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Felipin KP, Paloschi MV, Silva MDS, Ikenohuchi YJ, Santana HM, Setúbal SDS, Rego CMA, Lopes JA, Boeno CN, Serrath SN, De Medeiros EHRT, Pimentel IF, Oliveira AER, Cupolillo E, Cantanhêde LM, Ferreira RDGM, Zuliani JP. Transcriptomics analysis highlights potential ways in human pathogenesis in Leishmania braziliensis infected with the viral endosymbiont LRV1. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012126. [PMID: 38743668 PMCID: PMC11093365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The parasite Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is widely distributed in Brazil and is one of the main species associated with human cases of different forms of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) such as cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of TL are still not fully understood, but it is known that factors related to the host and the parasite act in a synergistic and relevant way to direct the response to the infection. In the host, macrophages have a central connection with the parasite and play a fundamental role in the defense of the organism due to their ability to destroy intracellular parasites and present antigens. In the parasite, some intrinsic factors related to the species or even the strain analyzed are fundamental for the outcome of the disease. One of them is the presence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 (LRV1), an endosymbiont virus that parasitizes some species of Leishmania that triggers a cascade of signals leading to a more severe TL phenotype, such as ML. One of the strategies for understanding factors associated with the immune response generated after Leishmania/host interaction is through the analysis of molecular patterns after infection. Thus, the gene expression profile in human monocyte-derived macrophages obtained from healthy donors infected in vitro with L. braziliensis positive (LbLRV1+) and negative (LbLRV1-) for LRV1 was evaluated. For this, the microarray assay was used and 162 differentially expressed genes were identified in the comparison LbLRV1+ vs. LbLRV1-, 126 upregulated genes for the type I and II interferons (IFN) signaling pathway, oligoadenylate synthase OAS/RNAse L, non-genomic actions of vitamin D3 and RIG-I type receptors, and 36 down-regulated. The top 10 downregulated genes along with the top 10 upregulated genes were considered for analysis. Type I interferon (IFNI)- and OAS-related pathways results were validated by RT-qPCR and Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines were analyzed by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The microarray results validated by RT-qPCR showed differential expression of genes related to IFNI-mediated pathways with overexpression of different genes in cells infected with LbLRV1+ compared to LbLRV1- and to the control. No significant differences were found in cytokine levels between LbLRV1+ vs. LbLRV1- and control. The data suggest the activation of gene signaling pathways associated with the presence of LRV1 has not yet been reported so far. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the activation of the OAS/RNase L signaling pathway and the non-genomic actions of vitamin D3 when comparing infections with LbLRV1+ versus LbLRV1- and the control. This finding emphasizes the role of LRV1 in directing the host's immune response after infection, underlining the importance of identifying LRV1 in patients with TL to assess disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Paula Felipin
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Genética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Mauro Valentino Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Milena Daniela Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Yoda Janaina Ikenohuchi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Hallison Mota Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da Silva Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Cristina Matiele Alves Rego
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Amaral Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Charles Nunes Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Suzanne Nery Serrath
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | | | - Iasmin Ferreira Pimentel
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Genética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | | | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Lilian Motta Cantanhêde
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Godoi Matos Ferreira
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Genética, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pavan Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Brazil
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Sánchez Uzcátegui YDV, Silveira FT, de Morais TG, Furtado RR, Vasconcelos dos Santos T, Póvoa MM. Experimental Susceptibility of Nyssomyia antunesi and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) to Leishmania ( Viannia) lainsoni and L. ( V.) lindenbergi (Trypanosomatidae: Leishmaniinae). Microorganisms 2024; 12:809. [PMID: 38674753 PMCID: PMC11051748 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work assessed the experimental susceptibility of Nyssomyia antunesi and Lutzomyia longipalpis to Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni and L. (V.) lindenbergi. A L. (Leishmania) chagasi-Lu. longipalpis combination was used as a susceptible control. Wild-caught Ny. antunesi and laboratory-bred Lu. longipalpis were membrane-fed on blood with a 5 × 106/mL log-phase promastigote culture suspension and dissected on days 2 and 8 post-blood meal (pbm) for analysis focused on the assessment of parasitoses, as well