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Li H, Wu M, Zhao X. Role of chemokine systems in cancer and inflammatory diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e147. [PMID: 35702353 PMCID: PMC9175564 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a large family of small secreted proteins that have fundamental roles in organ development, normal physiology, and immune responses upon binding to their corresponding receptors. The primary functions of chemokines are to coordinate and recruit immune cells to and from tissues and to participate in regulating interactions between immune cells. In addition to the generally recognized antimicrobial immunity, the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis also exerts a tumorigenic function in many different cancer models and is involved in the formation of immunosuppressive and protective tumor microenvironment (TME), making them potential prognostic markers for various hematologic and solid tumors. In fact, apart from its vital role in tumors, almost all inflammatory diseases involve chemokines and their receptors in one way or another. Modulating the expression of chemokines and/or their corresponding receptors on tumor cells or immune cells provides the basis for the exploitation of new drugs for clinical evaluation in the treatment of related diseases. Here, we summarize recent advances of chemokine systems in protumor and antitumor immune responses and discuss the prevailing understanding of how the chemokine system operates in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we also emphatically highlight the complexity of the chemokine system and explore its potential to guide the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of EducationWest China Second HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth DakotaUSA
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of EducationWest China Second HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Zhang Y, Feng X, Du M, Ding J, Liu P. Salvianolic acid B attenuates the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis by regulating MAPKs/ NF-κB signaling pathways in LDLR-/- mice and RAW264.7 cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221079468. [PMID: 35285334 PMCID: PMC9118216 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221079468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is the main effective water-soluble
component of Salvia miltiorrhiza. In this study, the anti-inflammatory
effect of Sal B was explored in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced LDLR-/- mice and oxidized
low-density-lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7
cells. Methods: The LDLR-/- mice were randomly divided into four groups after
12 weeks of high-fat diet. Then, the mice were administrated with 0.9% saline or Sal B
(25 mg/kg) or Atorvastatin (1.3 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. RAW 264.7 cells were induced with
ox-LDL/LPS, or ox-LDL/LPS plus different concentrations of Sal B (1.25 μg/mL, 2.5 μg/mL,
5 μg/mL), or ox-LDL plus Sal B plus MAPKs activators. ELISA was used for detecting serum
lipid profiles and inflammatory cytokines, RT-qPCR used for gene expression, Oil Red O
used for plaque sizes, and immunofluorescence staining used for NF-κB p65 and TNF-α
production. Inflammation-related proteins and MAPKs pathways were detected by Western
Blot. Results: The results showed that Sal B decreased the levels of serum
lipids (TC, TG, and LDL-C), attenuated inflammatory cytokines, and improved lipid
accumulation in the aorta. Sal B also attenuated the elevation of inflammatory cytokines
induced by ox-LDL or LPS in RAW264.7 cells, and the phosphorylation of MAPKs/NF-κB
pathways in the aorta and RAW264.7 cells, resulting in a significant decrease in the
contents of p-JNK, p-ERK 1/2, p-P38, p-IκB, and p-NF-κB p65. Conclusions: Sal
B could exert anti-inflammatory effects on atherosclerosis via MAPKs/NF-κB signaling
pathways in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoteng Feng
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Du
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Denegri A, Boriani G. High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hsCRP) and its Implications in Cardiovascular Outcomes. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:263-275. [PMID: 32679014 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200717090334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its fearsome complications represent the first cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the last two decades, several pieces of evidence have been accumulated, suggesting a central role of inflammation in atheroma development. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a well-established marker of cardiovascular (CV) disease; high levels of hsCRP have been associated with adverse CV outcome after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and, despite some controversy, an active role for hsCRP in initiation and development of the atherosclerotic plaque has been also proposed. Randomized clinical trials focusing on hsCRP have been crucial in elucidating the anti-inflammatory effects of statin therapy. Thus, hsCRP has been progressively considered a real CV risk factor likewise to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), expanding the concept of residual CV inflammatory risk. Subsequent research has been designed to investigate potential new targets of atherothrombotic protection. Despite the fact that the clinical usefulness of hsCRP is widely recognized, hsCRP may not represent the ideal target of specific anti-inflammatory therapies. Clinical investigations, therefore, have also focused on other inflammatory mediators, restricting hsCRP to an indicator rather than a therapeutic target. The aim of the present review is to provide an illustrative overview of the current knowledge of atherosclerosis and inflammation, highlighting the most representative clinical studies of lipid-lowering and antiinflammatory therapies focused on hsCRP in CV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Denegri
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 71, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Boriani
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Largo del Pozzo, 71, 41125, Modena, Italy
