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Lewis GJ, Ahire D, Taskar KS. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of prominent oral contraceptive agents and applications in drug-drug interactions. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024; 13:563-575. [PMID: 38130003 PMCID: PMC11015076 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable interest remains across the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory landscape in capabilities to model oral contraceptives (OCs), whether combined (COCs) with ethinyl estradiol (EE) or progestin-only pill. Acceptance of COC drug-drug interaction (DDI) assessment using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) is often limited to the estrogen component (EE), requiring further verification, with extrapolation from EE to progestins discouraged. There is a paucity of published progestin component PBPK models to support the regulatory DDI guidance for industry to evaluate a new chemical entity's (NCE's) DDI potential with COCs. Guidance recommends a clinical interaction study to be considered if an investigational drug is a weak or moderate inducer, or a moderate/strong inhibitor, of CYP3A4. Therefore, availability of validated OC PBPK models within one software platform, will be useful in predicting the DDI potential with NCEs earlier in the clinical development. Thus, this work was focused on developing and validating PBPK models for progestins, DNG, DRSP, LNG, and NET, within Simcyp, and assessing the DDI potential with known CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole) and inducers (e.g., rifampicin) with published clinical data. In addition, this work demonstrated confidence in the Simcyp EE model for regulatory and clinical applications by extensive verification in 70+ clinical PK and CYP3A4 interaction studies. The results provide greater capability to prospectively model clinical CYP3A4 DDI with COCs using Simcyp PBPK to interrogate the regulatory decision-tree to contextualize the potential interaction by known perpetrators and NCEs, enabling model-informed decision making, clinical study designs, and delivering potential alternative COC options for women of childbearing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J. Lewis
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, In Vitro In Vivo Translation, Research, GlaxoSmithKlineStevenageUK
| | - Deepak Ahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesWashington State UniversitySpokaneWashingtonUSA
| | - Kunal S. Taskar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, In Vitro In Vivo Translation, Research, GlaxoSmithKlineStevenageUK
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Berton M, Bettonte S, Stader F, Battegay M, Marzolini C. Impact of Obesity on the Drug-Drug Interaction Between Dolutegravir and Rifampicin or Any Other Strong Inducers. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad361. [PMID: 37496606 PMCID: PMC10368306 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is increasingly prevalent among people with HIV. Obesity can impact drug pharmacokinetics and consequently the magnitude of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and, thus, the related recommendations for dose adjustment. Virtual clinical DDI studies were conducted using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to compare the magnitude of the DDI between dolutegravir and rifampicin in nonobese, obese, and morbidly obese individuals. Methods Each DDI scenario included a cohort of virtual individuals (50% female) between 20 and 50 years of age. Drug models for dolutegravir and rifampicin were verified against clinical observed data. The verified models were used to simulate the concurrent administration of rifampicin (600 mg) at steady state with dolutegravir (50 mg) administered twice daily in normal-weight (BMI 18.5-30 kg/m2), obese (BMI 30-40 kg/m2), and morbidly obese (BMI 40-50 kg/m2) individuals. Results Rifampicin was predicted to decrease dolutegravir area under the curve (AUC) by 72% in obese and 77% in morbidly obese vs 68% in nonobese individuals; however, dolutegravir trough concentrations were reduced to a similar extent (83% and 85% vs 85%). Twice-daily dolutegravir with rifampicin resulted in trough concentrations always above the protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration for all BMI groups and above the 300 ng/mL threshold in a similar proportion for all BMI groups. Conclusions The combined effect of obesity and induction by rifampicin was predicted to further decrease dolutegravir exposure but not the minimal concentration at the end of the dosing interval. Thus, dolutegravir 50 mg twice daily with rifampicin can be used in individuals with a high BMI up to 50 kg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Berton
- Correspondence: Mattia Berton, MSc, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland (); or Catia Marzolini, PharmD, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland ()
| | - Sara Bettonte
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel,Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel,Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel,Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel,Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catia Marzolini
- Correspondence: Mattia Berton, MSc, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland (); or Catia Marzolini, PharmD, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland ()
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Sarayani A, Winterstein A, Cristofoletti R, Vozmediano V, Schmidt S, Brown J. Real-world effect of a potential drug-drug interaction between topiramate and oral contraceptives on unintended pregnancy outcomes. Contraception 2023; 120:109953. [PMID: 36641095 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2023.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of concomitant topiramate and oral hormonal contraceptive use with unintended pregnancies. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a retrospective cohort design in MarketScan Research Databases (2005-2018) on women aged 12-48 who had migraines or chronic headaches and concomitantly used topiramate and oral contraceptives. We used a cohort of patients with oral contraceptives and concomitant use of other migraine prevention therapies (propranolol, metoprolol, amitriptyline, venlafaxine, or verapamil) as a comparator. We followed patients for up to 1 year from cohort entry to assess the occurrence of unintended pregnancy (i.e., contraception failure). Pregnancy events were measured via an algorithm harnessing medical encounters information with live births, terminations, or prenatal visits. Statistical models accounted for multiple cohort entries and adjusted for measured confounders via a propensity score weighting method. RESULTS We identified 63,649 episodes of oral contraceptives+topiramateand 59,012 episodes of oral contraceptives+other maintenance therapies. The mean age was 29.2±9.0 and 29.0±9.3 years in the study cohorts. In the adjusted analysis, the contraception failure rate (95% confidence interval) was 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) per 100 person-years in the oral contraceptives+topiramate cohort and 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) in the oral contraceptives+other maintenance therapies cohort. The adjusted rate ratio and rate difference measures were 1.00 (0.80, 1.26) and 0.00 (-0.3, 0.3). CONCLUSION Concomitant use of low-dose topiramate and oral contraceptives among patients with migraines was not associated with a higher risk for unintended pregnancies. IMPLICATIONS Our real-world findings confirm clinical pharmacology trials, suggesting that low-dose (≤200 mg/d) topiramate may not influence oral contraceptive effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sarayani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States; Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States
| | - Almut Winterstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States; Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States; Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States
| | - Valva Vozmediano
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States; Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States; Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States
| | - Joshua Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States; Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, FL, United States.
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Lyons HS, Mollan SLP, Liu GT, Bowman R, Thaller M, Sinclair AJ, Mollan SP. Different Characteristics of Pre-Pubertal and Post-Pubertal Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: A Narrative Review. Neuroophthalmology 2022; 47:63-74. [PMID: 36891406 PMCID: PMC9988343 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2022.2153874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) affects both children and adults. There are currently no clinical trials in IIH for those who are adolescents or children. The aims of this narrative review were to characterise the differences between pre- and post-pubertal IIH and to highlight the need to be more inclusive in clinical trial planning and recruitment. A detailed search of the scientific literature was performed using the PubMed database, from inception until 30 May 2022 using keywords. This included English language papers only. The abstracts and full texts were reviewed by two independent assessors. The literature revealed that the pre-pubertal group had a more variable presentation. The presenting features in the post-pubertal paediatric group were more akin to adults with headache as the dominant feature. They were also more likely to be female and have an increased body mass index. A clear limitation of the literature was that a number of paediatric studies had variable inclusion criteria, including secondary causes of raised intracranial pressure. Pre-pubertal children do not display the same predilection towards the female sex and obesity as post-pubertal children, who have a similar phenotype to the adult cohort. Inclusion of adolescents in clinical trials should be considered given the similar phenotype to adults. There is a lack of consistency in the definition of puberty, making the IIH literature difficult to compare. Inclusion of secondary causes of raised intracranial pressure has the potential to confound the accuracy of analysis and interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah S. Lyons
- Translational Brain Science, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Grant T. Liu
- Children's Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard Bowman
- Ophthalmology Department, Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark Thaller
- Translational Brain Science, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandra J. Sinclair
- Translational Brain Science, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Susan P. Mollan
- Translational Brain Science, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Neuro-Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Schoretsanitis G, Deligiannidis KM, Paulzen M, Spina E, de Leon J. Drug-drug interactions between psychotropic medications and oral contraceptives. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:395-411. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2106214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Schoretsanitis
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York. USA
- Department of Psychiatry at the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Kristina M. Deligiannidis
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Psychiatry Research, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York. USA
- Department of Psychiatry at the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Northwell/Hofstra, Hempstead, NY, USA
- The Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Molecular Medicine at the Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Michael Paulzen
- Alexianer Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, and JARA– Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Edoardo Spina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Jose de Leon
- Mental Health Research Center at Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA
- Biomedical Research Centre in Mental Health Net (CIBERSAM), Santiago Apostol Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
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Magnitude of Drug–Drug Interactions in Special Populations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040789. [PMID: 35456623 PMCID: PMC9027396 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) are one of the most frequent causes of adverse drug reactions or loss of treatment efficacy. The risk of DDIs increases with polypharmacy and is therefore of particular concern in individuals likely to present comorbidities (i.e., elderly or obese individuals). These special populations, and the population of pregnant women, are characterized by physiological changes that can impact drug pharmacokinetics and consequently the magnitude of DDIs. This review compiles existing DDI studies in elderly, obese, and pregnant populations that include a control group without the condition of interest. The impact of physiological changes on the magnitude of DDIs was then analyzed by comparing the exposure of a medication in presence and absence of an interacting drug for the special population relative to the control population. Aging does not alter the magnitude of DDIs as the related physiological changes impact the victim and perpetrator drugs to a similar extent, regardless of their elimination pathway. Conversely, the magnitude of DDIs can be changed in obese individuals or pregnant women, as these conditions impact drugs to different extents depending on their metabolic pathway.
