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Rosário BDA, de Nazaré MDFS, Estadella D, Ribeiro DA, Viana MDB. Behavioral and neurobiological alterations induced by chronic use of crack cocaine. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:59-75. [PMID: 31129656 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Crack cocaine is the crystal form of cocaine and can be smoked, and rapidly absorbed, and, in part for this reason, is potently addictive. It is hypothesized that crack cocaine is able to induce important changes in different tissues and organs, and thus dramatically alter behavior. Nevertheless, which alterations in the central nervous system are related to its frequent use is still a matter of discussion. The present study is a literature review of articles published between the years 2008 and 2018 on the theme 'crack cocaine and brain' available in PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google scholar databases. The results show that the use of crack cocaine induces important behavioral, neuroanatomical, and biochemical alterations. The main behavioral sequelae include cognitive and emotional changes, such as increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, attention and memory deficits, and hyperactivity. Among the neurobiological alterations are reductions in the activity of the prefrontal, anterior cingulate cortex, and nucleus accumbens. Molecular changes include decreases in neurotrophic factors and increases in oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines, which may be responsible for the morphological alterations observed. It is also hypothesized that these neurobiological changes might explain the emotional and cognitive dysfunctions experienced by crack cocaine addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Dos Anjos Rosário
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136, 11015-20 Santos SP, Brazil
| | | | - Débora Estadella
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136, 11015-20 Santos SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136, 11015-20 Santos SP, Brazil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Silva Jardim, 136, 11015-20 Santos SP, Brazil, e-mail:
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Xu L, Nan J, Lan Y. The Nucleus Accumbens: A Common Target in the Comorbidity of Depression and Addiction. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:37. [PMID: 32694984 PMCID: PMC7338554 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The comorbidity of depression and addiction has become a serious public health issue, and the relationship between these two disorders and their potential mechanisms has attracted extensive attention. Numerous studies have suggested that depression and addiction share common mechanisms and anatomical pathways. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has long been considered a key brain region for regulating many behaviors, especially those related to depression and addiction. In this review article, we focus on the association between addiction and depression, highlighting the potential mediating role of the NAc in this comorbidity via the regulation of changes in the neural circuits and molecular signaling. To clarify the mechanisms underlying this association, we summarize evidence from overlapping reward neurocircuitry, the resemblance of cellular and molecular mechanisms, and common treatments. Understanding the interplay between these disorders should help guide clinical comorbidity prevention and the search for a new target for comorbidity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University School of Medicine, Yanji City, China
| | - Jun Nan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji City, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University School of Medicine, Yanji City, China
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Gulick D, Gamsby JJ. Racing the clock: The role of circadian rhythmicity in addiction across the lifespan. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 188:124-139. [PMID: 29551440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although potent effects of psychoactive drugs on circadian rhythms were first described over 30 years ago, research into the reciprocal relationship between the reward system and the circadian system - and the impact of this relationship on addiction - has only become a focus in the last decade. Nonetheless, great progress has been made in that short time toward understanding how drugs of abuse impact the molecular and physiological circadian clocks, as well as how disruption of normal circadian rhythm biology may contribute to addiction and ameliorate the efficacy of treatments for addiction. In particular, data have emerged demonstrating that disrupted circadian rhythms, such as those observed in shift workers and adolescents, increase susceptibility to addiction. Furthermore, circadian rhythms and addiction impact one another longitudinally - specifically from adolescence to the elderly. In this review, the current understanding of how the circadian clock interacts with substances of abuse within the context of age-dependent changes in rhythmicity, including the potential existence of a drug-sensitive clock, the correlation between chronotype and addiction vulnerability, and the importance of rhythmicity in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, is discussed. The primary focus is on alcohol addiction, as the preponderance of research is in this area, with references to other addictions as warranted. The implications of clock-drug interactions for the treatment of addiction will also be reviewed, and the potential of therapeutics that reset the circadian rhythm will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gulick
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Joshua J Gamsby
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Association between drug use and urban violence: Data from the II Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey (BNADS). Addict Behav Rep 2017; 7:8-13. [PMID: 29450250 PMCID: PMC5805501 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the association of alcohol and cocaine use with urban violence (both as victim and as perpetrator) in a representative sample of the Brazilian population. Method The Second Brazilian Alcohol and Drugs Survey (II BNADS) interviewed 4607 individuals aged 14 years and older from the Brazilian household population including an oversample of 1157 adolescents (14 to 18 years old). The survey gathered information on alcohol, tobacco and illegal substances use as well as on risk factors for abuse and dependence, behaviors associated with the use of substances and the possible consequences, as urban violence indicators. Results Approximately 9.3% of the Brazilian population has been victim of at least one form of urban violence. This proportion increases to 19.7% among cocaine users and to 18.1% among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD). Perpetration of violence was reported by 6.2% of the sample. Cocaine use and AUD increased in almost four times the chances of being an aggressor. Being religious and married decreased the chances of being a victim and/or perpetrador of urban violence. Higher education also decreased the chances of involvement in both victimization or perpetration of violence. Both Parallel Mediation Models considering cocaine use as a predictor of urban violence (victimization or perpetration) were valid and alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms were mediators of this relationship. Conclusions This study presents relevant data of interest to Brazil as this country is one of the major consumer market of cocaine and also is among the most violent countries worldwide. There is an important association between cocaine use and urban violence. Depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption have mediating roles in this association. Reducing rates of alcohol and cocaine consumption in Brazil can cause a positive impact on its urban violence rates.
