Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities of Bi subnitrate and BiNPs produced by Delftia sp. SFG against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis

Biosynthesis and Properties of Bismuth Nanoparticles: A Review

Today, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important among researchers around the world by helping them diagnose and treat various diseases that can threaten human life. Bismuth nanoparticles are among the numerous metal nanoparticles widely used due to their potential therapeutic applications. Variety of studies displayed the high potentials of bismuth nanoparticles in extraordinary antibacterial, antibiofilm, anticancer, and antioxidant effects, and it seems that these potentials can be used to address the challenges in the treatment of many diseases. They are among the metal nanoparticles biosynthesized by the green synthesis method in many studies. The use of green synthesis of nanoparticles has attracted the interest of many investigators because of its environmental friendliness, non-toxicity, and high stability. Microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes, viruses, marine algae, and plants have been found to have the inherent potential to create metal nanoparticles intracellularly or extracellularly and are recognized as viable biofactories for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. The goal of this review article was to assess synthesized bismuth nanoparticles based on their green synthesis methods; properties in terms of shape, size, synthesis origin, and structure; and biological applications, including their antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and cytotoxic uses.

Antibacterial efficacy of novel bismuth-silver nanoparticles synthesis on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli infection models

Introduction

The emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria is one of the main concerns in the health sector worldwide. The conventional strategies for treatment and prophylaxis against microbial infections include the use of antibiotics. However, these drugs are failing due to the increasing antimicrobial resistance. The unavailability of effective antibiotics highlights the need to discover effective alternatives to combat bacterial infections. One option is the use of metallic nanoparticles, which are toxic to some microorganisms due to their nanometric size.

Methods

In this study we (1) synthesize and characterize bismuth and silver nanoparticles, (2) evaluate the antibacterial activity of NPs against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in several infection models (in vivo models: infected wound and sepsis and in vitro model: mastitis), and we (3) determine the cytotoxic effect on several cell lines representative of the skin tissue.

Results and discussion

We obtained bimetallic nanoparticles of bismuth and silver in a stable aqueous solution from a single reaction by chemical synthesis. These nanoparticles show antibacterial activity on S. aureus and E. coli in vitro without cytotoxic effects on fibroblast, endothelial vascular, and mammary epithelium cell lines. In an infected-wound mice model, antibacterial effect was observed, without effect on in vitro mastitis and sepsis models.

Metal-based nanoparticles: an alternative treatment for biofilm infection in hard-to-heal wounds

Metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs) are promoted as effective compounds in the treatment of bacterial infections and as possible alternatives to antibiotics. These MNPs are known to affect a broad spectrum of microorganisms using a multitude of strategies, including the induction of reactive oxygen species and interaction with the inner structures of the bacterial cells. The aim of this review was to summarise the latest studies about the effect of metal-based nanoparticles on pathogenic bacterial biofilm formed in wounds, using the examples of Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as provide an overview of possible clinical applications.

Green synthesis of Ag and Cu-doped Bismuth oxide nanoparticles: Revealing synergistic antimicrobial and selective cytotoxic potentials for biomedical advancements

BACKGROUND

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative realm of exploration across diverse scientific domains. A particular focus lies on metal oxide nanoparticles, which boast distinctive physicochemical attributes on the nanoscale. Of note, green synthesis has emerged as a promising avenue, leveraging plant extracts as both reduction and capping agents. This approach offers environmentally friendly and cost-effective avenues for generating monodispersed nanoparticles with precise morphologies.

METHODS

In this investigation, we embarked on the synthesis of Bismuth oxide nanoparticles, both in their pure form and doped with silver (Ag) and copper (Cu). This synthesis harnessed the potential of Biebersteinia multifida extract as a versatile reducing agent. To comprehensively characterize the synthesized nanoparticles, a suite of analytical techniques was employed, including energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.