as placement and promastigote morphotyping. Survival curves were constructed. In all combinations, promastigotes were observed on day 8 pbm. For both Leishmania species, in Lu. longipalpis, the presence of parasites was observed up to the stomodeal valve, while in Ny. antunesi, the presence of parasites was observed up to the cardia. There were no significant differences in parasitosis between L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) lindenbergi in either Ny. antunesi or Lu. longipalpis. Six morphological promastigote forms were distinguished in Giemsa-stained gut smears. The survival curves of all combinations decreased and were affected differently by several Lu. longipalpis-parasite combinations, as well with Lu. longipalpis-uninfected blood. These findings stress Lu. longipalpis as experimentally susceptible to Leishmania spp. and suggest the putative susceptibility of Ny. antunesi to L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) lindenbergi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetsenia del Valle Sánchez Uzcátegui
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | | | - Thais Gouvea de Morais
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Furtado
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Marinete Marins Póvoa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
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Rodrigues BL, Galati EAB. New sand fly (Diptera, Psychodidae) records and COI DNA barcodes in the state of Maranhão, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Acta Trop 2024; 250:107095. [PMID: 38097151 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The sand fly fauna and the usefulness of the DNA barcoding fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were accessed in a forest fragment in the municipality of Governador Newton Bello, state of Maranhão, Brazil. We performed entomological collections in three independent campaigns in May and October 2021, and January 2023. Sand flies were morphologically-identified and then DNA barcoded. Sequences were deposited and analyzed in the BOLD System Database, and various species delimitation algorithms, to assess whether DNA sequences merge into taxonomic units in accordance with nominal species. In total, 1,524 sand flies were collected, comprising 32 nominal species. Nyssomyia antunesi was the most abundant species (31.5 %), followed by Psychodopygus davisi (27 %). We reported for the first time in the state of Maranhão, the presence of Lutzomyia evangelistai, Lutzomyia sherlocki, Pressatia equatorialis, and Psathyromyia barrettoi. We amplified and analyzed 67 COI barcodes of 23 species, which were merged with conspecific sequences extracted from GenBank. The maximum intraspecific p distances ranged from 0.0 % to 14.74 %, while the distances to the nearest neighbor varied from 1.67 % to 13.64 %. The phylogenetic gene tree and species delimitation tools clustered sequences into well-supported clades/clusters for each nominal species, except for Pressatia choti/Pr. equatorialis, which have the lowest interspecific genetic distance (1.67 %). We sequenced for the first time COI barcodes of Brumptomyia brumpti, Evandromyia monstruosa, Micropygomyia rorotaensis, Micropygomyia pilosa, Pintomyia christenseni, Pintomyia pacae, Pr. equatorialis, Pa. barrettoi, and Psathyromyia hermanlenti, which will be useful for further molecular identification and classification proposals of Neotropical species. This study updated the current list of the sand fly fauna for the state of Maranhão to 97, and demonstrated that COI barcodes are useful for specific identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil,.
| | - Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
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Silva FS, das Neves GS, da Costa FDF, de Oliveira AM, da Costa Viana J, Brito JM, Costa Neta BM. Field evaluation of a new suction light trap for the capture of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), vectors of leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:9. [PMID: 38052759 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are crepuscular and nocturnal small dipteran insects in the family Psychodidae. Several disease agents, including Leishmania parasites, are transmitted to humans and other vertebrate hosts by the bite of an infected female sand fly. As part of leishmaniasis surveillance programs, light traps have been routinely used in sand fly collections. In this context, new trapping devices are always being required to improve vector monitoring. Here, the efficiency of a new suction light trap, named Silva suction trap or SS trap, was field evaluated in collecting sand flies. Two SS traps, one with green (520 nm, 15,000 mcd) and the other with white (wide spectrum, 18,000 mcd) LEDs, and one CDC-type trap were deployed in a rural forested environment. A total of 4686 phlebotomine sand flies were captured. The most frequent species were females of the Ps. Chagasi series (77.8%) followed by males of Ps. wellcomei (11.6%), Nyssomyia whitmani (3.3%), and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (2.4%). The CDC-type light trap collected 101.9 ± 20.89 sand flies and 14 species, followed by the white-baited SS trap (87.78 ± 16.36, 14), and the green-baited SS trap (70.61 ± 14.75, 15), but there were no statistically significant differences among traps. A discussion on the considerable advantages of the use of SS traps over CDC traps is included. In this study, the Silva suction trap proved to be efficient and can be an alternative to CDC traps for monitoring adult phlebotomine sand fly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francinaldo Soares Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil.
