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Perrot J, Dacheux L. [Bats and viruses: Balancing infection control and immune tolerance]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:945-952. [PMID: 38108725 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, bats have been associated with numerous viral pandemics. Bats harbor a large variety of viruses, some of which have a high zoonotic potential for humans. While infection with these viruses can be fatal in other mammals, bats are often infected asymptomatically. It is hypothesized that a balanced immune response would enable them to maintain homeostasis during infection, thus limiting viral replication while avoiding the impact of excessive inflammation. Deciphering these mechanisms, using adapted in vitro models, will help assess and avoid the potential zoonotic risk of these animals, while paving the way for the development of therapeutics for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Perrot
- Institut Pasteur, université Paris Cité, unité Lyssavirus, épidémiologie et neuropathologie, 28 rue du docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, université Paris Cité, unité Lyssavirus, épidémiologie et neuropathologie, 28 rue du docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15
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van Helden J, Butler CD, Achaz G, Canard B, Casane D, Claverie JM, Colombo F, Courtier V, Ebright RH, Graner F, Leitenberg M, Morand S, Petrovsky N, Segreto R, Decroly E, Halloy J. An appeal for an objective, open, and transparent scientific debate about the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Lancet 2021; 398:1402-1404. [PMID: 34543608 PMCID: PMC8448488 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques van Helden
- Lab Theory and Approaches of Genome Complexity, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Colin D Butler
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Guillaume Achaz
- Université de Paris, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Casane
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Virginie Courtier
- Ecole Polytechnique, Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Richard H Ebright
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Milton Leitenberg
- School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Etienne Decroly
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - José Halloy
- LIED, CNRS UMR 8236, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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The challenge of structural heterogeneity in the native mass spectrometry studies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interactions with its host cell-surface receptor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7205-7214. [PMID: 34389878 PMCID: PMC8362873 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03601-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) enjoyed tremendous success in the past two decades in a wide range of studies aiming at understanding the molecular mechanisms of physiological processes underlying a variety of pathologies and accelerating the drug discovery process. However, the success record of native MS has been surprisingly modest with respect to the most recent challenge facing the biomedical community—the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The major reason for the paucity of successful studies that use native MS to target various aspects of SARS-CoV-2 interaction with its host is the extreme degree of heterogeneity of the viral protein playing a key role in the host cell invasion. Indeed, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein) is extensively glycosylated, presenting a formidable challenge for native MS as a means of characterizing its interactions with both the host cell–surface receptor ACE2 and the drug candidates capable of disrupting this interaction. In this work, we evaluate the utility of native MS complemented with the experimental methods using gas-phase chemistry (limited charge reduction) to obtain meaningful information on the association of the S1 domain of the S-protein with the ACE2 ectodomain, and the influence of a small synthetic heparinoid on this interaction. Native MS reveals the presence of several different S1 oligomers in solution and allows the stoichiometry of the most prominent S1/ACE2 complexes to be determined. This enables meaningful interpretation of the changes in native MS that are observed upon addition of a small synthetic heparinoid (the pentasaccharide fondaparinux) to the S1/ACE2 solution, confirming that the small polyanion destabilizes the protein/receptor binding.
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Yang Y, Ivanov DG, Kaltashov IA. The challenge of structural heterogeneity in the native mass spectrometry studies of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interactions with its host cell-surface receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34189525 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.20.449191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) enjoyed tremendous success in the past two decades in a wide range of studies aiming at understanding the molecular mechanisms of physiological processes underlying a variety of pathologies and accelerating the drug discovery process. However, the success record of native MS has been surprisingly modest with respect to the most recent challenge facing the biomedical community â€" the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The major reason for the paucity of successful studies that use native MS to target various aspects of SARS-CoV-2 interaction with its host is the extreme degree of structural heterogeneity of the viral protein playing a key role in the host cell invasion. Indeed, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-protein) is extensively glycosylated, presenting a formidable challenge for native mass spectrometry (MS) as a means of characterizing its interactions with both the host cell-surface receptor ACE2 and the drug candidates capable of disrupting this interaction. In this work we evaluate the utility of native MS complemented with the experimental methods using gas-phase chemistry (limited charge reduction) to obtain meaningful information on the association of the S1 domain of the S-protein with the ACE2 ectodomain, and the influence of a small synthetic heparinoid on this interaction. Native MS reveals the presence of several different S1 oligomers in solution and allows the stoichiometry of the most prominent S1/ACE2 complexes to be determined. This enables meaningful interpretation of the changes in native MS that are observed upon addition of a small synthetic heparinoid (the pentasaccharide fondaparinux) to the S1/ACE2 solution, confirming that the small polyanion destabilizes the protein/receptor binding.