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Lazorwitz A, Pena M, Sheeder J, Teal S. Effect of Topiramate on Serum Etonogestrel Concentrations Among Contraceptive Implant Users. Obstet Gynecol 2022; 139:579-587. [PMID: 35594123 PMCID: PMC9140306 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000004697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate topiramate and etonogestrel pharmacokinetic interactions in contraceptive implant users. METHODS We conducted a prospective, noninferiority study with healthy women using etonogestrel implants continuously for 12-36 months. We measured baseline serum etonogestrel concentrations and then began a 6-week titrated topiramate regimen to standard migraine (100 mg/day) and epilepsy (400 mg/day) dosages. We repeated serum etonogestrel concentrations at 3 weeks (100 mg/day), 4 weeks (200 mg/day), and 6 weeks (400 mg/day) of topiramate therapy. We measured etonogestrel using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem, mass-spectrometry assay and tested for noninferiority (less than 30% decrease) in serum etonogestrel concentrations from baseline. RESULTS We enrolled 48 total participants; 32 completed 3 weeks, 31 completed 4 weeks, and 27 completed all follow-up visits. Participants' median age was 25.3 years (range 18.3-37.2), median body mass index (BMI) was 25.5 kg/m2 (range 18.7-42.2), and median duration of implant use was 24 months (range 12-36). Median etonogestrel concentrations were 142 pg/mL (range 76.2-771) at baseline, 126 pg/mL (range 72.4-585) at 3 weeks, 119 pg/mL (range 65.6-542) at 4 weeks, and 105 pg/mL (46.2-859) at 6 weeks. The 95% CIs for mean percent change in serum etonogestrel concentrations from baseline were [-37.3%+16.9%], [-45.4%+5.2%], and [-66.8%+24.8%] at 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks, respectively. Excluding one participant who had a serum etonogestrel concentration less than 90 pg/mL at baseline, 30.8% of participants (8/26, 95% CI 14.3-51.8%) had a serum etonogestrel concentration less than 90 pg/mL at 6 weeks. CONCLUSION Though only a mild enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drug, concomitant topiramate use led to inferior serum etonogestrel concentrations among implant users, with a significant proportion reaching etonogestrel concentrations below the threshold for ovulatory suppression when taking antiepileptic dosages of topiramate. FUNDING SOURCE This study was primarily funded through an Investigator-Initiated Study grant from Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp [MISP#57073]. This work was also supported by NIH/NCATS CTSA Grant Number UL1 TR001082 and NICHD K12 Women's Reproductive Health Research Scholar Program (grant number 5K12HD001271-18). CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03335163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lazorwitz
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Family Planning
| | - Morgan Pena
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Family Planning
| | - Jeanelle Sheeder
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Family Planning
| | - Stephanie Teal
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Seizure disorders are the most frequent major neurologic complication in pregnancy, affecting 0.3% to 0.8% of all gestations. Women of childbearing age with epilepsy require special care related to pregnancy. This article provides up-to-date information to guide practitioners in the management of epilepsy in pregnancy. RECENT FINDINGS Ongoing multicenter pregnancy registries and studies continue to provide important information on issues related to pregnancy in women with epilepsy. Valproate poses a special risk for malformations and cognitive/behavioral impairments. A few antiseizure medications pose low risks (eg, lamotrigine, levetiracetam), but the risks for many antiseizure medications remain uncertain. Although pregnancy rates differ, a prospective study found no difference in fertility rates between women with epilepsy who were attempting to get pregnant and healthy controls. During pregnancy, folic acid supplementation is important, and a dose greater than 400 mcg/d during early pregnancy (ie, first 12 weeks) is associated with better neurodevelopmental outcome in children of women with epilepsy. Breastfeeding is not harmful and should be encouraged in women with epilepsy even when they are on antiseizure medication treatment. SUMMARY Women with epilepsy should be counseled early and regularly about reproductive health. Practitioners should discuss the risks of various obstetric complications; potential anatomic teratogenicity and neurodevelopmental dysfunction related to fetal antiseizure medication exposure; and a plan of care during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum. Women with epilepsy should also be reassured that the majority of pregnancies are uneventful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Kimford J. Meador
- Stanford, University School of Medicine, Stanford Neuroscience Health, Center, 213 Quarry Rd, MC 5979, Palo Alto, CA 94304
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Parekh K, Kravets HD, Spiegel R. Special Considerations in the Management of Women with Epilepsy in Reproductive Years. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12010088. [PMID: 35055403 PMCID: PMC8781280 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) fail to prevent seizure recurrence in more than 30% of patients with epilepsy. The treatment is more difficult in premenopausal women with epilepsy (WWE) because changes in plasma estrogen and progesterone concentrations during the menstrual cycle often affect seizure frequency and intensity. Interactions between enzyme-inducin ASMs and hormonal contraceptives can lead to both a loss of seizure control and failure of contraception. Significant changes in the function of the liver and kidneys during pregnancy can accelerate metabolism and elimination of ASMs, causing breakthrough seizures. In addition, the teratogenic, cognitive, and psychological effects of ASMs on potential offspring have to be considered when choosing the best ASM regimen. Therefore, aspecialized approach is necessary for the treatment of premenopausal WWE.
