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Sun C, Janjic Rankovic M, Folwaczny M, Stocker T, Otto S, Wichelhaus A, Baumert U. Effect of Different Parameters of In Vitro Static Tensile Strain on Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Simulating the Tension Side of Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031525. [PMID: 35163446 PMCID: PMC8835937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different magnitudes and durations of static tensile strain on human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs), focusing on osteogenesis, mechanosensing and inflammation. Static tensile strain magnitudes of 0%, 3%, 6%, 10%, 15% and 20% were applied to hPDLCs for 1, 2 and 3 days. Cell viability was confirmed via live/dead cell staining. Reference genes were tested by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and assessed. The expressions of TNFRSF11B, ALPL, RUNX2, BGLAP, SP7, FOS, IL6, PTGS2, TNF, IL1B, IL8, IL10 and PGE2 were analyzed by RT-qPCR and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ALPL and RUNX2 both peaked after 1 day, reaching their maximum at 3%, whereas BGLAP peaked after 3 days with its maximum at 10%. SP7 peaked after 1 day at 6%, 10% and 15%. FOS peaked after 3 days with its maximum at 3%, 6% and 15%. The expressions of IL6 and PTGS2 both peaked after 1 day, with their minimum at 10%. PGE2 peaked after 1 day (maximum at 20%). The ELISA of IL6 peaked after 3 days, with the minimum at 10%. In summary, the lower magnitudes promoted osteogenesis and caused less inflammation, while the higher magnitudes inhibited osteogenesis and enhanced inflammation. Among all magnitudes, 10% generally caused a lower level of inflammation with a higher level of osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Sun
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (C.S.); (M.J.R.); (T.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Mila Janjic Rankovic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (C.S.); (M.J.R.); (T.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Thomas Stocker
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (C.S.); (M.J.R.); (T.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Sven Otto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (C.S.); (M.J.R.); (T.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Uwe Baumert
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (C.S.); (M.J.R.); (T.S.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Sun C, Janjic Rankovic M, Folwaczny M, Otto S, Wichelhaus A, Baumert U. Effect of Tension on Human Periodontal Ligament Cells: Systematic Review and Network Analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:695053. [PMID: 34513810 PMCID: PMC8429507 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.695053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement is based on the remodeling of tooth-surrounding tissues in response to mechanical stimuli. During this process, human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) play a central role in mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. Various in vitro models have been introduced to investigate the effect of tension on hPDLCs. They provide a valuable body of knowledge on how tension influences relevant genes, proteins, and metabolites. However, no systematic review summarizing these findings has been conducted so far. Aim of this systematic review was to identify all related in vitro studies reporting tension application on hPDLCs and summarize their findings regarding force parameters, including magnitude, frequency and duration. Expression data of genes, proteins, and metabolites was extracted and summarized. Studies' risk of bias was assessed using tailored risk of bias tools. Signaling pathways were identified by protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks using STRING and GeneAnalytics. According to our results, Flexcell Strain Unit® and other silicone-plate or elastic membrane-based apparatuses were mainly adopted. Frequencies of 0.1 and 0.5 Hz were predominantly applied for dynamic equibiaxial and uniaxial tension, respectively. Magnitudes of 10 and 12% were mostly employed for dynamic tension and 2.5% for static tension. The 10 most commonly investigated genes, proteins and metabolites identified, were mainly involved in osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis or inflammation. Gene-set enrichment analysis and PPI networks gave deeper insight into the involved signaling pathways. This review represents a brief summary of the massive body of knowledge in this field, and will also provide suggestions for future researches on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Sun
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mila Janjic Rankovic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Otto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Baumert