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Tham YY, Choo QC, Muhammad TST, Chew CH. Lauric acid alleviates insulin resistance by improving mitochondrial biogenesis in THP-1 macrophages. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9595-9607. [PMID: 33259010 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the central pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Macrophages play important roles in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Lauric acid is a 12-carbon medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) found abundantly in coconut oil or palm kernel oil and it comes with multiple beneficial effects. This research objective was to uncover the effects of the lauric acid on glucose uptake, mitochondrial function and mitochondrial biogenesis in insulin-resistant macrophages. THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and induce insulin resistance, before they were treated with increasing doses of lauric acid (5 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM, and 50 μM). Glucose uptake assay, cellular ROS and ATP production assays, mitochondrial content and membrane potential assay were carried out to analyse the effects of lauric acid on insulin resistance and mitochondrial biogenesis in the macrophages. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis were also performed to determine the expression of the key regulators. Insulin-resistant macrophages showed lower glucose uptake, GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 expression, and increased hallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, lauric acid treatment upregulated glucose uptake, GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 expressions. The treatment also restored the mitochondrial biogenesis in the insulin-resistant macrophages by improving ATP production, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial content and potential, while it promoted the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis regulator genes such as TFAM, PGC-1α and PPAR-γ. We show here that lauric acid has the potential to improve insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial dysregulation in insulin-resistant macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yao Tham
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Quok Cheong Choo
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | | | - Choy Hoong Chew
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
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Meng H, Wang X, Ruan J, Chen W, Meng F, Yang P. High Expression Levels of the SOCS3 Gene Are Associated with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2020; 24:443-450. [PMID: 32589469 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The present study was designed to evaluate whether the expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) gene could serve as a biomarker to predict the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Basic Methods: Peripheral white blood cells were collected from 113 patients with AMI and 92 patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD). SOCS3 mRNA expression levels in peripheral blood cells were determined by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and levels of the SOCS3 protein were determined by Western blotting. Results: The mRNA expression levels of the SOCS3 gene in AMI patients was 1.33-fold higher than that in the SCAD patients, and the level of the SOCS3 protein was 1.25-fold higher (p < 0.05 for both). Bivariate logistic regression analysis documented that elevated expression of the SOCS3 gene was an independent risk factor for AMI. A regression analysis demonstrated a lack of correlation between elevated expression levels of SOCS3 and the levels of fasting blood glucose high- and low-density lipoprotein, and cardiac troponin. Conclusions: Elevated expression of the SOCS3 gene results most likely from enhanced inflammatory responses and is an independent risk factor for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Meng
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic Diagnosis (Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Endothelial Function and Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Molecular Biology Research Center for Precision Medicine of Major Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Cardiovascular Research Institute), Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic Diagnosis (Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Endothelial Function and Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Molecular Biology Research Center for Precision Medicine of Major Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Cardiovascular Research Institute), Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianjun Ruan
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic Diagnosis (Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Endothelial Function and Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Molecular Biology Research Center for Precision Medicine of Major Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Cardiovascular Research Institute), Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic Diagnosis (Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Endothelial Function and Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Molecular Biology Research Center for Precision Medicine of Major Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Cardiovascular Research Institute), Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fanbo Meng