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Hranilovich JA, Kaiser EA, Pace A, Barber M, Ziplow J. Headache in transgender and gender-diverse patients: A narrative review. Headache 2021; 61:1040-1050. [PMID: 34363408 DOI: 10.1111/head.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the unique aspects of managing headache in gender minorities and current research in this area including the potential relationship between gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) and headache. BACKGROUND The study of headache in gender minorities is intrinsically important. Gender minorities are medically underserved, and their medical care to date has been limited by socioeconomic disadvantages including stigma and an unsupportive clinical environment. Despite the rising population of transgender and gender-diverse adults and youth, headache research has also been limited. Knowledge of hormonal effects on headache in cisgender patients raises the question of possible effects of GAHT on transgender patients. METHODS/RESULTS The manuscript is a narrative review of current best practices in treating transgender patients, including the use of appropriate terminology and ways to create a supportive environment. It also contains current guidelines on GAHT and reviews drug-drug interactions and secondary headache related to hormone therapy. We also review transgender headache research and related research on hormonal effects on headache in cisgender individuals. CONCLUSION Creating a supportive environment for transgender and gender-diverse patients and being knowledgeable about GAHT are key to providing quality headache care. This review identifies further research needs for this population including the epidemiology of headache disorders in sexual minorities and the potential effects of GAHT on headache disorders in transgender patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Hranilovich
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric A Kaiser
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Pace
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Barber
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason Ziplow
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Hall A, Chanteux H, Ménochet K, Ledecq M, Schulze MSED. Designing Out PXR Activity on Drug Discovery Projects: A Review of Structure-Based Methods, Empirical and Computational Approaches. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6413-6522. [PMID: 34003642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This perspective discusses the role of pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) in drug discovery and the impact of its activation on CYP3A4 induction. The use of structural biology to reduce PXR activity on drug discovery projects has become more common in recent years. Analysis of this work highlights several important molecular interactions, and the resultant structural modifications to reduce PXR activity are summarized. The computational approaches undertaken to support the design of new drugs devoid of PXR activation potential are also discussed. Finally, the SAR of empirical design strategies to reduce PXR activity is reviewed, and the key SAR transformations are discussed and summarized. In conclusion, this perspective demonstrates that PXR activity can be greatly diminished or negated on active drug discovery projects with the knowledge now available. This perspective should be useful to anyone who seeks to reduce PXR activity on a drug discovery project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- UCB, Avenue de l'Industrie, Braine-L'Alleud 1420, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marie Ledecq
- UCB, Avenue de l'Industrie, Braine-L'Alleud 1420, Belgium
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Nourredine M, Jurek L, Angerville B, Longuet Y, de Ternay J, Derveaux A, Rolland B. Use of Topiramate in the Spectrum of Addictive and Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review Comparing Treatment Schemes, Efficacy, and Safety Features. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:177-213. [PMID: 33591567 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Topiramate has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of epilepsy since the 1990s, and it has also been used off-label in the treatment of many types of addictive disorders. To date, no systematic review has embraced the entire field of addiction, both substance use and behavioral addictions, including eating disorders, to compare topiramate-based protocols and the related level of evidence in each addictive disorder. Our objective is to fill this gap. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases without a date or language limit. All trials and meta-analyses assessing the efficacy of topiramate in alcohol use disorder; cocaine use disorder; methamphetamine, nicotine, cannabis, opiate, and benzodiazepine use disorders; binge eating disorder; bulimia; and pathological gambling were analyzed. The quality of the studies was rated using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool for randomized trials (ROB-2), the Risk of Bias In Nonrandomized Studies (ROBINS-I), or the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist, depending on the study design. Safety features were assessed based on a wider non-systematic review. RESULTS Sixty-two articles were reviewed. Treatment protocols were relatively homogenous across addictive disorders, with slow dose titration schemes and a maximum dose range of 200-400 mg per day. The most supportive evidence for topiramate efficacy was found in alcohol use disorder for drinking reduction parameters only. To a lesser extent, topiramate could be a promising therapeutic option for binge eating disorder and cocaine use disorder. Evidence was weak for other addictive disorders. No major tolerability issues were found, provided that basic safety rules were followed. Adverse drug reactions could lead to early treatment discontinuation. DISCUSSION Though off-label, addiction specialists should consider topiramate as a second-line option for drinking reduction in alcohol use disorder, as well as for binge eating disorder or cocaine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikail Nourredine
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), CH Le Vinatier, Pôle MOPHA, 95 Bd Pinel, 69500, Bron, France. .,Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmaco-Toxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
| | - Lucie Jurek
- Centre d'Évaluation et Diagnostic de l'Autisme, CH Le Vinatier, Bron, France.,HESPER, Health Services and Performance Research EA7425-Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Angerville
- Service de Psychiatrie et Addictologie de liaison, CHU Sud, Amiens Cedex, France.,Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, INSERM UMR 1247, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool & les Pharmacodépendances, Amiens, France
| | - Yannick Longuet
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), CH Le Vinatier, Pôle MOPHA, 95 Bd Pinel, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Julia de Ternay
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), CH Le Vinatier, Pôle MOPHA, 95 Bd Pinel, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Alain Derveaux
- Service de Psychiatrie et Addictologie de liaison, CHU Sud, Amiens Cedex, France.,Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, INSERM UMR 1247, Groupe de Recherche sur l'Alcool & les Pharmacodépendances, Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Rolland
- Service Universitaire d'Addictologie de Lyon (SUAL), CH Le Vinatier, Pôle MOPHA, 95 Bd Pinel, 69500, Bron, France.,Université de Lyon, UCBL, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2, Bron, France
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13
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Sun H, Sivasubramanian R, Vaidya S, Barve A, Jarugula V. Drug-Drug Interaction Studies With Oral Contraceptives: Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic and Study Design Considerations. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60 Suppl 2:S49-S62. [PMID: 33274510 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oral contraceptives (OCs) are the most widely used form of birth control among women of childbearing potential. Knowledge of potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with OCs becomes imperative to provide information on the medication to women of childbearing potential and enable their inclusion in clinical trials, especially if the new molecular entity is a teratogen. Although a number of DDI guidance documents are available, they do not provide recommendations for the design and conduct of OC DDI studies. The evaluation of DDI potential of a new molecular entity and OCs is particularly challenging because of the availability of a wide variety of combinations of hormonal contraceptives, different doses of the ethinyl estradiol, and different metabolic profiles of the progestin component. The aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss factors to be considered such as pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), choice of OC, and study population for the conduct of in vivo OC DDI studies. In this context, metabolic pathways of OCs, the effect of enzyme inhibitors and inducers, the role of sex hormone-binding globulin in the PK of progestins, current evidence on OC DDIs, and the interpretation of PD end points are reviewed. With the emergence of new tools like physiologically based PK modeling, the decision to conduct an in vivo study can be made with much more confidence. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various factors that need to be considered in designing OC DDI studies and recommends PK-based DDI studies with PK end points as adequate measures to establish clinical drug interaction and measurement of PD end points when there is basis for PD interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Sun
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Soniya Vaidya
- Current affiliation: Axcella Health Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Ramanadhan S, Jusko WJ, Edelman A. Pharmacokinetics of Hormonal Contraception in Individuals with Obesity: a Review. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 9:72-78. [PMID: 33117601 DOI: 10.1007/s13669-020-00284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Obesity continues to affect many women globally. In the USA, almost 40% of all women are obese and many of these women use hormonal contraception for pregnancy prevention. How well hormonal contraceptive works for these individuals has been an area of ongoing research. Pharmacokinetics (PK), the study of drug passage through the body, can shed light on how differences in physiology between obese and non-obese populations can impact drug disposition and subsequent efficacy. This review aims to reflect on these types of studies and empower clinicians with information to help tackle the challenges of the obesity epidemic and help them provide the best contraceptive options to their patients. Here, we present the basics of the mechanisms of action of hormonal contraception, fundamental pharmacokinetic principles, and the latest research into pharmacokinetics, obesity, and hormonal contraception. Recent Findings New studies focused on the PK of hormonal contraception in women with obesity have shown that while there are distinct differences in how steroid hormones are processed in women with different body mass indices, contraceptive efficacy is likely the same. This is replicated in studies involving a variety of hormonal contraceptive methods. Summary PK studies allow for a detailed analysis of steroid hormone processing in individuals with obesity. Observing PK parameters at each stage of the passage of these hormones through the body, researchers have drilled down on physiologic differences that accompany obesity. In reviewing these PK parameter differences, however, it appears that while processes are different, the end result of pregnancy prevention is likely not compromised in the setting of obesity. Emergency contraception, which functions by a different mechanism from that of continuous hormonal contraception, is the one area in which obesity has been demonstrated to impact efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William J Jusko
- WJJ Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Alison Edelman
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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15