| | - Genilson Silva das Neves
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Francisco de França da Costa
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Agnael Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Joany da Costa Viana
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Mesquita Brito
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Benedita Maria Costa Neta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil
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Vadmal GM, Glidden CK, Han BA, Carvalho BM, Castellanos AA, Mordecai EA. Data-driven predictions of potential Leishmania vectors in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010749. [PMID: 36809249 PMCID: PMC9983874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of vector-borne diseases is rising as deforestation, climate change, and globalization bring humans in contact with arthropods that can transmit pathogens. In particular, incidence of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL), a disease caused by parasites transmitted by sandflies, is increasing as previously intact habitats are cleared for agriculture and urban areas, potentially bringing people into contact with vectors and reservoir hosts. Previous evidence has identified dozens of sandfly species that have been infected with and/or transmit Leishmania parasites. However, there is an incomplete understanding of which sandfly species transmit the parasite, complicating efforts to limit disease spread. Here, we apply machine learning models (boosted regression trees) to leverage biological and geographical traits of known sandfly vectors to predict potential vectors. Additionally, we generate trait profiles of confirmed vectors and identify important factors in transmission. Our model performed well with an average out of sample accuracy of 86%. The models predict that synanthropic sandflies living in areas with greater canopy height, less human modification, and within an optimal range of rainfall are more likely to be Leishmania vectors. We also observed that generalist sandflies that are able to inhabit many different ecoregions are more likely to transmit the parasites. Our results suggest that Psychodopygus amazonensis and Nyssomia antunesi are unidentified potential vectors, and should be the focus of sampling and research efforts. Overall, we found that our machine learning approach provides valuable information for Leishmania surveillance and management in an otherwise complex and data sparse system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri M. Vadmal
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline K. Glidden
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
| | - Bruno M. Carvalho
- Climate and Health Program, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Erin A. Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Dutra-Rêgo F, Freire ML, Carvalho GMDL, Andrade-Filho JD. Revisiting the cave-dwelling sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) from Brazil: Diversity and potential role in the transmission of Leishmania Ross, 1903 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:408-423. [PMID: 35582971 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian caves, one of the many tourist attractions of the country, may act as a shelter for insects, such as sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae), natural hosts of various microorganisms including parasites of the genus Leishmania Ross, 1903. In the last decades, with the increasing global need for sustainable development, ecotourism has emerged as one of the major activities in Brazil. However, the constant monitoring in environmentally protected areas is not often carried out, endangering visitors and professionals, especially due to the occurrence of zoonoses. Several sand fly species have already been recorded in Brazilian caves, drawing attention to the possibility of Leishmania transmission at this ecotope. Indeed, this current systematic review summarizes the fauna of cave-dwelling sand flies in Brazil, focusing on their biological behaviour and the occurrence of potential vectors of Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dutra-Rêgo
- Grupo de Estudo em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lourenço Freire
- Pesquisa Clínica e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infectoparasitárias, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Mayr de Lima Carvalho
- Grupo de Estudo em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Dilermando Andrade-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Pimentel AC, Sánchez Uzcátegui YDV, de Lima ACS, Silveira FT, Vasconcelos dos Santos T, Ishikawa EAY. Blood Feeding Sources of Nyssomyia antunesi (Diptera: Psychodidae): A Suspected Vector of Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in the Brazilian Amazon. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1847-1852. [PMID: 35900064 PMCID: PMC9473648 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Present work aimed to identify blood feeding sources and attempt to detect Leishmania DNA in Nyssomyia antunesi, suspected vector of Leishmania sp., from a park in the urban center of Belém, the capital of Pará State, in the Brazilian Amazon. Entire bodies and gut contents of Ny. antunesi engorged females, previously captured in the urban park with Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and aspiration on tree bases, were subjected to Leishmania and vertebrate DNA detection through amplification of the Leishmania mini-exon and vertebrate cytochrome b (cyt b) gene regions, respectively. The quality of DNA extraction from entire bodies was ensured through amplification of the dipteran cyt b region. The vertebrate cyt b amplicons were sequenced and compared with those available on GenBank. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed to assess the clustering patterns of these sequences. Leishmania DNA was not detected. The sequences of 13 vertebrate cyt b amplicons were considered informative, exhibiting similarity and clustering with the following six vertebrate species: Dasyprocta leporina (1), Cuniculus paca (1), Tamandua tetradactyla (4), Choloepus didactylus (4), Pteroglossus aracari aracari (2), Homo sapiens (1). The samples of D. leporina and C. paca were obtained from the CDC canopy, whereas the others were by aspiration from tree bases. The present results revealed the eclectic and opportunist blood-feeding behavior of Ny. antunesi, with birds and mammals, these last ones acting as potential reservoirs for Leishmania species, distributed throughout the vertical forest strata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Costa Pimentel
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Yetsenia del Valle Sánchez Uzcátegui
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
