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Mortezaee A, Sobati MA, Movahedirad S, Shahhosseini S. An experimental investigation on the oxidative desulfurization of a mineral lubricant base oil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1951-1968. [PMID: 34900318 PMCID: PMC8617150 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of Sn 650 base oil with total sulfur content of 10,000 ppmw has been investigated experimentally. The response surface methodology (RSM) considering Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to examine the impacts of the oxidation temperature (30-70˚C), hydrogen peroxide to sulfur molar ratio (2-8), and formic acid to sulfur molar ratio (20-60) on the sulfur removal. In the next step, the appropriate values of the independent variables such as stirrer speed (750-1250 rpm), reaction time (60-180 min), and the number of extraction stages (1-4) were determined based on the optimal result obtained from the BBD. The best performance of the ODS process was found at a reaction temperature of 58˚C, an oxidant to sulfur molar ratio of 7.35, a formic acid to sulfur molar ratio of 58.5, a reaction time of 150 min, and a stirrer speed of 1250 rpm for the oxidation reaction. The achieved sulfur removal after oxidation followed by liquid-liquid extraction was 32 %, and 60 % for one extraction and three extraction stages, respectively. The changes in the base oil specifications after the ODS treatment were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mortezaee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Sobati
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Movahedirad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Shahhosseini
- School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
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Zhao J, Wang D, Zhang F, Liu Y, Chen B, Wang ZL, Pan J, Larsson R, Shi Y. Real-Time and Online Lubricating Oil Condition Monitoring Enabled by Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11869-11879. [PMID: 34170109 PMCID: PMC8320232 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An intelligent monitoring lubricant is essential for the development of smart machines because unexpected and fatal failures of critical dynamic components in the machines happen every day, threatening the life and health of humans. Inspired by the triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) work on water, we present a feasible way to prepare a self-powered triboelectric sensor for real-time monitoring of lubricating oils via the contact electrification process of oil-solid contact (O-S TENG). Typical intruding contaminants in pure base oils can be successfully monitored. The O-S TENG has very good sensitivity, which even can respectively detect at least 1 mg mL-1 debris and 0.01 wt % water contaminants. Furthermore, the real-time monitoring of formulated engine lubricating oil in a real engine oil tank is achieved. Our results show that electron transfer is possible from an oil to solid surface during contact electrification. The electrical output characteristic depends on the screen effect from such as wear debris, deposited carbons, and age-induced organic molecules in oils. Previous work only qualitatively identified that the output ability of liquid can be improved by leaving less liquid adsorbed on the TENG surface, but the adsorption mass and adsorption speed of liquid and its consequences for the output performance were not studied. We quantitatively study the internal relationship between output ability and adsorbing behavior of lubricating oils by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) for liquid-solid contact interfaces. This study provides a real-time, online, self-powered strategy for intelligent diagnosis of lubricating oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Division
of Machine Elements, Luleå University
of Technology, Luleå, SE-971 87 Sweden
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Division
of Machine Elements, Luleå University
of Technology, Luleå, SE-971 87 Sweden
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department
of Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Information, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Liu
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano
Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of
Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Baodong Chen
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano
Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of
Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano
Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of
Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Jinshan Pan
- Division
of Surface and Corrosion Science, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Roland Larsson
- Division
of Machine Elements, Luleå University
of Technology, Luleå, SE-971 87 Sweden
| | - Yijun Shi
- Division
of Machine Elements, Luleå University
of Technology, Luleå, SE-971 87 Sweden
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Chandran Suja V, Rodríguez-Hakim M, Tajuelo J, Fuller GG. Single bubble and drop techniques for characterizing foams and emulsions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 286:102295. [PMID: 33161297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The physics of foams and emulsions has traditionally been studied using bulk foam/emulsion tests and single film platforms such as the Scheludko cell. Recently there has been a renewed interest in a third class of techniques that we term as single bubble/drop tests, which employ isolated whole bubbles and drops to probe the characteristics of foams and emulsions. Single bubble and drop techniques provide a convenient framework for investigating a number of important characteristics of foams and emulsions, including the rheology, stabilization mechanisms, and rupture dynamics. In this review we provide a comprehensive discussion of the various single bubble/drop platforms and the associated experimental measurement protocols including the construction of coalescence time distributions, visualization of the thin film profiles and characterization of the interfacial rheological properties. Subsequently, we summarize the recent developments in foam and emulsion science with a focus on the results obtained through single bubble/drop techniques. We conclude the review by presenting important venues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chandran Suja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | - M Rodríguez-Hakim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - J Tajuelo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Departamento de Física Interdisciplinar, Universidad Nacional de Eduación a Distancia UNED, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - G G Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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