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Gynecologic Management of Adolescents and Young Women With Seizure Disorders: ACOG Committee Opinion, Number 806. Obstet Gynecol 2020; 135:e213-e220. [PMID: 32332416 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Seizure disorders frequently are diagnosed and managed during adolescence; therefore, obstetrician-gynecologists who care for adolescents should be familiar with epilepsy and other seizure disorders, as well as antiepileptic drugs. Patients diagnosed with seizure disorders during childhood may have increased seizure activity with puberty and menarche due to the neuroactive properties of endogenous steroid hormones. Compared with patients without epilepsy, patients with epilepsy are more likely to experience anovulatory cycles, irregular menstrual bleeding, and amenorrhea. Although hormonal suppression should not be initiated before puberty or menarche, prepubertal counseling may be appropriate, and obstetrician-gynecologists may work with young patients and their families to develop a plan to initiate with menarche. Additionally, obstetrician-gynecologists should be aware of any medication changes, including antiepileptics, for adolescent patients with seizure disorders. Research on hormonal therapy for the treatment of epilepsy is scant; however, the anticonvulsant properties of various progestins have been explored as potential treatment. There is no conclusive evidence that combination hormonal contraception increases epileptic seizures, and epilepsy itself poses no increased risk of an adverse outcome for those using combined oral contraceptive pills, the contraceptive patch, or a contraceptive ring. Because many antiepileptic drugs are teratogenic, discussing sexual health with and providing effective contraceptive choices to this population is critical. Obstetrician-gynecologists should work with patients with seizure disorders to develop a plan when pregnancy occurs.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Catamenial epilepsy (CE) is exacerbated by hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Approximately 1.7 million women have epilepsy in the United States. CE affects more than 40% of women with epilepsy. There is a paucity of literature addressing this condition from a clinical standpoint, and the literature that does exist is limited to the neurological community. This article reviews the diagnosis and management of CE for the non-neurologist. Women with CE have early touch points in their care with numerous health care providers before ever consulting with a specialist, including OB/GYNs, pediatricians, emergency department physicians, and family medicine providers. In addition, women affected by CE have seizures that are more recalcitrant to traditional epilepsy treatment regimens. To optimize management in patients affected by CE, menstrual physiology must be understood, individualized hormonal contraception treatment considered, and adjustments and interactions with antiepileptic drugs addressed. OBSERVATIONS CE is a unique subset of seizure disorders affected by menstrual fluctuations of progesterone and estrogen. The diagnosis of CE has been refined and clarified. There is an ever-increasing understanding of the importance and variety of options of hormonal contraception available to help manage CE. Furthermore, antiepileptic drugs and contraception can interact, so attention must be directed to optimizing both regimens to prevent uncontrolled seizures and pregnancy. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE CE can be diagnosed with charting of menstrual cycles and seizure activity. Hormonal treatments that induce amenorrhea have been shown to reduce CE. Optimizing antiepileptic drug dosing and contraceptive methods also can minimize unplanned pregnancies in women affected by CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Frank
- Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, NJ
| | - Nichole A Tyson
- At the time of submission and acceptance in February, Dr. Tyson was affiliated with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. However, as of 8/31/2020 she is no longer affiliated with Kaiser Permanente. She is now affiliated with Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Stanford University School of Medicine.,Dr. Tyson is not longer affiliated with University of California, Davis
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17
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Oskoui M, Pringsheim T, Billinghurst L, Potrebic S, Gersz EM, Gloss D, Holler‐Managan Y, Leininger E, Licking N, Mack K, Powers SW, Sowell M, Cristina Victorio M, Yonker M, Zanitsch H, Hershey AD. Practice guideline update summary: Pharmacologic treatment for pediatric migraine prevention. Headache 2019; 59:1144-1157. [DOI: 10.1111/head.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Oskoui
- Departments of Pediatric and Neurology/Neurosurgery McGill University Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Tamara Pringsheim
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Canada
| | | | - Sonja Potrebic
- Neurology Department Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles
| | | | - David Gloss
- Department of Neurology Charleston Area Medical Center Charleston WV
| | - Yolanda Holler‐Managan
- Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | | | - Nicole Licking
- Department of Neuroscience and Spine St. Anthony Hospital—Centura Health Lakewood CO
| | - Kenneth Mack
- Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN
| | - Scott W. Powers
- Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center OH
| | - Michael Sowell
- University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program KY
| | - M. Cristina Victorio
- Division of Neurology NeuroDevelopmental Science Center Akron Children's Hospital OH
| | - Marcy Yonker
- Division of Neurology Children's Hospital Colorado Aurora
| | | | - Andrew D. Hershey
- Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center OH
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18
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Oskoui M, Pringsheim T, Billinghurst L, Potrebic S, Gersz EM, Gloss D, Holler-Managan Y, Leininger E, Licking N, Mack K, Powers SW, Sowell M, Victorio MC, Yonker M, Zanitsch H, Hershey AD. Practice guideline update summary: Pharmacologic treatment for pediatric migraine prevention: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology 2019; 93:500-509. [PMID: 31413170 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide updated evidence-based recommendations for migraine prevention using pharmacologic treatment with or without cognitive behavioral therapy in the pediatric population. METHODS The authors systematically reviewed literature from January 2003 to August 2017 and developed practice recommendations using the American Academy of Neurology 2011 process, as amended. RESULTS Fifteen Class I-III studies on migraine prevention in children and adolescents met inclusion criteria. There is insufficient evidence to determine if children and adolescents receiving divalproex, onabotulinumtoxinA, amitriptyline, nimodipine, or flunarizine are more or less likely than those receiving placebo to have a reduction in headache frequency. Children with migraine receiving propranolol are possibly more likely than those receiving placebo to have an at least 50% reduction in headache frequency. Children and adolescents receiving topiramate and cinnarizine are probably more likely than those receiving placebo to have a decrease in headache frequency. Children with migraine receiving amitriptyline plus cognitive behavioral therapy are more likely than those receiving amitriptyline plus headache education to have a reduction in headache frequency. RECOMMENDATIONS The majority of randomized controlled trials studying the efficacy of preventive medications for pediatric migraine fail to demonstrate superiority to placebo. Recommendations for the prevention of migraine in children include counseling on lifestyle and behavioral factors that influence headache frequency and assessment and management of comorbid disorders associated with headache persistence. Clinicians should engage in shared decision-making with patients and caregivers regarding the use of preventive treatments for migraine, including discussion of the limitations in the evidence to support pharmacologic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Oskoui
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Tamara Pringsheim
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Lori Billinghurst
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Sonja Potrebic
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Elaine M Gersz
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - David Gloss
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Yolanda Holler-Managan
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Emily Leininger
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Nicole Licking
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Kenneth Mack
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Scott W Powers
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Michael Sowell
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - M Cristina Victorio
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Marcy Yonker
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Heather Zanitsch
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
| | - Andrew D Hershey
- From the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology/Neurosurgery (M.O.), McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Community Health Sciences (T.P.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada; Division of Neurology (L.B.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Neurology Department (S.P.), Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Los Angeles; Rochester (E.M.G.), NY; Department of Neurology (D.G.), Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology) (Y.H.-M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; St. Paul (E.L.), MN; Department of Neuroscience and Spine (N.L.), St. Anthony Hospital-Centura Health, Lakewood, CO; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Behavioral Medicine & Clinical Psychology (S.W.P., A.D.H.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; University of Louisville Comprehensive Headache Program and University of Louisville Child Neurology Residency Program (M.S.), KY; Division of Neurology (M.C.V.), NeuroDevelopmental Science Center, Akron Children's Hospital, OH; Division of Neurology (M.Y.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora; and O'Fallon (H.Z.), MO
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Abstract
Focal-onset seizures are among the most common forms of seizures in children and adolescents and can be caused by a wide diversity of acquired or genetic etiologies. Despite the increasing array of antiseizure drugs available, treatment of focal-onset seizures in this population remains problematic, with as many as one-third of children having seizures refractory to medications. This review discusses contemporary concepts in focal seizure classification and pathophysiology and describes the antiseizure medications most commonly chosen for this age group. As antiseizure drug efficacy is comparable in children and adults, here we focus on pharmacokinetic aspects, drug-drug interactions, and side effect profiles. Finally, we provide some suggestions for choosing the optimal medication for the appropriate patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Stevens
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Rubenstein Bldg 2157, 200N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Rubenstein Bldg 2157, 200N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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A Multi-Center, Open-Label, Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction Study of Erenumab and a Combined Oral Contraceptive in Healthy Females. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:513-522. [PMID: 30963506 PMCID: PMC6520319 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erenumab is a human anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody developed for migraine prevention. Migraine predominately affects women of childbearing age; thus, it is important to determine potential drug-drug interactions between a common oral contraceptive and drugs used to treat migraine. OBJECTIVES We sought to evaluate potential drug-drug interactions between erenumab and a common oral contraceptive. METHODS Healthy women received three cycles of a norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol-containing oral contraceptive with a single 140-mg subcutaneous dose of erenumab during cycle three. Norgestimate metabolites (norgestrel and norelgestromin) and ethinyl estradiol pharmacokinetics were evaluated in the absence and presence of erenumab. Primary endpoint was peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under concentration-time curve from time 0 to 24 h (AUCtau). Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and progesterone concentrations were evaluated as pharmacodynamic markers. RESULTS Erenumab did not influence the pharmacokinetics of norelgestromin, norgestrel, or ethinyl estradiol. Least-squares mean estimates (90% confidence interval) for Cmax ratios were 1.05 (0.90-1.23), 1.06 (0.97-1.16), and 1.04 (0.88-1.22) for norelgestromin, norgestrel, and ethinyl estradiol, respectively. Respective AUCtau ratios were 1.02 (0.94-1.12), 1.03 (0.96-1.10), and 1.02 (0.91-1.14). Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and progesterone concentrations were similar after exposure to oral contraceptive alone and with erenumab. CONCLUSION Erenumab did not alter the pharmacokinetics of the active components of an estrogen/progestin combination oral contraceptive. Thus, no change in contraceptive efficacy is expected with erenumab. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02792517.