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Valdivia HO, Roatt BM, Baptista RDP, Ottino J, Coqueiro-dos-Santos A, Sanders MJ, Reis AB, Cotton JA, Bartholomeu DC. Replacement of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Populations in an Endemic Focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:900084. [PMID: 35811682 PMCID: PMC9263273 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.900084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is an important global health problem with an estimated of 50,000 to 90,000 new cases per year. VL is the most serious form of leishmaniasis as it can be fatal in 95% of the cases if it remains untreated. VL is a particularly acute problem in Brazil which contributed with 97% of all cases reported in 2020 in the Americas. In this country, VL affects mainly the poorest people in both urban and rural areas and continues to have a high mortality rate estimated around 8.15%. Here, we performed a temporal parasite population study using whole genome sequence data from a set of 34 canine isolates sampled in 2008, 2012 and 2015 from a re-emergent focus in Southeastern Brazil. Our study found the presence of two distinct sexual subpopulations that corresponded to two isolation periods. These subpopulations diverged hundreds of years ago with no apparent gene flow between them suggesting a process of rapid replacement during a two-year period. Sequence comparisons and analysis of nucleotide diversity also showed evidence of balancing selection acting on transport-related genes and antigenic families. To our knowledge this is the first population genomic study showing a turn-over of parasite populations in an endemic region for leishmaniasis. The complexity and rapid adaptability of these parasites pose new challenges to control activities and demand more integrated approaches to understand this disease in New World foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo O. Valdivia
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit Six, Department of Parasitology, Lima, Peru
| | - Bruno M. Roatt
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Paula Baptista
- CTEGD- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and IOB - Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, United States
| | - Jennifer Ottino
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anderson Coqueiro-dos-Santos
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre B. Reis
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - James A. Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniella C. Bartholomeu
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Daniella C. Bartholomeu,
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9
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Guimarães RCS, Marialva EF, Feijó JA, Pereira-Silva JW, Martins-Campos KM, Gontijo CMF, Pereira AAS, Rios-Velasquez CM, Pessoa FAC. Trypanosomatids in Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) From Anthropic and Sinantropic Landscapes in a Rural Settlement in the Brazilian Amazon. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:681-692. [PMID: 35022773 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids (Kinetoplastida:Trypanosomatidae) protozoa are a diverse group of obligate parasites. The genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania are the most studied because of their medical importance. This work aims to evaluate the effects of anthropization processes on the composition of the phlebotomine sand fly fauna and the natural infection by Trypanosomatids, with emphasis on Leishmania. At all 3,186 sand flies were collected, distributed in 13 genera and 52 species, being Ny. umbratilis the most abundant species. There was no difference in the diversity between canopy and soil environments. The species abundance and richness were higher in the forest environment while species diversity and evenness were highest in the forest edge. The ITS1 region was used by PCR-RFLP to identify the fragment profiles of Leishmania species, followed by genetic sequencing. Here were analyzed 100 pools of female sand flies, being six positive for DNA parasite. PCR-RFLP fragment patterns similar to Endotrypanum sp. were observed in Nyssomyia anduzei, Psychodopygus amazonensis and Lutzomyia gomezi, and those fragments similar to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis were observed in Bichromomyia flaviscutellata. ITS1 sequencing confirmed the presence of Leishmania sp. in Bi. flaviscutellata, and Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi in Ny. anduzei, Psychodopygus amazonensis, and Lu. gomezi. This is the first record of Lu. gomezi and Ps. amazonensis infection by L. naiffi in the State of Amazonas. These results show the trypanosomatid infection in sandflies from different landscapes in a rural settlement, and the finding of species infected with L.(V.) naiffi suggest that they can develop a role in the transmission cycle of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C S Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Condições de Vida e Situações de Saúde na Amazônia - PPGVIDA. Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - E F Marialva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - J A Feijó
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - J W Pereira-Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - K M Martins-Campos
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - C M F Gontijo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - A A S Pereira
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - C M Rios-Velasquez
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - F A C Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
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10
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Sand fly fauna and molecular detection of Leishmania species and blood meal sources in different rural environments in western Amazon. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106150. [PMID: 34562421 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a disease caused by Leishmania species and transmitted by the bites of infected female sand fly species. The diversity of these insects in Rondônia State (where CL is the predominant form) is large but unexplored, and consequently the vector species are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sand fly fauna in two environments (forest fragment and peridomicile) in rural areas of four municipalities of the state, DNA amplification of Leishmania species and the presence of blood meal sources for these insects. After identifying the species, sample coverage was applied to estimate the fauna coverage in each environment. Females were used to amplify and detect Leishmania DNA and blood meal sources, then posteriorly identified by sequencing. A total of 1706 individuals were included in 61 species, which was a sample coverage of 97% for the forest fragments (56 species), whereas 98% was observed (32 species) in peridomiciles. Next, 41 pools were prepared from 1227 females, and none were positive for Leishmania DNA. We observed 160 engorged females (forest fragments: 21, peridomiciles: 139) belonging to females of the Antunesi complex and another eight species. Two of these females were positive for Leishmania braziliensis-DNA: one in the Antunesi complex and one in Psychodopygus hirsutus. Seven blood meal sources were identified by sequencing analysis: Bos taurus and Sus scrofa from the peridomiciles, and Dasypus novemcinctus, Pecari tajacu, Philander canus, Plecturocebus bernhardi, and Tamandua tetradactyla from the forest fragments. Our data confirmed the feeding behavior of field-caught sand flies and could contribute to our understanding about local vectors and possible reservoirs in the transmission of Leishmania spp.