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Nobrega JN, Hedayatmofidi PS, Lobo DS. Strong interactions between learned helplessness and risky decision-making in a rat gambling model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37304. [PMID: 27857171 PMCID: PMC5114549 DOI: 10.1038/srep37304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Risky decision-making is characteristic of depression and of addictive disorders, including pathological gambling. However it is not clear whether a propensity to risky choices predisposes to depressive symptoms or whether the converse is the case. Here we tested the hypothesis that rats showing risky decision-making in a rat gambling task (rGT) would be more prone to depressive-like behaviour in the learned helplessness (LH) model. Results showed that baseline rGT choice behaviour did not predict escape deficits in the LH protocol. In contrast, exposure to the LH protocol resulted in a significant increase in risky rGT choices on retest. Unexpectedly, control rats subjected only to escapable stress in the LH protocol showed a subsequent decrease in riskier rGT choices. Further analyses indicated that the LH protocol affected primarily rats with high baseline levels of risky choices and that among these it had opposite effects in rats exposed to LH-inducing stress compared to rats exposed only to the escape trials. Together these findings suggest that while baseline risky decision making may not predict LH behaviour it interacts strongly with LH conditions in modulating subsequent decision-making behaviour. The suggested possibility that stress controllability may be a key factor should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- José N Nobrega
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Psychology and Pharmacology &Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Daniela S Lobo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mann K, Fauth-Bühler M, Higuchi S, Potenza MN, Saunders JB. Pathological gambling: a behavioral addiction. World Psychiatry 2016; 15:297-298. [PMID: 27717269 PMCID: PMC5032511 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mira Fauth-Bühler
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Susumu Higuchi
- National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurobiology and Child Study Center and CASAColumbia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John B Saunders
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Disciplines of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sidney, Australia
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Abstract
Since its successful application for the treatment of neurological disorders, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently also applied for the treatment of psychiatric disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorders or depression. DBS is being considered, or even applied, as a treatment for certain forms of addiction. We review here the cerebral structures aimed for such a strategy and discuss their respective positive and negative aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Pelloux
- Équipe BAGAMORE (ganglions de la base, motivation et récompense), institut de neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289 CNRS et Aix-Marseille université, campus santé Timone, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Christelle Baunez
- Équipe BAGAMORE (ganglions de la base, motivation et récompense), institut de neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289 CNRS et Aix-Marseille université, campus santé Timone, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
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Valentinova K, Tchenio A, Meye FJ, Lecca S, Mameli M. [Hell after the pleasure: drug-induced negative symptoms involve lateral habenula]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:478-81. [PMID: 26059295 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153105006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Valentinova
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, bâtiment Inserm, 8-10, rue des Fossés-Saint-Marcel, 75005 Paris, France - Inserm, UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Tchenio
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, bâtiment Inserm, 8-10, rue des Fossés-Saint-Marcel, 75005 Paris, France - Inserm, UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frank J Meye
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, bâtiment Inserm, 8-10, rue des Fossés-Saint-Marcel, 75005 Paris, France - Inserm, UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Lecca
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, bâtiment Inserm, 8-10, rue des Fossés-Saint-Marcel, 75005 Paris, France - Inserm, UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Manuel Mameli
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, bâtiment Inserm, 8-10, rue des Fossés-Saint-Marcel, 75005 Paris, France - Inserm, UMR-S 839, 75005 Paris, France - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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