RESULTS

The synthesized nanoparticles underwent a rigorous assessment. Their antibacterial attributes were probed, revealing a pronounced enhancement in antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria upon metal nanoparticle doping. Furthermore, their potential for combating cancer was scrutinized, with the nanoparticles exhibiting selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, U87, compared to normal 3T3 cells. Notably, among the doped nanoparticles, Cu-doped variants demonstrated the highest potency, further underscoring their promising potential.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the present study underscores the efficacy of green synthesized Bismuth oxide nanoparticles, particularly those doped with Ag and Cu, in augmenting antibacterial efficacy, bolstering biofilm inhibition, and manifesting selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. These findings portend a promising trajectory for these nanoparticles in the spheres of biomedicine and therapeutics. As we look ahead, a deeper elucidation of their mechanistic underpinnings and in vivo investigations are essential to fully unlock their potential for forthcoming biomedical applications.

Bismuth nanoparticles against microbial infections

The destructive effect of infectious diseases on human life and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains highlight the importance of developing new and appropriate treatment strategies, one of which is the use of metals as therapeutic agents. Bismuth nanoparticles are an example of prominent metal-containing drugs. The therapeutic effects of bismuth-based drugs in the treatment of wounds have been proven. Various laboratory studies have confirmed the antimicrobial effects of bismuth nanoparticles, including the clinical treatment of ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori. Therefore, considering the performance of this nanoparticle and its potent effect on infectious agents and its therapeutic dimensions, the present study fully investigated the properties and performance of this metal-based nanoparticle.

In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial effect of colloidal bismuth subcitrate on Porphyromonas gingivalis and its biofilm

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS) on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) in its planktonic and biofilm forms and also compare it with that of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX).

DESIGN

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CBS were determined by the microdilution method; the bacteriostatic rate of CBS was determined by the MTT assay; the effect of CBS on the membrane integrity of P. gingivalis was investigated by the flow cytometric methods. The effects of CBS on the biomass and bacterial activity of biofilm were investigated. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the activity and structure of biofilms.

RESULTS

The MIC and MBC values were 18.75 µg/mL and 37.5 µg/mL. CBS could damage the cell membrane of P. gingivalis. CBS effectively inhibited biofilm formation and promoted dissociation at higher concentrations of 37.5 µg/mL and 75 µg/mL, respectively. The results also indicated an altered biofilm structure and reduced biofilm thickness and bacterial aggregation.

CONCLUSIONS

CBS affected the metabolic and physiological processes of P. gingivalis, inhibited the formation of biofilm, and disrupted the mature biofilm.

Microflow synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic dye degradation performance of antibacterial Bi2O3 nanoparticles

Microreactors can play a crucial role in synthesis and rapid testing of various nanocatalyst to be used in addressing the issue of environmental contamination. We have reported the rapid fabrication of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based microreactor for the flow synthesis and enhanced inline photocatalysis of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles. A T-shaped microreactor with uniform circular cross-sectional channel having inner diameter of 450 μm was utilized for synthesizing Bi2O3 nanoparticles with narrow size distribution. Further, photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency for methyl orange (MO) was recorded by coating these Bi2O3 nanoparticles within the inner walls of PMMA-based serpentine microreactors under visible light. The enhanced dye degradation efficiency of as high as 96% within just 15 min of irradiation is reported. A comparative analysis has also been done for both conventional as well as the in-channel photocatalysis highlighting the advantages of microreactor based photocatalysis over the conventional method. Bi2O3 nanoparticles also showed excellent stability even after three cycles indicating reusability of coated microreactors in photocatalysis. The small concentration of as synthesized Bi2O3 nanoparticles also demonstrated high efficacy for the inhibition of Escherichia coli bacterial pathogens.

Targeting microbial biofilms: by Arctium lappa l. synthesised biocompatible CeO2-NPs encapsulated in nano-chitosan

This study is planned to synthesise new biocompatible, nano antimicrobial formulation against biofilm producing strains. Aqueous root extract of Arctium lappa l. was used to synthesise ceria nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs). The synthesised nanoparticles were encapsulated with nano-chitosan by sol-gel method and characterised using standard techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer of Arctium lappa l. revealed the presence of ethanol, acetone, 1- propanol, 2-methylethane, 1,1-di-ethoxy, 1-Butanol, and oleic acid acted as reducing and surface stabilising agents for tailoring morphology of CeO2-NPs. Erythrocyte integrity after treatment with synthesised nanomaterials was evaluated by spectrophotometer measurement of haemoglobin release having biocompatibility. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of mono dispersed beads shaped particles with mean particle size of 26.2 nm. X-ray diffractometry revealed cubic crystalline structure having size of 28.0 nm. After encapsulation by nano-chitosan, the size of CeO2-NPs enhances to 48.8 nm making average coverage of about 22.6 nm. The synthesised nanomaterials were found effective to disrupt biofilm of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, encapsulated CeO2-NPs revealed powerful antibacterial and biofilm disruption activity examined by fluorescent live/dead staining using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The superior antibacterial activities exposed by encapsulated CeO2-NPs lead to the conclusion that they could be useful for controlling biofilm producing multidrug resistance pathogens.