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11
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Cantanhêde LM, Mattos CB, Cruz AK, Ikenohuchi YJ, Fernandes FG, Medeiros EHRT, da Silva-Júnior CF, Cupolillo E, Ferreira GEM, Ferreira RDGM. Overcoming the Negligence in Laboratory Diagnosis of Mucosal Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091116. [PMID: 34578149 PMCID: PMC8465713 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The northern region of Brazil, which has the largest number of cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) in the country, is also the region that has the highest diversity of species of vectors and Leishmania parasites. In this region, cases of mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), a clinical form of TL, exceed the national average of cases, reaching up to 12% of the total annual TL notifications. ML is associated with multiple factors, such as the parasite species and the viral endosymbiont Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1). Being a chronic parasitological disease, laboratory diagnosis of ML poses a challenge for health services. Here, we evaluated more than 700 clinical samples from patients with clinical suspicion of TL, including patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis, comparing the results of parasitological tests—direct parasitological examination by microscopy (DP) and conventional PCR (cPCR) targeting of both kDNA and hsp70. The DP was performed by collecting material from lesions through biopsies (mucosal lesions) or scarification (cutaneous lesions); for PCR, a cervical brush was used for sample collection. Blood samples were tested employing standardized real-time PCR (qPCR) protocol targeting the HSP70 gene. PCR tests showed higher sensitivity than DP for both CL and ML samples. Considering ML samples only (N = 89), DP showed a sensitivity of 49.4% (N = 44) against 98.8% (N = 88) for kDNA PCR. The qPCR hsp70 for blood samples from patients with ML (N = 14) resulted in superior sensitivity (50%; N = 7) compared to DP (21.4%; N = 3) for samples from the same patients. Our results reinforced the need to implement a molecular test for the diagnosis of ML, in addition to proposing methods less invasive for collecting material from TL patients. Sample collection using a cervical brush in lesions observed in CL and ML patients is easy to perform and less invasive, compared to scarification and biopsies. Blood samples could be a good source for qPCR diagnosis for ML patients. Thus, we propose here a standardized method for collection and for performing of molecular diagnosis of clinical samples from suspicious ML patients that can be applied in reference services for improving ML diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Motta Cantanhêde
- Laboratory of Genetic Epidemiology, FIOCRUZ, Porto Velho 76812245, Rondonia, Brazil
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Karoline Cruz
- Laboratory of Genetic Epidemiology, FIOCRUZ, Porto Velho 76812245, Rondonia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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de Almeida JV, de Souza CF, Fuzari AA, Joya CA, Valdivia HO, Bartholomeu DC, Brazil RP. Diagnosis and identification of Leishmania species in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of Roraima, Brazil's Amazon Region. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:32. [PMID: 33413563 PMCID: PMC7791761 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic disease in Brazil that is highly prevalent in the northern region of the country. Although there is a continuous and growing number of cases registered in the state of Roraima, there is limited information regarding the species of Leishmania that affect the human population. In this study, we aimed to characterize which Leishmania species cause human disease in those presenting with cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic areas of the State of Roraima. Methods We conducted a prospective surveillance study between 2016 to 2018 in health centers located in the State of Roraima, Brazil. Participants with clinical suspicion of CL were enrolled and provided lesion samples for parasitological detection by microscopy. A subset of the samples was tested by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1 PCR) for molecular species identification. Results A total of 262 participants were enrolled in this study. Of those, 129 (49.27%) were positive by parasitological examination. Most positive subjects (81.58%) were male, and most cases presented a single lesion (80.26%). ITS-1 PCR and sequencing on a subset of 76 samples allowed us to detect nine different species of Leishmania: L. (V.) braziliensis, L (V.) panamensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) naiffi, L. (V.) shawi, L.(V.) utingensis, L. (V.) lindenbergi, L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (L.) mexicana. Conclusions Our study provides the first assessment of circulating species of Leishmania in the State of Roraima, Brazil, and shows the high diversity in this region. This study opens the path for further research on the transmission of leishmaniasis in the northernmost Brazilian State including vector and reservoir surveillance as well as for intensification of investigation and control activities against CL in the region.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseneide Viana de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cristian Ferreira de Souza
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andressa Alencastre Fuzari
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christie A Joya
- Department of Parasitology, US Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, US Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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13
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Gonçalves LP, Santos TVD, Campos MB, Lima LVDR, Ishikawa EAY, Silveira FT, Ramos PKS. Further insights into the eco-epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Belem metropolitan region, Pará State, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200255. [PMID: 33331607 PMCID: PMC7747830 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0255-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: In the Belém Metropolitan Region (BMR), Pará State, Brazil, American
cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is endemic; however, very little is known
regarding its causative agents. Therefore, we used our standard diagnostic
approach combined with an RNA polymerase II largest subunit
(RNAPOIILS)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by analysis of
restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to identify
Leishmania spp. ACL agents in this region. METHODS: Thirty-two Leishmania spp. isolates from patients with ACL
in the BMR during 1995-2018 were analyzed. Leishmania spp.