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21
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Zhang N, Shon J, Kim M, Yu C, Zhang L, Huang S, Lee L, Tran D, Li L. Role of CYP3A in Oral Contraceptives Clearance. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 11:251-260. [PMID: 28986954 PMCID: PMC5944580 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Office of Translational Sciences (OTS)Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)TennesseeOak RidgeUSA
| | - Jihong Shon
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Office of Translational Sciences (OTS)Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Myong‐Jin Kim
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Office of Translational Sciences (OTS)Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Chongwoo Yu
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Office of Translational Sciences (OTS)Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Office of Translational Sciences (OTS)Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Shiew‐Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Office of Translational Sciences (OTS)Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - LaiMing Lee
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Office of Translational Sciences (OTS)Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Doanh Tran
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Office of Translational Sciences (OTS)Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
| | - Li Li
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology (OCP), Office of Translational Sciences (OTS)Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Silver SpringMarylandUSA
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Ezuruike U, Humphries H, Dickins M, Neuhoff S, Gardner I, Rowland Yeo K. Risk-Benefit Assessment of Ethinylestradiol Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:1229-1239. [PMID: 29637542 PMCID: PMC6282492 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Current formulations of combined oral contraceptives (COC) containing ethinylestradiol (EE) have ≤35 μg due to increased risks of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with higher doses of EE. Low‐dose formulations however, have resulted in increased incidences of breakthrough bleeding and contraceptive failure, particularly when coadministered with inducers of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP). The developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic model quantitatively predicted the effect of CYP3A4 inhibition and induction on the pharmacokinetics of EE. The predicted Cmax and AUC ratios when coadministered with voriconazole, fluconazole, rifampicin, and carbamazepine were within 1.25 of the observed data. Based on published clinical data, an AUCss value of 1,000 pg/ml.h was selected as the threshold for breakthrough bleeding. Prospective application of the model in simulations of different doses of EE (20 μg, 35 μg, and 50 μg) identified percentages of the population at risk of breakthrough bleeding alone and with varying degrees of CYP modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Iain Gardner
- Simcyp Limited (a Certara company), Sheffield, UK
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23
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The effect of carbamazepine on etonogestrel concentrations in contraceptive implant users. Contraception 2017; 95:571-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Maasumi K, Tepper SJ, Kriegler JS. Menstrual Migraine and Treatment Options: Review. Headache 2016; 57:194-208. [DOI: 10.1111/head.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Maasumi
- Department of Neurology Headache Center; University of California at San Francisco; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Stewart J. Tepper
- Department of Neurology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Hanover NH USA
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25
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Jusko WJ. Clarification of contraceptive drug pharmacokinetics in obesity. Contraception 2016; 95:10-16. [PMID: 27542520 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Related to concerns about the role of obesity in the efficacy of contraceptive drugs, a review of the literature was carried out in regard to the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and various progestins given by various routes of administration. Most studies show that obese women exhibit modestly lower plasma concentrations of these drugs (circa 30%) when given the same doses as normal-weight women. While the mechanism is uncertain, precedence in the literature suggests that this is due to body weight-related differences in metabolism rates. Confusing in some of the literature is that a few studies have reported erroneously calculated pharmacokinetic parameters after multiple dosing of oral contraceptives. A demonstration of appropriate pharmacokinetic methodology is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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26
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Mintzer S, Miller R, Shah K, Chervoneva I, Nei M, Skidmore C, Sperling MR. Long-term effect of antiepileptic drug switch on serum lipids and C-reactive protein. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 58:127-32. [PMID: 27074299 PMCID: PMC4875871 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have shown that switching patients from inducing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to lamotrigine, levetiracetam, or topiramate reduces serum lipids and C-reactive protein (CRP). These studies were all of short duration, and some drugs, such as zonisamide, have not been investigated. METHODS We recruited 41 patients taking phenytoin or carbamazepine who were being switched to zonisamide, lamotrigine, or levetiracetam. We measured serum lipids and CRP before the switch, >6weeks after, and >6months after. An untreated control group (n=14) underwent similar measurement. We combined these data with those of our previous investigation (n=34 patients and 16 controls) of a very similar design. RESULTS There were no differences in outcome measures between the two inducing AEDs nor among the three noninducing AEDs. Total cholesterol (TC), atherogenic lipids, and CRP were higher under inducer treatment than in controls. All measures were elevated under inducer treatment relative to noninducer treatment, including TC (24mg/dL higher, 95% CI: 17.5-29.9, p<0.001) and CRP (72% higher, 95% CI: 41%-111%, p<0.001). The difference between drug treatments was clinically meaningful for atherogenic lipids (16%, 95% CI: 11%-20%, p<0.001) but small for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (5%, 95% CI: 1%-9%, p<0.05). All measures were stable between 6weeks and 6months after drug switch. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that switching from inducing to noninducing AEDs produces an enduring reduction in serum lipids and CRP. These results provide further evidence that inducing AEDs may be associated with elevated vascular disease risk. These are the first vascular risk marker data in patients taking zonisamide, which shows a profile similar to that of other noninducing AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Mintzer
- Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | | | | | - Inna Chervoneva
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Rohn-Glowacki KJ, Falany CN. The potent inhibition of human cytosolic sulfotransferase 1A1 by 17α-ethinylestradiol is due to interactions with isoleucine 89 on loop 1. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 20:81-90. [PMID: 25418972 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDI) with oral contraceptives containing 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) have been well characterized with regard to interactions with phase I drug metaolizing enzymes; however, DDI with EE2 and phase II enzymes have not been as thoroughly addressed. Our laboratory recently reported that in vitro EE2 potently inhibits human cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 while EE2 was not sulfated until micromolar concentrations. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that Tyr169 and isoleucine 89 (Ile89) may play a role in the inhibitory and/or catalytic positioning of EE2 within the active site of SULT1A1. Therefore, the current study focused on determining the role of Ile89 in the inhibition of SULT1A1 utilizing site-directed mutagenesis. Ile89 was mutated to an alanine and the effect of the mutation was characterized using kinetic and binding assays. SULT1A1-Ile89Ala was found to have a Km for EE2 that was 11-fold greater than wild-type enzyme. A decreased affinity (Kd) of EE2 for SULT1A1-Ile89Ala was apparently responsible for the increase in Km, and also resulted in the loss of the potent inhibition. Molecular modeling was used in an attempt to determine the atomic level changes in binding of EE2 to SULT1A1-Ile89Ala. However, analysis of the effect of the single Ile89 mutation on both the open and closed homology models was not consistent with the docking and kinetic results. Overall, the mechanism of inhibition of EE2 for SULT1A1 is apparently the result of interactions of Ile89 with EE2 holding it in a potent inhibitory conformation, and mutation of the Ile89 significantly decreases the inhibition.