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Brezulier D, Pellen-Mussi P, Tricot-Doleux S, Novella A, Sorel O, Jeanne S. Development of a 3D human osteoblast cell culture model for studying mechanobiology in orthodontics. Eur J Orthod 2020; 42:387-395. [PMID: 32144430 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mechanobiology phenomena constitute a major element of the cellular and tissue response during orthodontic treatment and the implantation of a biomaterial. Better understanding these phenomena will improve the effectiveness of our treatments. The objective of this work is to validate a model of three-dimensional (3D) culture of osteoblasts to study mechanobiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hFOB 1.19 cell line was cultured either traditionally on a flat surface or in aggregates called spheroids. They were embedded in 0.8% low-melting agarose type VII and placed in a polyethylene terephthalate transwell insert. Compressive forces of 1 and 4 g/cm2 were applied with an adjustable weight. Proliferation was evaluated by measuring diameters, monitoring glucose levels, and conducting Hoechst/propidium iodide staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays focusing on the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 and bone remodelling factor osteoprotegerin were performed to evaluate soluble factor synthesis. quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to evaluate bone marker transcription. RESULTS The 3D model shows good cell viability and permits IL dosing. Additionally, three gene expression profiles are analysable. LIMITATIONS The model allows analysis of conventional markers; larger exploration is needed for better understanding osteoblast mechanobiology. However, it only allows an analysis over 3 days. CONCLUSION The results obtained by applying constant compressive forces to 3D osteoblastic cultures validate this model system for exploring biomolecule release and analysing gene transcription. In particular, it highlights a disturbance in the expression of markers of osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Brezulier
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Pole Odontologie, Rennes, France
- ISCR, CNRS-UMR 6226, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Olivier Sorel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Pole Odontologie, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Jeanne
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Pole Odontologie, Rennes, France
- ISCR, CNRS-UMR 6226, Rennes, France
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Janjic Rankovic M, Docheva D, Wichelhaus A, Baumert U. Effect of static compressive force on in vitro cultured PDL fibroblasts: monitoring of viability and gene expression over 6 days. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:2497-2511. [PMID: 31728735 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate the impact of static compressive force (CF) application on human PDL-derived fibroblasts (HPDF) in vitro for up to 6 days on the expression of specific genes and to monitor cell growth and cell viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS CF of 2 g/cm2 was applied on HPDFs for 1-6 days. On each day, gene expression (cFOS, HB-GAM, COX2, IL6, TNFα, RUNX2, and P2RX2) and secretion (TNFα, PGE2) were determined by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Cell growth and cell viability were monitored daily. RESULTS In comparison with controls, significant upregulation of cFOS in compressed HPDFs was observed. HB-GAM showed no changes in expression, except on day 5 (P < 0.001). IL6 expression was significantly upregulated from day 2-5, reaching the maximum on day 3 (P < 0.001). TNFα expression was upregulated on all but day 2. COX2 showed upregulation, reaching the plateau from day 3 (P < 0.001) until day 4 (P < 0.001), and returning to the initial state till day 6. P2RX7 was downregulated on days 2 and 4 to 6 (P < 0.001). RUNX2 was downregulated on days 2 and 5 (both P < 0.001). Cells in both groups were proliferating, and no negative effect on cell viability was observed. CONCLUSION Results suggest high molecular activity up to 6 days, therefore introducing further need for in vitro studies with a longer duration that would explain other genes and metabolites involved in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Extension of an established in vitro force application system for prolonged force application (6 days) simulating the initial phase of OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Janjic Rankovic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Baumert
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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Shi J, Folwaczny M, Wichelhaus A, Baumert U. Differences in
RUNX
2
and
P2
RX
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gene expression between mono‐ and coculture of human periodontal ligament cells and human osteoblasts under compressive force application. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 22:168-176. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Shi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology University HospitalLMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Uwe Baumert
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics University Hospital LMU Munich Munich Germany