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic Diagnosis (Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Endothelial Function and Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Molecular Biology Research Center for Precision Medicine of Major Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Cardiovascular Research Institute), Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Genetic Diagnosis (Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Endothelial Function and Genetic Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Molecular Biology Research Center for Precision Medicine of Major Cardiovascular Disease; Jilin Provincial Cardiovascular Research Institute), Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Li B, Li W, Li X, Zhou H. Inflammation: A Novel Therapeutic Target/Direction in Atherosclerosis. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:1216-1227. [PMID: 28034355 PMCID: PMC6302344 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161230142931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the viewpoint of atherosclerosis has been replaced gradually by a lipid-driven, chronic, low-grade inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Current treatment of atherosclerosis is focused on limiting its risk factors, such as hyperlipidemia or hypertension. However, treatment targeting the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis is still very limited and deserves further attention to fight atherosclerosis successfully. Here, we review the current development of inflammation and atherosclerosis to discuss novel insights and potential targets in atherosclerosis, and to address drug discovery based on anti-inflammatory strategy in atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038. China
| | - Weihong Li
- Assisted Reproductive Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016. China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharamacy, The Third Military Medical University, P.O. Box: 400038, Chongqing. China
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Komiyama M, Takanabe R, Ono K, Shimada S, Wada H, Yamakage H, Satoh-Asahara N, Morimoto T, Shimatsu A, Takahashi Y, Hasegawa K. Association between monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and blood pressure in smokers. J Int Med Res 2017; 46:965-974. [PMID: 29098933 PMCID: PMC5972233 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517723415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The expression level of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is increased in atherosclerotic regions, inducing monocyte migration to the blood vessel wall. Although the serum MCP-1 concentration is higher in patients with than without cardiovascular disease, the precise correlations between the serum MCP-1 concentration and factors associated with smoking and atherosclerosis are unknown. Methods The serum MCP-1 concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 207 consecutive smokers who visited our smoking cessation clinic. Results Sex-adjusted analysis of smokers revealed that the MCP-1 concentration was positively correlated with age (β = 0.311), smoking duration (β = 0.342), systolic blood pressure (β = 0.225), and diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.137) but not with the body mass index. Multivariate regression analysis showed that smoking duration and systolic blood pressure were independent determinants of the MCP-1 concentration. Conclusions The MCP-1 concentration was positively correlated with blood pressure among smokers. Long-term smokers with high blood pressure may be more susceptible to plaque rupture at atherosclerotic lesion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Komiyama
- 1 Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rieko Takanabe
- 1 Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koh Ono
- 2 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shimada
- 1 Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Wada
- 1 Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hajime Yamakage
- 1 Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- 1 Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morimoto
- 3 Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Shimatsu
- 1 Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Takahashi
- 1 Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Hasegawa
- 1 Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
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Zhong ZX, Li B, Li CR, Zhang QF, Liu ZD, Zhang PF, Gu XF, Luo H, Li MJ, Luo HS, Ye GH, Wen FL. Role of chemokines in promoting instability of coronary atherosclerotic plaques and the underlying molecular mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 48:161-6. [PMID: 25424368 PMCID: PMC4321222 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the role of chemokines in promoting instability of
coronary atherosclerotic plaques and the underlying molecular mechanism. Coronary
angiography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) were performed in 60 stable angina
pectoris (SAP) patients and 60 unstable angina pectoris (UAP) patients. The
chemotactic activity of monocytes in the 2 groups of patients was examined in
Transwell chambers. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), monocyte
chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation in normal T-cell expressed
and secreted (RANTES), and fractalkine in serum were examined with ELISA kits, and
expression of MCP-1, RANTES, and fractalkine mRNA was examined with real-time PCR. In
the SAP group, 92 plaques were detected with IVUS. In the UAP group, 96 plaques were
detected with IVUS. The plaques in the UAP group were mainly lipid 51.04% (49/96) and
the plaques in the SAP group were mainly fibrous 52.17% (48/92). Compared with the
SAP group, the plaque burden and vascular remodeling index in the UAP group were
significantly greater than in the SAP group (P<0.01). Chemotactic activity and the
number of mobile monocytes in the UAP group were significantly greater than in the
SAP group (P<0.01). Concentrations of hs-CRP, MCP-1, RANTES, and fractalkine in
the serum of the UAP group were significantly higher than in the serum of the SAP
group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and expression of MCP-1, RANTES, and fractalkine mRNA
was significantly higher than in the SAP group (P<0.05). MCP-1, RANTES, and
fractalkine probably promote instability of coronary atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Li
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - C R Li
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Q F Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z D Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - P F Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - X F Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M J Li
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - H S Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - G H Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
| | - F L Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Meizhou Hospital Affiliated to Zhongshan University, Meizhou, Guangdong, China
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