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Reimers A, Brodtkorb E, Sabers A. Interactions between hormonal contraception and antiepileptic drugs: Clinical and mechanistic considerations. Seizure 2015; 28:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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The effects of antiepileptic inducers in neuropsychopharmacology, a neglected issue. Part I: A summary of the current state for clinicians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The effects of antiepileptic inducers in neuropsychopharmacology, a neglected issue. Part I: A summary of the current state for clinicians. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2015; 8:97-115. [PMID: 25745819 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The literature on inducers in epilepsy and bipolar disorder is seriously contaminated by false negative findings. This is part i of a comprehensive review on antiepileptic drug (AED) inducers using both mechanistic pharmacological and evidence-based medicine to provide practical recommendations to neurologists and psychiatrists concerning how to control for them. Carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin, are clinically relevant AED inducers; correction factors were calculated for studied induced drugs. These correction factors are rough simplifications for orienting clinicians, since there is great variability in the population regarding inductive effects. As new information is published, the correction factors may need to be modified. Some of the correction factors are so high that the drugs (e.g., bupropion, quetiapine or lurasidone) should not co-prescribed with potent inducers. Clobazam, eslicarbazepine, felbamate, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, rufinamide, topiramate, vigabatrin and valproic acid are grouped as mild inducers which may (i)be inducers only in high doses; (ii)frequently combine with inhibitory properties; and (iii)take months to reach maximum effects or de-induction, definitively longer than the potent inducers. Potent inducers, definitively, and mild inducers, possibly, have relevant effects in the endogenous metabolism of (i)sexual hormones, (ii) vitamin D, (iii)thyroid hormones, (iv)lipid metabolism, and (v)folic acid.
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Paragliola RM, Prete A, Kaplan PW, Corsello SM, Salvatori R. Treatment of hypopituitarism in patients receiving antiepileptic drugs. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3:132-40. [PMID: 24898833 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that there may be drug interactions between antiepileptic drugs and hormonal therapies, which can present a challenge to endocrinologists dealing with patients who have both hypopituitarism and neurological diseases. Data are scarce for this subgroup of patients; however, data for the interaction of antiepileptic drugs with the pituitary axis have shown that chronic use of many antiepileptic drugs, such as carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and topiramate, enhances hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity, and can decrease serum concentrations of sex hormones. Other antiepileptic drugs increase sex hormone-binding globulin, which reduces the bioactivity of testosterone and estradiol. Additionally, the combined oestrogen-progestagen contraceptive pill might decrease lamotrigine concentrations, which could worsen seizure control. Moreover, sex hormones and their metabolites can directly act on neuronal excitability, acting as neurosteroids. Because carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine can enhance the sensitivity of renal tubules, a reduction in desmopressin dose might be necessary in patients with central diabetes insipidus. Although the effects of antiepileptic drugs in central hypothyroidism have not yet been studied, substantial evidence indicates that several antiepileptic drugs can increase thyroid hormone metabolism. However, although it is reasonable to expect a need for a thyroxine dose increase with some antiepileptic drugs, the effect of excessive thyroxine in lowering seizure threshold should also be considered. There are no reports of significant interactions between antiepileptic drugs and the efficacy of human growth hormone therapy, and few data are available for the effects of second-generation antiepileptic drugs on hypopituitarism treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Paragliola
- Unit of Endocrinology, Facoltà di Medicina Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prete
- Unit of Endocrinology, Facoltà di Medicina Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter W Kaplan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA
| | | | - Roberto Salvatori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA.
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32
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New antiepileptic drugs and women. Seizure 2014; 23:585-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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DuBois BN, Atrio J, Stanczyk FZ, Cherala G. Increased exposure of norethindrone in HIV+ women treated with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir therapy. Contraception 2014; 91:71-5. [PMID: 25245190 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pharmacokinetics of norethindrone in combination oral contraceptive regimen are well described among HIV+ women treated with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor therapies; however, such characterization is lacking in women using progestin-only contraception. Our objective is to characterize pharmacokinetics of norethindrone in HIV+ women using ritonavir-boosted atazanavir treatment during progestin-only contraceptive regimens. STUDY DESIGN An open-label, prospective, nonrandomized trial to characterize the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone in HIV+ women receiving ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (n=10; treatment group) and other antiretroviral therapy known to not alter norethindrone levels (n=17; control group) was conducted. Following informed consent, women were instructed to take a single daily fixed oral dose of 0.35 mg norethindrone and 300 mg/100 mg atazanavir/ritonavir for 22 days. On day 22, serial blood samples were collected by venous catheter at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Whole blood was processed to collect serum and stored at -20°C until later analysis using radioimmunoassay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental method. RESULTS In the treatment group, compared to the control group, an increase in area under the curve₀₋₂₄ (16.69 h*ng/mL vs. 25.20 h*ng/mL; p<.05) and maximum serum concentration (2.09 ng/mL vs. 3.19 ng/mL; p<.05), decrease (25%-40%) in apparent volume of distribution and apparent clearance, and unaltered half-life were observed. CONCLUSION(S) Our findings suggest that progestin-only contraceptives, unlike combination oral contraceptives, benefit from drug-drug interaction and achieve higher levels of exposure. Further studies are needed to establish whether pharmacokinetic interaction leads to favorable clinical outcomes. IMPLICATIONS Norethindrone-based progestin-only contraceptives, unlike combination oral contraceptives, exhibit greater drug exposure when co-administered with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir regimen and thus may not warrant a category 3 designation by the World Health Organization. Prospective studies are needed to confirm whether pharmacokinetic interaction results in favorable clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barent N DuBois
- Oregon State University & Oregon Health Science University College of Pharmacy, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jessica Atrio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ganesh Cherala
- Oregon State University & Oregon Health Science University College of Pharmacy, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Drug interactions with the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)--Part 2: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between AEDs and drugs used to treat non-epilepsy disorders. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 52:1045-61. [PMID: 23794036 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are prescribed to treat various non-epilepsy-related disorders in addition to the fact that patients with epilepsy may develop concurrent disorders that will need treatment, the propensity for AEDs to interact with non-AEDs is considerable and indeed can present a difficult clinical problem. The present review details the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions that have been reported to occur with the new AEDs (eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine (ezogabine), rufinamide, stiripentol, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin and zonisamide) and drugs used to treat non-epilepsy disorders. Interaction study details are described, as necessary, so as to allow the reader to take a view as to the possible clinical significance of particular interactions. Pharmacokinetic interactions relate to hepatic enzyme induction or inhibition and involved a variety of drugs including psychoactive drugs, cardioactive drugs, oral contraceptives, antituberculous agents, analgesics and antineoplastic drugs. A total of 68 pharmacokinetic interactions have been described, with lamotrigine (n = 22), topiramate (n = 18) and oxcarbazepine (n = 7) being associated with most, whilst lacosamide, pregabalin, stiripentol and vigabatrin are associated with none. Overall, only three pharmacodynamic interactions have been described and occur with oxcarbazepine, perampanel and pregabalin.