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Shi J, Baumert U, Folwaczny M, Wichelhaus A. Influence of static forces on the expression of selected parameters of inflammation in periodontal ligament cells and alveolar bone cells in a co-culture in vitro model. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:2617-2628. [PMID: 30324573 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim of this study was to investigate the impact of human PDL-derived fibroblasts (HPDF) and human alveolar bone-derived osteoblasts (HABO) co-culture on the expression of cytokines involved in tissue remodeling using an in vitro compressive force (CF) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Static compressive force (CF) of 47.4 g/cm2 was applied on mono- and co-cultured HPDFs and HABOs for 1, 2, or 4 h at 30 °C. TNFA, PTGS2, and IL6 gene expressions were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. TNF, PGE2, and IL6 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In mono-culture, TNFA, PTGS2, and IL6 gene expressions were upregulated under CF as compared to controls for each time period in both cell types. PGE2 increased at 1 and 2 h in both cell types, and IL6 increased only at 2 and 4 h in HPDFs. Co-culture alleviated the force-induced increase of the expression of TNFA, PTGS2, IL6, PGE2, and IL6 in HPDFs at any time point. In HABOs, co-cultivation decreased the expression of PGE2 after 1 h and 4 h, and that of IL6 after 1 h compared to mono-culture. CONCLUSIONS CF application on co-cultures of HPDFs and HABOs causes significant changes of TNFA, PTGS2, and IL6 gene expressions and PGE2 and IL6 production in comparison to mono-culture indicating intercellular communication. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mechanical stimulation of HPDFs and HABOs in co-culture induces a different gene expression pattern than stimulation of individual cell types alone. Co-culture might therefore be a relevant method to elucidate periodontal regeneration during orthodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Shi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Uwe Baumert
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Expression of biological mediators during orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 95:170-186. [PMID: 30130671 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present systematic review was to offer a timeline of the events taking place during orthodontic tooth movement(OTM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched up to November 2017. All studies describing the expression of signaling proteins in the periodontal ligament(PDL) of teeth subjected to OTM or describing the expression of signaling proteins in human cells of the periodontal structures subjected to static mechanical loading were considered eligible for inclusion for respectively the in-vivo or the in-vitro part. Risk of bias assessment was conducted according to the validated SYRCLE's RoB tool for animal studies and guideline for assessing quality of in-vitro studies for in-vitro studies. RESULTS We retrieved 7583 articles in the initial electronic search, from which 79 and 51 were finally analyzed. From the 139 protein investigated, only the inflammatory proteins interleukin(IL)-1β, cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 and prostaglandin(PG)-E2, osteoblast markers osteocalcin and runt-related transcription factor(RUNX)2, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand(RANKL) and osteoprotegerin(OPG) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases(ERK)1/2 are investigated in 10 or more studies. CONCLUSION The investigated proteins were presented in a theoretical model of OTM. We can conclude that the cell activation and differentiation and recruitment of osteoclasts is mediated by osteocytes, osteoblasts and PDL cells, but that the osteogenic differentiation is only seen in stem cell present in the PDL. In addition, the recently discovered Ephrin/Ephs seem to play an role parallel with the thoroughly investigated RANKL/OPG system in mediating bone resorption during OTM.
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In Vitro Weight-Loaded Cell Models for Understanding Mechanodependent Molecular Pathways Involved in Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Systematic Review. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:3208285. [PMID: 30154862 PMCID: PMC6091372 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3208285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells from the mesenchymal lineage in the dental area, including but not limited to PDL fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and dental stem cells, are exposed to mechanical stress in physiological (e.g., chewing) and nonphysiological/therapeutic (e.g., orthodontic tooth movement) situations. Close and complex interaction of these different cell types results in the physiological and nonphysiological adaptation of these tissues to mechanical stress. Currently, different in vitro loading models are used to investigate the effect of different types of mechanical loading on the stress adaptation of these cell types. We performed a systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines to identify all studies in the field of dentistry with focus on mechanobiology using in vitro loading models applying uniaxial static compressive force. Only studies reporting on cells from the mesenchymal lineage were considered for inclusion. The results are summarized regarding gene expression in relation to force duration and magnitude, and the most significant signaling pathways they take part in are identified using protein-protein interaction networks.