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Banoun H. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2: Review of Mutations, Role of the Host Immune System. Nephron Clin Pract 2021; 145:392-403. [PMID: 33910211 PMCID: PMC8247830 DOI: 10.1159/000515417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the reporting of the first cases of coronavirus in China and the publication of the first sequence of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, the virus has undergone numerous mutations. In Europe, the spring outbreak (March-April) was followed by a drop in the number of cases and deaths. The disease may have evolved into a milder form. The increase in PCR-positive cases in late summer 2020 did not lead to the expected increase in hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths, based on the severity of the disease in the spring. This difference in disease severity could be due to factors independent of the virus or to the evolution of the virus. This review attempts to identify the mutations that have appeared since the beginning of the pandemic and their role in the temporal evolution of the pandemic. There are a cell and humoral type cross-reactivity in a large part of the population to common cold coronaviruses (HCoVs) and SARS-CoV-2. Evolutionarily important mutations and deletions have emerged in the SARS-CoV-2 genes encoding proteins that interact with the host immune system. In addition, one of the major mutations (in viral polymerase) is logically associated with a higher frequency of mutations throughout the genome. This frequency fluctuates over time and shows a peak at the time when the epidemic was most active. The rate of mutations in proteins involved in the relationship to the immune system continues to increase after the first outbreak. The cross-reactivity on the 1 hand and the viral mutations observed on the other hand could explain the evolution of the pandemic until the summer of 2020, partly due to the evolution of the virus in relation to the host immune system. The immunization campaign began in December 2020: concerns are emerging about a possible escape of the circulating variants vaccines in early 2021. These variants could also escape immunity acquired through infection with the 2020 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Banoun
- Independent researcher, Former research fellow at INSERM (French Institute for Health and Medical Research), Marseille, France
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Frutos R, Gavotte L, Devaux CA. Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:104812. [PMID: 33744401 PMCID: PMC7969828 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread with currently more than 117 million cumulated cases and 2.6 million deaths worldwide as per March 2021, its origin is still debated. Although several hypotheses have been proposed, there is still no clear explanation about how its causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in human populations. Today, scientifically-valid facts that deserve to be debated still coexist with unverified statements blurring thus the knowledge on the origin of COVID-19. Our retrospective analysis of scientific data supports the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 is indeed a naturally occurring virus. However, the spillover model considered today as the main explanation to zoonotic emergence does not match the virus dynamics and somehow misguided the way researches were conducted. We conclude this review by proposing a change of paradigm and model and introduce the circulation model for explaining the various aspects of the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 emergence in humans.