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Subramanian M, Kurawattimath V, Pocha K, Freeden C, Rao I, Thanga Mariappan T, Marathe PH, Vikramadithyan RK, Abraham P, Kulkarni CP, Katnapally P, Nutakki R, Paruchury S, Bhutani P, Mandlekar S. Role of hepatic blood flow and metabolism in the pharmacokinetics of ten drugs in lean, aged and obese rats. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:1108-16. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.932470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Xiong GL, Gadde KM. Combination phentermine/topiramate for obesity treatment in primary care: a review. Postgrad Med 2014; 126:110-6. [PMID: 24685974 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.03.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of obesity is often met with a myriad of challenges in the primary care setting. Nevertheless, a modest 5% weight loss is considered clinically significant and may be associated with health benefits. Phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia), available in the United States since September 2012, achieves clinically meaningful weight loss along with improvements in weight-related comorbidities. This combination drug therapy could be an additional tool for primary care providers in their quest for effective management of obesity. Special precautions and close monitoring are indicated when prescribing phentermine/topiramate for women of childbearing potential. Monitoring of heart rate and psychiatric and cognitive side effects is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen L Xiong
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA
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Viana M, Terreno E, Goadsby PJ, Nappi RE. Topiramate for migraine prevention in fertile women: reproductive counseling is warranted. Cephalalgia 2014; 34:1097-9. [PMID: 24723674 DOI: 10.1177/0333102414529669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Viana
- Headache Science Center - C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Italy
| | - E Terreno
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS S. Matteo Foundation, Italy
| | - P J Goadsby
- Headache Group - NIHR-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, King's College London, UK
| | - R E Nappi
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Gynecological Endocrinology and Menopause, IRCCS S. Matteo Foundation, Italy Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
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False-negative studies may systematically contaminate the literature on the effects of inducers in neuropsychopharmacology. Part I: focus on epilepsy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2014; 34:177-83. [PMID: 24525637 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Reddy DS. Clinical pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs and hormonal contraceptives. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 3:183-192. [PMID: 20369030 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Contraceptive management in women with epilepsy is critical owing to the potential maternal and fetal risks if contraception or seizure management fails. This article briefly describes the pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and hormonal contraceptives and the rational strategies that may overcome these risks. Hormonal contraception, including the use of oral contraceptives (OCs), is widely used in many women with epilepsy - there is no strong evidence of seizures worsening with their use. AEDs are the mainstay for seizure control in women with epilepsy. However, there are many factors to consider in the choice of AED therapy and hormonal contraception, since some AEDs can reduce the efficacy of OCs owing to pharmacokinetic interactions. Estrogens and progestogens are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. AEDs, such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, felbamate, topiramate, oxcarbazepine and primidone, induce cytochrome P450 3A4, leading to enhanced metabolism of either or both the estrogenic and progestogenic component of OCs, thereby reducing their efficacy in preventing pregnancy. OCs can also decrease the concentrations of AEDs such as lamotrigine and, thereby, increase the risk of seizures. Increased awareness of AED interactions may help optimize seizure therapy in women with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doodipala Samba Reddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 228 Reynolds Medical Building, College Station, TX 77843, USA, Tel.: +1 979 862 2852, ,
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van Passel L, Arif H, Hirsch LJ. Topiramate for the treatment of epilepsy and other nervous system disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 6:19-31. [PMID: 16466308 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.6.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Initially synthesized as an oral hypoglycemic agent, topiramate was approved for use as an anticonvulsant in 1996. Its broad spectrum efficacy in epilepsy, including as monotherapy and in children, is well established. Topiramate has also been used in the management of nonepileptic neurologic and psychiatric conditions, including migraine prophylaxis (with firmly established efficacy), obesity (with some evidence of long-term maintenance of weight loss), substance dependence, bipolar disorder and neuropathic pain, and it has been investigated as a possible neuroprotective agent. Paresthesias and cognitive side effects are the most common troublesome adverse effects. Recent trends towards lower doses may help achieve the best combination of efficacy and tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie van Passel
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Columbia University, Box NI-135, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Individuals with epilepsy experience a number of sex-specific problems. In women, pregnancy and delivery are obvious issues, fertility problems are more often encountered and they also seem to have a higher frequency of sexual problems. A large number of women with epilepsy experience seizure exacerbation in relation to the menstrual cycle and have higher frequencies of menstrual disturbances and polycystic ovaries. Cosmetic problems affecting skin, hair or weight may also be drug induced. The use of antiepileptic drugs may influence the effect of contraceptives leading to unplanned pregnancies and contraceptives may affect the serum levels of antiepileptic drugs. The care of pregnant women with epilepsy requires attention to a number of guidelines and close cooperation between neurologist and gynecologist is recommended. Although the majority of the women with epilepsy experience normal pregnancies and deliveries, their children have a higher risk of birth defects. At menopause, their seizure pattern may change and some antiepileptic drugs may increase the risk of osteoporosis. The optimal treatment of women with epilepsy should take into account these gender-specific issues in the different stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Sveberg Røste
- Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Division for Clinical Neuroscience, 0027 Oslo, Norway.
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Johannessen Landmark C, Patsalos PN. Drug interactions involving the new second- and third-generation antiepileptic drugs. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:119-40. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Obreli-Neto PR, Pereira LRL, Guidoni CM, Baldoni ADO, Marusic S, de Lyra-Júnior DP, de Almeida KL, Pazete ACM, do Nascimento JD, Kos M, Girotto E, Cuman RKN. Use of simulated patients to evaluate combined oral contraceptive dispensing practices of community pharmacists. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79875. [PMID: 24324584 PMCID: PMC3853625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use is the most commonly used reversible method of birth control. The incorrect use of COCs is frequent and one of the most common causes of unintended pregnancies. Community pharmacists (CPs) are in a strategic position to improve COC use because they are the last health professional to interact with patients before drug use. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the COC dispensing practices of CPs in a developing country. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted in community pharmacies of Assis and Ourinhos microregions, Brazil, between June 1, 2012, and October 30, 2012. Four simulated patients (SPs) (with counseled audio recording) visited community pharmacies with a prescription for Ciclo 21(®) (a COC containing ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg + levonorgestrel 15 mcg). The audio recording of every SP visit was listened to independently by 3 researchers to evaluate the COC dispensing practice. The percentage of CPs who performed a screening for safe use of COCs (i.e., taking of patients' medical and family history, and measuring of blood pressure) and provided counseling, as well as the quality of the screening and counseling, were evaluated. RESULTS Of the 185 CPs contacted, 41 (22.2%) agreed to participate in the study and finished the study protocol. Only 3 CPs asked the SP a question (1 question asked by each professional), and all of the questions were closed-ended, viz., "do you smoke?" (n = 2) and "what is your age?" (n = 1). None of the CPs measured the patient's blood pressure. Six CPs provided counseling when dispensing COCs (drug dosing, 5 CPs; possible adverse effects, 2 CPs), and one CP provided counseling regarding both aspects. CONCLUSION The CPs evaluated did not dispense COC appropriately and could influence in the occurrence of negatives therapeutic outcomes such as adverse effects and treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Régis Leira Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camilo Molino Guidoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - André de Oliveira Baldoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Srecko Marusic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | - Mitja Kos
