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Gurunathan S, Lee AR, Kim JH. Antifungal Effect of Nanoparticles against COVID-19 Linked Black Fungus: A Perspective on Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12526. [PMID: 36293381 PMCID: PMC9604067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that has caused a 'coronavirus disease 2019' (COVID-19) pandemic in multiple waves, which threatens human health and public safety. During this pandemic, some patients with COVID-19 acquired secondary infections, such as mucormycosis, also known as black fungus disease. Mucormycosis is a serious, acute, and deadly fungal infection caused by Mucorales-related fungal species, and it spreads rapidly. Hence, prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary to avoid high mortality and morbidity rates. Major risk factors for this disease include uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression that can also facilitate increases in mucormycosis infections. The extensive use of steroids to prevent the worsening of COVID-19 can lead to black fungus infection. Generally, antifungal agents dedicated to medical applications must be biocompatible, non-toxic, easily soluble, efficient, and hypoallergenic. They should also provide long-term protection against fungal growth. COVID-19-related black fungus infection causes a severe increase in fatalities. Therefore, there is a strong need for the development of novel and efficient antimicrobial agents. Recently, nanoparticle-containing products available in the market have been used as antimicrobial agents to prevent bacterial growth, but little is known about their efficacy with respect to preventing fungal growth, especially black fungus. The present review focuses on the effect of various types of metal nanoparticles, specifically those containing silver, zinc oxide, gold, copper, titanium, magnetic, iron, and carbon, on the growth of various types of fungi. We particularly focused on how these nanoparticles can impact the growth of black fungus. We also discussed black fungus co-infection in the context of the global COVID-19 outbreak, and management and guidelines to help control COVID-19-associated black fungus infection. Finally, this review aimed to elucidate the relationship between COVID-19 and mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ah Reum Lee
- CHA Advanced Research Institute, CHA Medical Center, 335 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13488, Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Thiurunavukkarau R, Shanmugam S, Subramanian K, Pandi P, Muralitharan G, Arokiarajan M, Kasinathan K, Sivaraj A, Kalyanasundaram R, AlOmar SY, Shanmugam V. Silver nanoparticles synthesized from the seaweed Sargassum polycystum and screening for their biological potential. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14757. [PMID: 36042243 PMCID: PMC9427740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
World-wide antimicrobial resistant is biggest threat in global health. It requires the urgent need of multisectoral action for the scientific community to achieve the sustainable development Goals. Due to their antimicrobial properties, silver nanoparticles are potential activates to pathogens, which explains their potential for multiple applications in various fields. In the present studies, we evaluate the antimicrobial properties of a Sargassum polycystum algal extract, an unrivaled green synthetic method for producing -defined shaped seaweed silver nanoparticles. To confirm their structure and size, some characterization techniques are used, such as Absorption spectrophotometer (UV-VIS), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Evaluate the antibacterial and anti-mycobacterial activity using silver nanoparticles. The toxicity study of this silver nanoparticle has been done with the help of zebrafish larva. The biological nanoparticle having good antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Candida albicans and also it shows potent activity against MTB H37Rv, SHRE sensitive MTB Rifampicin resistant MTB around 98%. Seaweed nanoparticles had lower toxicity for the survival of the fish larvae. In comparison, other dosages will arrest the cell cycle and leads to death. The present finding revealed that these seaweeds nanoparticles have potential anti-mycobacterial activity against pathogens at low concentrations. This makes them a potent source of antibacterial and anti-TB agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekar Thiurunavukkarau
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Chennai, 600 119, India.
| | - Sabarika Shanmugam
- Departmentof Microbiology, Centre of Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tami Nadu, India
| | - Kumaran Subramanian
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Chennai, 600 119, India.
| | - Priyadarshini Pandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohamed Sathak College of Arts and Science, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gangatharan Muralitharan
- Departmentof Microbiology, Centre of Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tami Nadu, India
| | - Maryshamya Arokiarajan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Chennai, 600 119, India
| | - Karthika Kasinathan
- Departmentof Microbiology, Centre of Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tami Nadu, India
| | - Anbarasu Sivaraj
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Chennai, 600 119, India
| | - Revathy Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Chennai, 600 119, India
| | - Suliman Yousef AlOmar
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, Kind Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Chopra H, Bibi S, Singh I, Hasan MM, Khan MS, Yousafi Q, Baig AA, Rahman MM, Islam F, Emran TB, Cavalu S. Green Metallic Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:874742. [PMID: 35464722 PMCID: PMC9019488 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.874742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current advancements in nanotechnology and nanoscience have resulted in new nanomaterials, which may pose health and environmental risks. Furthermore, several researchers are working to optimize ecologically friendly procedures for creating metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The primary goal is to decrease the adverse effects of synthetic processes, their accompanying chemicals, and the resulting complexes. Utilizing various biomaterials for nanoparticle preparation is a beneficial approach in green nanotechnology. Furthermore, using the biological qualities of nature through a variety of activities is an excellent way to achieve this goal. Algae, plants, bacteria, and fungus have been employed to make energy-efficient, low-cost, and nontoxic metallic nanoparticles in the last few decades. Despite the environmental advantages of using green chemistry-based biological synthesis over traditional methods as discussed in this article, there are some unresolved issues such as particle size and shape consistency, reproducibility of the synthesis process, and understanding of the mechanisms involved in producing metallic nanoparticles via biological entities. Consequently, there is a need for further research to analyze and comprehend the real biological synthesis-dependent processes. This is currently an untapped hot research topic that required more investment to properly leverage the green manufacturing of metallic nanoparticles through living entities. The review covers such green methods of synthesizing nanoparticles and their utilization in the scientific world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Saad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Qudsia Yousafi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Yosri N, Khalifa SAM, Guo Z, Xu B, Zou X, El-Seedi HR. Marine organisms: Pioneer natural sources of polysaccharides/proteins for green synthesis of nanoparticles and their potential applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1767-1798. [PMID: 34752793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Current innovations in the marine bionanotechnology arena are supporting and stimulating developments in other fields, including nanomedicine, pharmaceuticals, sensors, environmental trends, food, and agriculture aspects. Many oceanic creatures, particularly algae, plants, bacteria, yeast, fungi, cyanobacteria, actinomyces, invertebrates, animals and sponges can survive under extreme circumstances. They can biogenerate a broad spectrum of phytochemicals/metabolites, including proteins, peptides, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, carbohydrate polymers, polysaccharides, sulfated polysaccharides, polysaccharide-protein complexes such as carrageenan, fucoidanase, fucoidan, carboxymethyl cellulose, poly-γ-glutamic acid, sugar residues with proteins, melanin, haemocyanin, etc). These products exhibit exclusive advantages that offer pioneering roles in the eco-friendly fabrication of several nanoparticles (NPs) i.e., Ag, Au, Ru, Fe2O3, Cobalt (III) Oxide (Co2O3), ZnO and Ag@AgCl within a single phase. Importantly, marine organisms can biosynthesize NPs in two modes, namely extracellular and intracellular. Biosynthesized NPs can be characterized using various methodologies among them, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Taken together, this review focuses on the green synthesis of metallic, metallic oxides and nonmetallic NPs utilizing extracts/derivatives from marine organisms based on eco-friendly green biogenic procedures. Moreover, significant attention is given to the medicinal and industrial importance of such marine organisms mediated NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen Yosri
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, 32512 Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
| | - Shaden A M Khalifa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhiming Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Programme of Food Science and Technology, BNU-HKBU United International College, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, 32512 Shebin El-Kom, Egypt; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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