DNA samples were amplified using the primers RPOR2/RPOF2, and the 615-bp PCR
products were subjected to enzymatic digestion using TspRI
and HgaI endonucleases. RESULTS: ACL etiological agents in the BMR comprised Leishmania (Viannia)
lindenbergi (43.7%) followed by Leishmania (Viannia)
lainsoni (34.4%), Leishmania (Leishmania)
amazonensis (12.5%), and Leishmania (Viannia)
braziliensis (9.4%). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, the results of the study revealed for the first time that
L. (V.) lindenbergi and L. (V.)
lainsoni are the main ACL agents in BMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Pantoja Gonçalves
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Marliane Batista Campos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Luciana Vieira do Rêgo Lima
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | | | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Karla Santos Ramos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
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Correa-Cárdenas CA, Pérez J, Patino LH, Ramírez JD, Duque MC, Romero Y, Cantillo-Barraza O, Rodríguez O, Alvarado MT, Cruz C, Méndez C. Distribution, treatment outcome and genetic diversity of Leishmania species in military personnel from Colombia with cutaneous leishmaniasis. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:938. [PMID: 33297972 PMCID: PMC7724885 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting the Colombian National Army due to the high number of reported cases and exposure throughout military operations in endemic areas. The main aim of this study was to estimate the geographical distribution along with the genetic diversity and treatment outcome of Leishmania species in Colombian military personnel. METHODS Skin lesion samples by smear and aspirate were collected in 136 patients having parasitological cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) diagnosis. DNA was extracted, the nuclear marker heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was amplified by PCR and sequenced. Leishmania species were identified by BLASTn. The geo-spatial distribution of the identified parasites was determined according to the possible site of infection. Gene tree was constructed by maximum likelihood (ML), diversity indices (π, h) were estimated and haplotype network was constructed under the Templeton-Crandall-Sing algorithm in order to determine the geographic relationships of the genetic variants of Leishmania species circulating in Colombian military population. RESULTS The species were identified in 77.94% of the samples, with a predominance of L. braziliensis (65.09%), followed by L. panamensis (31.13%), L. naiffi by the first time reported in Colombia in two patients (1.89%) as well as L. lindenbergi in a single patient (0.945%) with possible infection in the municipality of Miraflores, Guaviare and L. infantum in a single patient (0.945%) notified with CL in the municipality of Tumaco, Nariño. The phylogenetic analysis was consistent according to bootstrap, showing four strongly differentiated clades. CONCLUSIONS The geo-spatial distribution suggested that L. braziliensis has a greater abundance, while L. panamensis has a greater dispersion. The phylogenetic relationships of Leishmania species in Colombian military personnel was estimated with the confirmation of two new species circulating without prior report in the country and a species with no background for CL in the Colombian army. A substantial genetic diversity of Leishmania braziliensis was defined. This study contributes through the understanding of the molecular epidemiology to the CL transmission in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo A Correa-Cárdenas
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julie Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luz H Patino
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Clara Duque
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yanira Romero
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Omar Cantillo-Barraza
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Omaira Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Teresa Alvarado
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Cruz
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Méndez
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales del Ejército (GINETEJ), Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación, Dirección de Sanidad Ejército, Bogotá, Colombia.