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Ueda M, Kuroishi KN, Gunjigake KK, Ikeda E, Kawamoto T. Expression of SOST/sclerostin in compressed periodontal ligament cells. J Dent Sci 2016; 11:272-278. [PMID: 30894984 PMCID: PMC6395252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation occur on the compressed side during orthodontic tooth movement. Bone formation inhibitory factors such as sclerostin (encoded by SOST) are secreted on the compressed side by periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. PDL cells control bone metabolism, and compressed PDL cells inhibit bone formation during orthodontic tooth movement. The aim of this study was to identify the inhibitory factors of bone formation in PDL cells. Materials and methods Changes in SOST expression and subsequent protein release from human PDL (hPDL) cells were assessed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), semiquantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence in hPDL cells subjected to centrifugal force (40g and 90g). To confirm the effects on bone formation, human alveolar bone-derived osteoblasts (hOBs) were grown with the addition of sclerostin peptide. In vivo, a compressive force was applied using the Waldo method in rats, and the distribution of sclerostin in PDL tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results SOST expression was downregulated in vitro by centrifugation at 90g for 24 hours but upregulated by centrifugation at 40g based on real-time PCR, as was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. The addition of sclerostin peptide significantly decreased the mineralized area in hOBs. However, slightly weakly sclerostin-positive PDL cells were observed on the compressed side in vivo. Conclusion These results indicate that PDL cells subjected to light compressive force exhibit increased expression of SOST/sclerostin, which inhibits bone formation on the compressed side during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Ueda
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kayoko N Kuroishi
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kaori K Gunjigake
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Erina Ikeda
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Ueda M, Goto T, Kuroishi KN, Gunjigake KK, Ikeda E, Kataoka S, Nakatomi M, Toyono T, Seta Y, Kawamoto T. Asporin in compressed periodontal ligament cells inhibits bone formation. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 62:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Taguchi M, Shinozaki Y, Kashiwagi K, Shigetomi E, Robaye B, Koizumi S. Müller cell-mediated neurite outgrowth of the retinal ganglion cells via P2Y 6 receptor signals. J Neurochem 2015; 136:741-751. [PMID: 26560804 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells, the primary macroglia of the retina, support various functions of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Here, we demonstrate a nucleotide-mediated communication between these two types of cells, by which Müller cells control neurite outgrowth of RGCs by activation of P2 receptors such as P2Y6 . Cultured mouse RGCs had significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth when cultured with either cultured mouse Müller cells or conditioned medium derived from Müller cells, and this was completely inhibited by the nucleotide-degrading enzyme, apyrase. This increase in outgrowth was mimicked by exogenously applied nucleotides such as ATP, uridine triphosphate, and uridine diphosphate. Pharmacological and genetic analysis revealed that P2Y6 receptor in RGCs was responsible for the increased neurite outgrowth. P2Y6 receptor was expressed in the ganglion cell layer of the retina and in RGC primary cultures. High performance liquid chromatography has revealed that Müller cells constitutively release uridine triphosphate, which is immediately metabolized into uridine diphosphate, an endogenous agonist for P2Y6 receptor. In the in vitro ocular hypertension model (i.e., glaucoma model), neurite outgrowth in RGCs was significantly reduced, which was associated with a decrease in P2Y6 receptors. Taken together, Müller cells control neurite outgrowth of RGCs by activating P2 receptors such as P2Y6 receptor, and the receptor expression level might be down-regulated in glaucoma. Müller cells support various functions of retina including those of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Here, we report an importance of nucleotide-mediated communication between these two types of cells. Müller cells were found to release uridine diphosphate (UTD), uridine triphosphate (UTP), and activate P2Y6 receptors in RGCs, which was essential for neurite outgrowth of RGCs. In addition, P2Y6 receptors in RGCs were reduced in a glaucoma model in vitro, suggesting an involvement of their dysfunction in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Taguchi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Shinozaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kashiwagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Bernard Robaye
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Mechanical stress stimulates the osteo/odontoblastic differentiation of human stem cells from apical papilla via erk 1/2 and JNK MAPK pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:494378. [PMID: 24826377 PMCID: PMC4009119 DOI: 10.1155/2014/494378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) are a potent candidate for the apexogenesis/apexification due to their multiple differentiation capacity. During the orthodontic treatment of developing teeth, SCAPs in vivo are usually subjected to the cyclic stress induced by compression forces. However, it remains unclear whether mechanical stress can affect the proliferation and differentiation of human SCAPs. RESULTS Human SCAPs were isolated and stimulated by 200 g mechanical stimuli for 30 min and their proliferation and differentiation capacity were evaluated in vitro at different time points. MTT and FCM results demonstrated that cell proliferation was enhanced, while TEM findings showed the morphological and ultrastructural changes in stress-treated SCAPs. ALP activity and mineralization capacity of stress-treated SCAPs were upregulated . In the meantime, higher odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation were found in stress-treated SCAPs by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot, as indicated by the expression of related markers at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, the protein expressions of pJNK and pERK MAPK pathways were upregulated. CONCLUSION Together, these findings suggest that mechanical stress is an important factor affecting the proliferation and differentiation of SCAPs via the activation of ERK and JNK signaling pathway.