- Chair of Social Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Edmarlon Girotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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Williams D. Contraception and prenatal vitamin supplementation for women on antiepileptic medications. Ment Health Clin 2013. [DOI: 10.9740/mhc.n164041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article identifies interactions among AEDs with hormonal contraceptives and summarizes management strategies from the literature. Recommendations for addressing folate, vitamin K, and vitamin D deficiency caused by AEDs are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Williams
- Clinical Mental Health Pharmacist, Shawnee Mission Medical Center, Shawnee Mission, KS
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Fleming JW, McClendon KS, Riche DM. New Obesity Agents: Lorcaserin and Phentermine/Topiramate. Ann Pharmacother 2013; 47:1007-16. [DOI: 10.1345/aph.1r779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the evidence for lorcaserin and phentermine/topiramate in the treatment of obesity. DATA SOURCES Literature was accessed through PubMed (June 1975-March 2013) using the search terms lorcaserin, phentermine, topiramate, or phentermine/topiramate. Additionally, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed. Additional information was obtained from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved prescribing information and FDA briefing documents. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION English-language articles focusing on Phase 3 clinical trials for obesity were critiqued. Data from preclinical and Phase 1 and/or 2 trials are reported when appropriate. Six prospective Phase 3 trials were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, affecting more than one third of adults in the US. Two medication products, lorcaserin and phentermine/topiramate, have recently received FDA approval as adjuncts to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity among individuals with a body mass index greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 or greater than or equal to 27 kg/m2 with an obesity-related comorbidity, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes. Lorcaserin is a selective serotonin 5-HT2C agonist that regulates food intake, while the combination of phentermine/topiramate causes appetite suppression and enhanced satiety. Three Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trials reported approximately 75% and 45% of patients achieved greater than or equal to 5% weight loss with phentermine/topiramate and lorcaserin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS With lifestyle modification, phentermine/topiramate appears most effective in terms of weight loss. Lorcaserin demonstrates moderate efficacy. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes studies are needed to confirm the safety and benefit of these new obesity agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Fleming
- Joshua W Fleming PharmD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS
| | - Katie S McClendon
- Katie S McClendon PharmD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi
| | - Daniel M Riche
- Daniel M Riche PharmD BCPS CDE, Assistant Professor, Departments of Pharmacy Practice and Medicine, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi
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Cawello W, Rosenkranz B, Schmid B, Wierich W. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of coadministration of lacosamide and an oral contraceptive (levonorgestrel plus ethinylestradiol) in healthy female volunteers. Epilepsia 2013; 54:530-6. [PMID: 23360419 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the antiepileptic drug lacosamide affects the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of a combined oral contraceptive (OC; ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg plus levonorgestrel 0.15 mg). METHODS This was an open-label trial in healthy female volunteers. Eligible women entered cycle 1 of the trial on the first day of menstruation. Cycle 1 was a medication-free, run-in phase of approximately 28 days to confirm that normal ovulation occurred. Volunteers with confirmed ovulation entered the subsequent cycle and started taking OCs. After establishing ovulation suppression (defined as progesterone serum concentration <5.1 nm on day 21 of the menstrual cycle) in volunteers taking the OCs in cycle 2, lacosamide 400 mg/day was administered concomitantly in the subsequent cycle (cycle 3). The pharmacokinetic parameters of area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum steady-state plasma drug concentration (Cmax ), and time to maximum concentration (tmax ) were measured for the OC components and lacosamide. KEY FINDINGS A total of 37 volunteers completed cycle 1, and 32 completed cycle 2. In each of the 31 volunteers who completed the trial (through cycle 3), pharmacodynamic assessment showed progesterone serum concentration was <5.1 nm on day 21 of cycle 2, when the OC was administered alone, and on day 21 of cycle 3, when lacosamide was administered concomitantly. The AUC of ethinylestradiol alone versus together with lacosamide was 1,067 ± 404 versus 1,173 ± 330 pg h/ml. Corresponding values of Cmax were 116.9 ± 48.8 versus 135.7 ± 28.6 pg/ml. For levonorgestrel, the AUC alone was 74.2 ± 21.4 versus 80.9 ± 18.5 ng h/ml with lacosamide. Corresponding values of Cmax were 6.7 ± 1.9 versus 7.4 ± 1.5 ng/ml. The AUC and Cmax point estimates and almost all 90% confidence intervals (except for Cmax of ethinylestradiol) for ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel (with and without lacosamide) were within the conventional bioequivalence range, and no relevant changes in tmax were observed for ethinylestradiol (1.5 ± 0.6 h alone vs. 1.4 ± 0.7 h with lacosamide) or for levonorgestrel (1.5 ± 1.0 h alone vs. 1.1 ± 0.6 h with lacosamide). Lacosamide pharmacokinetics were consistent with those observed in previous studies of lacosamide alone, with values for AUC of 113.5 ± 20.7 μg h/ml, Cmax of 13.8 ± 2.2 μg/ml, and tmax of 1.1 ± 0.4 h. SIGNIFICANCE Lacosamide and an OC containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel have low potential for drug-drug interaction; therefore, coadministration of the two drugs is unlikely to result in contraceptive failure or loss of seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Cawello
- Global Biostatistics, UCB Pharma, Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
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Co-administration of vismodegib with rosiglitazone or combined oral contraceptive in patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors: a pharmacokinetic assessment of drug-drug interaction potential. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 71:193-202. [PMID: 23064958 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vismodegib, a first-in-class oral hedgehog pathway inhibitor, is an effective treatment for advanced basal cell carcinoma. Based on in vitro data, a clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) assessment of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 was necessary; vismodegib's teratogenic potential warranted a DDI study with oral contraceptives (OCs). METHODS This single-arm, open-label study included two cohorts of patients with locally advanced or metastatic solid malignancies [Cohort 1: rosiglitazone 4 mg (selective CYP2C8 probe); Cohort 2: OC (norethindrone 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 35 μg; CYP3A4 substrate)]. On Day 1, patients received rosiglitazone or OC. On Days 2-7, patients received vismodegib 150 mg/day. On Day 8, patients received vismodegib plus rosiglitazone or OC. The effect of vismodegib on rosiglitazone and OC pharmacokinetic parameters (primary objective) was evaluated through pharmacokinetic sampling over a 24-h period (Days 1 and 8). RESULTS The mean ± SD vismodegib steady-state plasma concentration (Day 8, N = 51) was 20.6 ± 9.72 μM (range 7.93-62.4 μM). Rosiglitazone AUC(0-inf) and C(max) were similar with concomitant vismodegib [≤8% change in geometric mean ratios (GMRs); N = 24]. Concomitant vismodegib with OC did not affect ethinyl estradiol AUC(0-inf) and C(max) (≤5% change in GMRs; N = 27); norethindrone C(max) and AUC(0-inf) GMRs were higher (12 and 23%, respectively) with concomitant vismodegib. CONCLUSIONS This DDI study in patients with cancer demonstrated that systemic exposure of rosiglitazone (a CYP2C8 substrate) or OC (ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone) is not altered with concomitant vismodegib. Overall, there appears to be a low potential for DDIs when vismodegib is co-administered with other medications.
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Craig JJ. Do lamotrigine and levetiracetam solve the problem of using sodium valproate in women with epilepsy? Obstet Med 2012; 5:6-13. [PMID: 27579124 PMCID: PMC4989683 DOI: 10.1258/om.2011.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Women with epilepsy, especially those of child-bearing age, are faced with difficult choices when it comes to choosing the most suitable antiepileptic drug (AED). This is particularly so for those with idiopathic generalized epilepsies, or those for whom seizure syndrome is not immediately apparent, where sodium valproate is still considered the drug of choice. While with treatment most might expect to become seizure free, without any adverse effects, other considerations for women mean that valproate is usually initially avoided, with other AEDs such as lamotrigine or levetiracetam being chosen in preference. Based on current information, this article attempts to provide an overview on whether or not the availability of these and other broad-spectrum AEDs have solved the difficulties of using valproate in women of child-bearing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Craig
- Department of Neurology, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Antrim BT12 6BA, UK
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