The versatile biomedical applications of bismuth-based nanoparticles and composites: therapeutic, diagnostic, biosensing, and regenerative properties

Studies of nanosized forms of bismuth (Bi)-containing materials have recently expanded from optical, chemical, electronic, and engineering fields towards biomedicine, as a result of their safety, cost-effective fabrication processes, large surface area, high stability, and high versatility in terms of shape, size, and porosity. Bi, as a nontoxic and inexpensive diamagnetic heavy metal, has been used for the fabrication of various nanoparticles (NPs) with unique structural, physicochemical, and compositional features to combine various properties, such as a favourably high X-ray attenuation coefficient and near-infrared (NIR) absorbance, excellent light-to-heat conversion efficiency, and a long circulation half-life. These features have rendered bismuth-containing nanoparticles (BiNPs) with desirable performance for combined cancer therapy, photothermal and radiation therapy (RT), multimodal imaging, theranostics, drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue engineering. Bismuth oxyhalides (BiO_x, where X is Cl, Br or I) and bismuth chalcogenides, including bismuth oxide, bismuth sulfide, bismuth selenide, and bismuth telluride, have been heavily investigated for therapeutic purposes. The pharmacokinetics of these BiNPs can be easily improved via the facile modification of their surfaces with biocompatible polymers and proteins, resulting in enhanced colloidal stability, extended blood circulation, and reduced toxicity. Desirable antibacterial effects, bone regeneration potential, and tumor growth suppression under NIR laser radiation are the main biomedical research areas involving BiNPs that have opened up a new paradigm for their future clinical translation. This review emphasizes the synthesis and state-of-the-art progress related to the biomedical applications of BiNPs with different structures, sizes, and compositions. Furthermore, a comprehensive discussion focusing on challenges and future opportunities is presented.

Nystatin-mediated bismuth oxide nano-drug synthesis using gamma rays for increasing the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against some pathogenic bacteria andCandidaspecies

The novelty of the present research is the synthesis of bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi₂O₃ NPs) loaded with the antifungal nystatin drug via gamma rays for increased synergistic antimicrobial potential against some pathogenic bacteria and Candida species. The full characterization of the synthesized Bi₂O₃ NPs-Nystatin was achieved by XRD, FT-IR, HR-TEM, and SEM/EDX mapping techniques in order to analyze the crystallinity, chemical functional groups, average particle size, morphology, and elemental structure, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of Bi₂O₃ NPs-Nystatin were examined against pathogenic bacteria and Candida species, including the zone of inhibition (ZOI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and antibiofilm activity. Additionally, the SEM/EDX method was performed to investigate the mode of action on the treated Candida cells. Our results revealed that Bi₂O₃ NPs-Nystatin possessed a well-crystallized semi-spherical shape with an average particle size of 27.97 nm. EDX elemental study of the synthesized Bi₂O₃ NPs-Nystatin indicated a high level of purity. Interestingly, the synthesized Bi₂O₃ NPs-Nystatin displayed encouraging antibacterial behavior against almost all the tested bacteria and a synergistic antifungal potential toward the investigated Candida species. Additionally, Bi₂O₃ NPs-Nystatin was found to be a promising antibiofilm agent, resulting in inhibition percentages of 94.15% and 84.85% against C. albicans (1) and E. coli, respectively. The present research provides a revolutionary nano-drug-based solution to address the increasing global resistance of pathogenic microbes at low concentrations, thus offering a new infectious disease treatment technique that is cost effective, eco-friendly, and works in an acceptable time frame.

The four common mechanisms of the antimicrobial activity of Bi₂O₃ NPs-Nystatin.