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Diercke K, König A, Kohl A, Lux C, Erber R. Human primary cementoblasts respond to combined IL-1β stimulation and compression with an impaired BSP and CEMP-1 expression. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:402-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Naito K, Matsuzaka K, Ishigami K, Inoue T. Mechanical force promotes proliferation and early differentiation of bone marrow derived osteoblast-like cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3353/omp.13.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhao Y, Wang C, Li S, Song H, Wei F, Pan K, Zhu K, Yang P, Tu Q, Chen J. Expression of Osterix in mechanical stress-induced osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116:199-206. [PMID: 18471237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Osterix (Osx) is an osteoblast-specific transcription factor required for the differentiation of pre-osteoblasts into functional osteoblasts. This study sought to examine the changes of Osx expression in periodontal ligament cells (PDLC) subjected to mechanical force, and to investigate whether Osx is involved in the mechanical stress-induced differentiation of PDLC. Human PDLC were exposed to centrifugal force for 1-12 h. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence assays were used to examine the mRNA and protein expression of Osx and its subcellular localization. Furthermore, PDLC were transfected with the expression vector pcDNA3.1 flag-Osx and subjected to mechanical force for 6 h. The changes in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and in the expression of core-binding factor alpha1 (Cbfa1), ALP, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and collagen I were measured. After the application of mechanical force, Osx was upregulated in a time-dependent manner at both mRNA and protein levels, and Osx protein was translocated from the cytosol into the cell nuclei. Overexpression of Osx did not affect the expression of Cbfa1, but it significantly enhanced the ALP activity and the mRNA expression of all the aforementioned osteogenic marker genes, all of which increased further under mechanical stress. These results suggest that Osx might play an important role in the mechanical stress-induced osteogenic differentiation of PDLC and therefore be involved in alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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16
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Martino CF, Belchenko D, Ferguson V, Nielsen-Preiss S, Qi HJ. The effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the cellular activity of SaOS-2 cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2008; 29:125-32. [PMID: 18027839 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been used for treatments of nonunion bone fracture healing for more than three decades, the underlying cellular mechanism of bone formation promoted by PEMFs is still unclear. It has been observed that a series of parameters such as pulse shape and frequency should be carefully controlled to achieve effective treatments. In this article, the effects of PEMFs with repetitive pulse burst waveform on the cellular activity of SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells were investigated. In particular, cell proliferation and mineralization due to the imposed PEMFs were assessed through direct cell counts, the MTT assay, tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining. PEMF stimulation with repetitive pulse burst waveform did not affect metabolic activity and cell number. However, the ALP activity of SaOS-2 cells and mineral nodule formation increased significantly after PEMF stimulation. These observations suggest that repetitive pulse burst PEMF does not affect cellular metabolism; however, it may play a role in the enhancement of SaOS-2 cell mineralization. We are currently investigating cellular responses under different PEMF waveforms and Western blots for protein expression of bone mineralization specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Martino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Wei F, Wang C, Zhou G, Liu D, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Yang Q. The effect of centrifugal force on the mRNA and protein levels of ATF4 in cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:35-43. [PMID: 17826733 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the changes of ATF4 expression in cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF) after mechanical stimuli, and to investigate whether ATF4 is essential for the mechanical stress-induced hPDLF differentiation. METHODS Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were used to examine mRNA and protein levels of ATF4 expression in hPDLFs after application of centrifugal force. pMyc-ATF4 transfected cells were subjected to centrifugal force for 30min, and the changes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), collagen I (COLI), bone sialoprotein (BSP) genes were measured to assess the differentiation of hPDLFs. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of ATF4 increased shortly and then decreased rapidly towards its pre-pressure levels. Overexpression of pMyc-ATF4 exhibited a greater increase in ALP activity and all four osteogenic genes compared to the untransfected cells in response to the centrifugal force. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ATF4 is essential in response of hPDLFs to mechanical stress, resulting in increased differentiation of hPDLFs to osteoblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulan Wei