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15
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Araujo-Pereira TD, Pita-Pereira DD, Baia-Gomes SM, Boité M, Silva F, Pinto IDS, de Sousa RLT, Fuzari A, de Souza C, Brazil R, Britto C. An overview of the sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) followed by the detection of Leishmania DNA and blood meal identification in the state of Acre, Amazonian Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200157. [PMID: 33206821 PMCID: PMC7668085 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Acre state, Brazil, the dissemination of cutaneous leishmaniasis has increased in recent years, with limited knowledge of the potential Leishmania spp. vectors involved. OBJECTIVES Here, data concerning the sandfly fauna of Brasiléia municipality, Leishmania DNA-detection rates and the identification of blood meal sources of insects captured in 2013-2015 are presented. METHODS Parasite detection in female sandflies was performed individually by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Leishmania kDNA/sandfly cacophony-gene), with the identification of Leishmania spp. by hsp70-PCR and sequencing. The identification of blood gut-content from fed females was performed by cyt b-PCR and sequencing. FINDINGS A total of 4,473 sandflies were captured. A subgroup of 864 non-blood-fed females evaluated for the presence of Leishmania DNA showed 2.9% positivity for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis. The identification of blood meal sources was performed in 96 blood-fed females, allowing the identification of 13 vertebrate species. In nine/96 fed females, DNA from L. (V.) shawi, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) braziliensis and Endotrypanum sp. was detected. MAIN CONCLUSIONS In Brumptomyia sp. and Evandromyia termitophila, the first report of Leishmania DNA-detection is provided in Acre; Nyssomyia shawi is implicated as potential vector of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis for the first time in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais de Araujo-Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Daniela de Pita-Pereira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Sandylere Moreira Baia-Gomes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mariana Boité
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Franklin Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro De Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Raimundo Leoberto Torres de Sousa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Andressa Fuzari
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cristian de Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Reginaldo Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Constança Britto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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16
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Leão PDO, Pereira Júnior AM, de Paulo PFM, Carvalho LPC, Souza ABN, da Silva MS, Castro TS, Freitas MTDS, Rodrigues MMDS, Ferreira GEM, Medeiros JF. Vertical stratification of sand fly diversity in relation to natural infections of Leishmania sp. and blood-meal sources in Jamari National Forest, Rondônia State, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:422. [PMID: 32807221 PMCID: PMC7433131 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost 1000 cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis have been registered yearly in Rondônia State, Brazil. Little is known about the Leishmania transmission cycle (vectors and reservoirs) in the state. This study aimed to evaluate sand fly fauna from two vertical stratification layers in order to identify potential vectors and their blood-meal sources. METHODS The study was conducted in Jamari National Forest. Sand flies were collected in the canopy (15 m) and at ground level (1 m) using HP light traps during four months, February, April, August and October, 2018. Insects were identified to the species level, and females were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR targeting minicircle kDNA and hsp70 (for Leishmania detection and species identification), and cytb (to identify blood-meal sources). Exploratory data analysis was used to determine mean of abundance and species richness between stratifications. The hsp70 and cytb sequences were analyzed and compared with sequences from GenBank. RESULTS Overall, 68 species were identified from 15,457 individuals. On the Potosi trail, 7531 individuals of 49 species were collected; canopy captures totaled 6463 individuals of 46 species, while ground captures totaled 1068 individuals of 38 species. On the Santa Maria trail, 7926 individuals of 61 species were collected; canopy captures totaled 6136 individuals of 51 species, while ground captures totaled 1790 individuals of 53 species. A total of 23 pools were positive for kDNA (canopy n = 21, ground n = 2). Only two samples were sequenced for hsp70 (both in canopy); one sequence exhibited similarity with Leishmania braziliensis (Lutzomyia davisi pool) and another with L. naiffi (Lu. antunesi pool). The cytb fragment was amplified in 11 of 86 samples. Sample sequencing identified cytb DNA from 5 blood-meal sources: Micrastur gilvicollis, Psophia viridis, Tamandua tetradactyla, Homo sapiens and Choloepus didactylus. CONCLUSIONS Sand fly fauna is more diverse in the canopy than at ground level. Factors such as blood-meal sources, resting sites, and abiotic components probably contribute to high abundance in the canopy. Our results reinforce the possibility that Lu. antunesi and Lu. davisi participate in Leishmania transmission in forest environments and may play an important role in transmission from sylvatic to human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula de Oliveira Leão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76801-059, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marques Pereira Júnior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental - INCT-EpiAmO, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Paulo Costa Carvalho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76801-059, Brazil
| | | | - Michelli Santos da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76801-059, Brazil
| | - Thaís Santos Castro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriel Eduardo Melim Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental - INCT-EpiAmO, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental - INCT-EpiAmO, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.
