently, the only solved structure of prolidase is from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. This enzyme is of particular interest because it can be used in many biotechnological applications. Prolidase is able to degrade toxic organophosphorus (OP) compounds, namely, by cleaving the P-F and P-O bonds in the nerve agents, sarin and soman. Applications using prolidase to detoxify OP nerve agents include its incorporation into fire-fighting foams and as biosensors for OP compound detection. Prolidases are also employed in the cheese-ripening process to improve cheese taste and texture. In humans, prolidase deficiency (PD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that affects the connective tissue. Symptoms of PD include skin lesions, mental retardation and recurrent respiratory infections. Enzyme replacement therapies are currently being studied in an effort to optimize enzyme delivery and stability for this application. Previously, prolidase has been linked to collagen metabolism and more recently is being associated with melanoma. Increased prolidase activity in melanoma cell lines has lead investigators to create cancer prodrugs targeting this enzyme. Thus, there are many biotechnological applications using recombinant and native forms of prolidase and this review will describe the biochemical and structural properties of prolidases as well as discuss their most current applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Theriot
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7615, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lupi A, Tenni R, Rossi A, Cetta G, Forlino A. Human prolidase and prolidase deficiency: an overview on the characterization of the enzyme involved in proline recycling and on the effects of its mutations. Amino Acids 2008; 35:739-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
14
|
Ortega García MP, Cánoves Escolano MA, Blasco Segura P, García Melgares ML. [Effective therapy with a glycine-proline ointment in a patient with recurrent ulcers from prolidase deficiency]. FARMACIA HOSPITALARIA 2007; 30:304-8. [PMID: 17166065 DOI: 10.1016/s1130-6343(06)73995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolidase deficiency is a rare disease. Lower leg recalcitrant ulcerations are the most characteristic symptoms. CASE REPORT Woman diagnosed of prolidase deficiency with leg recalcitrant and infected ulcerations. Dermatology service solicits a proline and glycline containing ointment after failing other topical treatment and a skin grafting. After initiation of treatment, ulcerations improved partially. FORMULA DESCRIPTION: According to "Real Decreto 175/2001, de 23 de febrero", Pharmacy service draws up an elaboration guide and a patient information leaflet of a proline 5%-glycine 5% water emulsive ointment. DISCUSSION Topical application of a glycine-proline ointment is an alternative for the treatment of recalcitrant ulcerations and it has resulted in variable response. In our patient it has been effective, with a partial improvement of leg ulcerations and a decrease in admissions due to over infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Ortega García
- Servicio de Farmacia, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Valencia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Quatresooz P, Piérard-Franchimont C, Kharfi M, Al Rustom K, Chian CA, Garcia R, Kamoun MR, Piérard GE. Skin in maturity: the endocrine and neuroendocrine pathways. Int J Cosmet Sci 2007; 29:1-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
16
|
Viglio S, Annovazzi L, Conti B, Genta I, Perugini P, Zanone C, Casado B, Cetta G, Iadarola P. The role of emerging techniques in the investigation of prolidase deficiency: From diagnosis to the development of a possible therapeutical approach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 832:1-8. [PMID: 16434239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present article is to review the efforts performed in the past two decades by numerous research groups for the development of methods that allow a correct diagnosis of prolidase deficiency (PD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder and for the rationalization of a possible therapeutic intervention on these patients. In particular, the interest of the reader is focused on the application of capillary electrophoresis (i) for the detection of biological markers that reflect the pathological feature of the disease and (ii) for the determination of the efficiency of a carrier system in delivering prolidase inside cells in a possible therapy based on enzyme replacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Viglio
- Department of Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 3/B I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Perugini P, Hassan K, Genta I, Modena T, Pavanetto F, Cetta G, Zanone C, Iadarola P, Asti A, Conti B. Intracellular delivery of liposome-encapsulated prolidase in cultured fibroblasts from prolidase-deficient patients. J Control Release 2005; 102:181-90. [PMID: 15653144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prolidase is a cytosolic exopeptidase whose deficiency causes the development of a rare autosomal recessive disorder known as Prolidase Deficiency (PD). The main manifestations of PD are intractable ulcerations of the skin, recurrent infections and mental retardation. At this time only a hazardous and expensive chronic therapy based on blood transfusions is the suggested treatment for PD. The aim of this work was to investigate the capability of utilizing liposomes as enzyme carriers: these vesicular systems have been recently evaluated as protein carriers for their potential in terms of "in vivo" localization, drug release and for protein stabilization in biological fluids. Liposomes were prepared, with a 1:1 PC:Col molar ratio with or without DSPE-PEG, by a thin-film hydration. Ex-vivo experiments were performed, incubating prolidase loaded liposomes with cultured fibroblasts from PD patients and from controls, to determine the amount of active enzyme delivered to cells. Evaluation of liposomes toxicity on cultured skin fibroblasts showed that liposomes did not interfere with cellular growth. Results showed that all the active prolidase encapsulated in the liposomes was completely vehiculated inside fibroblasts after 6 days incubation. SEM analysis suggests that prolidase is vehiculated inside the cell through liposome endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Perugini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Trent
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cabrera HN, Giovanna PD, Bozzini NF, Forlino A. Prolidase deficiency: case reports of two Argentinian brothers. Int J Dermatol 2004; 43:684-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Lupi A, Casado B, Soli M, Bertazzoni M, Annovazzi L, Viglio S, Cetta G, Iadarola P. Therapeutic apheresis exchange in two patients with prolidase deficiency. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147:1237-40. [PMID: 12452876 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolidase deficiency is a rare genetic disorder for which a cure has not yet been found. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of apheresis exchange as a new therapeutic approach. METHODS Apheresis exchanges were repeated monthly for four consecutive months, in parallel, on two patients, replacing prolidase-deficient red blood cells with normal filtered cells. Prolidase activity and urinary dipeptides were determined at regular intervals. RESULTS The constant presence of active prolidase inside cells allowed a continuous, although partial, degradation of imidodipeptides, with a concomitant improvement of skin ulceration. CONCLUSIONS Apheresis exchange could be a reasonable way of obtaining a clinical improvement in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lupi
- Department of Biochemistry A.Castellani, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 3/B, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Affiliation(s)
- Aysin Kokturk
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|