- Department of Orthodontics, Shandong University, Shandong Province, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
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Li J, Jiang L, Liao G, Chen G, Liu Y, Wang J, Zheng Y, Luo S, Zhao Z. Centrifugal forces within usually-used magnitude elicited a transitory and reversible change in proliferation and gene expression of osteoblastic cells UMR-106. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 36:299-305. [PMID: 18034372 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Centrifugation is an important step in biochemical and molecular biological researches. But the effects of centrifugal stress on cells are still unclear. In this study, osteoblastic cells UMR-106 were subjected to a moderate centrifugal stress at 209 x g for 10 min. Then the cell proliferation and gene transcription after centrifugation were analyzed with flow cytometry and Real-time RT-PCR techniques, respectively. The result showed that the cell proliferation and mRNA expression of Runx2/Cbfa1, Collagen I and osteocalcin changed shortly after centrifugal loading, but recovered to pre-load levels within 24 h. A dose-response study of exposure cells to centrifugal force at 209, 253 and 301 x g showed that the centrifugal forces within usually-used range can rapidly influenced the mRNA expression of the osteoblast-specific genes, but no statistical differences were found among the three centrifugal magnitudes. And the fast regulation in the investigated genes was proved to be related to increased c-fos mRNA levels and subsequent activation of RTK and integrity of cytoskeleton construction. The result showed that the osteoblastic cells displayed a fast auto-regulation to usually-used centrifugal stress through multiple signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Orthodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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Li J, Zhao Z, Wang J, Chen G, Yang J, Luo S. The role of extracellular matrix, integrins, and cytoskeleton in mechanotransduction of centrifugal loading. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 309:41-8. [PMID: 18026855 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The study was aimed to investigate the role of the "extracellular matrix (ECM)-integrins-cytoskeleton" signal pathway in mechanotransduction of centrifugal loading. MG-63 osteoblasts were exposed to centrifugal loading at 209xg for 10 min. Uncentrifuged cells and centrifuged cells that have been trypsinized and suspended in liquors were designed as control. The changes in F-actin and alpha-actin cytoskeleton, gene transcription of ECM components, and integrins expression were analyzed by LSCM, Real-Time RT-PCR and FCM, respectively. A temporary and fast reversible change was observed in F-actin and alpha-actin cytoskeleton. And the change was paralleled with the fast autoregulation in gene transcription of ECM components of fibronection, osteopontin and Collagen I, and integrins expression of both alpha2 and beta1 subunits. The result suggested that cytoskeleton was a possible mechanical sensor to centrifugal stimuli, and the cytoskeleton regulation to centrifugal loading was in an ECM-dependent and integrin-mediated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Orthodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Baumert U, Golan I, Driemel O, Reichert TE, Reicheneder C, Muessig D, Rose E. [Cleidocranial dysplasia. Description and analysis of a patient cohort]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 10:385-93. [PMID: 17051365 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-006-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare dysplasia of bony and dental tissue. Characteristic are typical craniofacial and dental findings including morphological anomalies. CCD is possibly the only general syndrome that can be diagnosed based on the dental findings alone. CCD correlates with mutations in the RUNX2 gene. PURPOSE The present interdisciplinary study correlates phenotypic findings with genetic variations in the corresponding gene. PATIENTS AND METHODS The coding sequence of the RUNX2 gene from 31 CCD patients from 20 families was analyzed using molecular genetic methods including polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. The craniofacial and dental findings of each patient were evaluated according to a standardized scoring scheme and tested with homogeneity analysis for general phenotypic findings. RESULTS Several mutations of the RUNX2 gene were identified. Depending on the mutation type, they showed different distribution patterns within the gene coinciding with the functional domains of the gene product. With homogeneity analysis of the phenotype cardinal (especially dental findings) and minor findings (pneumatization disturbances, Wormian bones) were identified. In combination with the genetic data, the statistical analysis showed that loss-of-function mutations of the RUNX2 gene result in a milder markedness of the CCD phenotype than gain-of-function or decrease-of-function mutations. CONCLUSIONS We found that type and location of a specific mutation within the RUNX2 gene might have an impact on the expressivity of CCD. Due to the limited sampling size this hypothesis must be verified by investigations in larger patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Baumert
- AG Kraniofaziale Genetik/Tissue Engineering, BioPark Regensburg, Zentrum für Medizinische Biotechnologie, Josef-Engert-Strasse 9, 93051 Regensburg, Germany.
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