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Borbone N, Piccialli G, Roviello GN, Oliviero G. Nucleoside Analogs and Nucleoside Precursors as Drugs in the Fight against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses. Molecules 2021; 26:986. [PMID: 33668428 PMCID: PMC7918729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-sense RNA enveloped viruses, members of the family Coronaviridae, that cause infections in a broad range of mammals including humans. Several CoV species lead to mild upper respiratory infections typically associated with common colds. However, three human CoV (HCoV) species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV-1, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, are responsible for severe respiratory diseases at the origin of two recent epidemics (SARS and MERS), and of the current COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19), respectively. The easily transmissible SARS-CoV-2, emerging at the end of 2019 in China, spread rapidly worldwide, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare COVID-19 a pandemic. While the world waits for mass vaccination, there is an urgent need for effective drugs as short-term weapons to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, the drug repurposing approach is a strategy able to guarantee positive results rapidly. In this regard, it is well known that several nucleoside-mimicking analogs and nucleoside precursors may inhibit the growth of viruses providing effective therapies for several viral diseases, including HCoV infections. Therefore, this review will focus on synthetic nucleosides and nucleoside precursors active against different HCoV species, paying great attention to SARS-CoV-2. This work covers progress made in anti-CoV therapy with nucleoside derivatives and provides insight into their main mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Borbone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Gennaro Piccialli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.B.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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He S, Han J, Lichtfouse E. Backward transmission of COVID-19 from humans to animals may propagate reinfections and induce vaccine failure. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:763-768. [PMID: 33424524 PMCID: PMC7779092 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-01140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 People’s Republic of China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, 13100 Aix en Provence, France
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
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Selleck P. COVID-19 in animals: contact with humans and potential transmissions. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ma21008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, cases of atypical pneumonia were diagnosed in hospital patients in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. The disease was characterised by a respiratory disorder of variable severity ranging from mild upper respiratory tract illness to acute respiratory distress syndrome, severe interstitial pneumonia and death. The source of the virus is yet to be confirmed but wild animals sold at wholesale seafood and exotic animal markets of Wuhan were implicated. The virus was called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease designated as Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). As of the 13 January 2021, the WHO had reported 90335008 cases and 1954336 deaths in 216 countries. The isolation of related coronaviruses from bats suggests that they may be a potential host species. This paper is a review of the current literature on SARS-CoV-2 infections of animals and the animal challenge models for the in-vivo evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics.
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Witt M, Heuer C, Miethke L, Preuß J, Rehfeld JS, Schüling T, Blume C, Thoms S, Stahl F. Nachweismethoden von SARS‐CoV‐2. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Salinas S, Simonin Y. [Neurological damage linked to coronaviruses : SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:775-782. [PMID: 32755537 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID-19, is a new warning of the risk to public health represented by viral zoonoses and in particular by coronaviruses. Mainly described as being able to infect the upper and lower respiratory tract, coronaviruses can also infect the central and peripheral nervous systems as many other respiratory viruses, such as influenza or respiratory syncytial virus. Viral infections of the nervous system are a major public health concern as they can cause devastating illnesses up to death, especially when they occur in the elderly, who are more susceptible to these infections. Knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of recently emerging coronaviruses (MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and how they reach the central nervous system are very sketchy and the work in progress aims in particular to better understand their biology and the mechanisms associated with neurological damage. In this review we will discuss the current state of knowledge on the neurotropism of human coronaviruses and the associated mechanisms by developing in particular the latest data concerning SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salinas
- Pathogenèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), UMR 1058, université de Montpellier, Inserm, EFS, 60 rue de Navacelles, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), UMR 1058, université de Montpellier, Inserm, EFS, 60 rue de Navacelles, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Grigorescu F, Lautier C. HOW GENETICISTS CONTRIBUTE TO UNDERSTANDING OF COVID-19 DISEASE PATHOGENICITY. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2020; 16:346-352. [PMID: 33363658 PMCID: PMC7748221 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2020.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human populations are faced to the COVID-19 pandemic due to the emerging SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus originating from Wuhan (China) and with dramatic Public Health consequences. Despite periods of panic, the scientific community demonstrated an incredible innovation potential and energy ending up in one year with new vaccines to be used in population. Researchers are interrogating on how individual genetic differences contribute to the diversity of clinical manifestations or ethnic and geographic disparities of COVID-19. While efforts were spent to understand mechanistically the infectious potential of the virus, recent progresses in molecular genetics and bioinformatics allowed the characterization of viral sequence and construction of phylogeographical maps of viral dispersion worldwide. These data will help understanding epidemiological disparities among continents and ethnic populations. Much effort was also spent in analyzing host genetics by studying individual genes involved in innate and immune responses or explaining pathogenesis of comorbidities that complicate the fate of elderly patients. Several international consortia launched already Genome wide Association Studies (GWAS) and whole genome sequencing strategies to identify genetic markers with immediate application in patients at risk of respiratory failure. These new genetic data are important not only for understanding susceptibility factors for COVID-19 but they also contain an important message of hope for mankind warranting our survival and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Grigorescu
- Direction of Clinical Research and Innovation (DCRI), Montpellier Cancer Institute, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut Convergences Migrations, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - C. Lautier
- Nutrition & Genome, UMR204 NUTRIPASS (IRD, UM, SupAgro), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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