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17
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Ortiz DG, Borges DA, Trinca LA, Galati EA, Gordon U, Geier M, Pinto MC. Comparison of BG-Lure and BG-Sweetscents attractants for field sampling of phlebotomine sand flies. Acta Trop 2020; 202:105224. [PMID: 31629825 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomines are important vectors of bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites. Protozoans of the genus Leishmania which cause visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases, are among the most important etiologic agents transmitted by sand flies. Different blends of human and animal volatiles have been evaluated for use in surveillance and/or control of hematophagous insects. With regard to phlebotomine sand flies there are few records of attraction under laboratory and field conditions. This study was carried out at two collecting sites located in a Brazilian town with a high prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of adding two kinds of commercial bait which mimic human odors to light traps to attract sand flies and compare the results with those of light traps without any additional bait. The commercial baits, BG-Lure® and BG-Sweetscent®, were developed to catch anthropophilic mosquitoes. Three treatments were evaluated: 1 - HP light trap with BG-Lure® added; 2 - HP light trap with BG-Sweetscent® added and 3- HP light trap without any attractant. A total of 3,682 sand flies were collected during the study. Constrained correspondence analysis was applied to perform ordination of the captured community of sand fly species that could be explained by attractant, sampling site and sex. The most abundant species: Pintomyia nevesi, Nyssomyia whitmani and Nyssomyia antunesi were further investigated by fitting generalized linear mixed models. Only Ny. whitmani showed a slight indication of an increase in catches with BG-Lure®.
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18
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Sánchez Uzcátegui YDV, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Silveira FT, Ramos PKS, Dos Santos EJM, Póvoa MM. Phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a Urban Park of Belém, Pará State, Northern Brazil and Potential Implications in the Transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:281-288. [PMID: 31550368 PMCID: PMC6951032 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In urban ecotourism parks, the life cycle of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) agents can remain established, where phlebotomines may comprise potential risks for visitors. The present study aimed to survey the phlebotomine fauna of a forest park 'Bosque Rodriques Alves-Jardim Botânico da Amazônia' (BRAJBA), in the urban area of Belém, Brazil. The park was monthly surveyed in 2018 using CDC light traps placed in ground and canopy strata. Leishmania spp. isolated from dissected females were characterized by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Fluctuations in specimen capture were correlated with rainfall. Nyssomyia antunesi (Coutinho, 1939) was predominant for all surveyed ecotopes and capture methods in both areas. Females of Ny. antunesi resting on tree bases were observed attempting to bite researchers during early morning. One Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942) and one Trichophoromyia brachipyga (Mangabeira, 1942) were found naturally infected by flagellates. Only the strain from Th. brachipyga was isolated and characterized as Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni Silveira, Shaw, Braga and Ishikawa, 1987. Monthly fluctuations of the three most abundant species, Ny. antunesi, Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (Mangabeira, 1942) and Th. brachypiga, had statistically significant negative correlations with rainfall. The present study provided further information to better understand ACL ecology in the Belém urban area, where the urban parks surveyed appeared to offer potential risk of contracting the disease, thus requiring environmental management. These observations highlighted the need for including Ny. antunesi, Bi. flaviscutellata, Th. ubiquitalis, and Th. brachypiga in the priority list for continuous entomological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetsenia D V Sánchez Uzcátegui
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
- Departamento de Biología, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | | | - Fernando T Silveira
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Patricia K S Ramos
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Eduardo José M Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Marinete M Póvoa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
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19
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Carneiro LA, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Lima LVDR, Ramos PKS, Campos MB, Silveira FT. First report on feline leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in Amazonian Brazil. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 19:100360. [PMID: 32057387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we reported the natural infection by Leishmania sp. in a domestic cat, in which the amastigote forms of the parasite were observed within a lesion on its ear-tip. Fragment of the lesion was obtained and cultured in NNN medium, and PCR-RFLP analysis of the isolated sample was performed, which revealed that the profile was compatible with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. This is the first proven case of a cat infected by L. (L.) amazonensis reported in Belém city, Pará state, northern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brazil; Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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20
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Silveira FT. What makes mucosal and anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniases so clinically and immunopathogically different? A review in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:505-516. [PMID: 31140559 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a parasitic protozoan disease caused by different Leishmania species widely distributed throughout Latin America. Fifteen Leishmania species belonging to the subgenera Viannia, Leishmania and Mundinia are known to cause ACL. Seven of these species are found in Brazil, of which Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis have the highest potential to cause mucosal (ML) and anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), respectively, the most severe forms of ACL. The clinical and immunopathological differences between these two clinical forms are reviewed here, taking into account their different physiopathogenic mechanisms of dissemination from cutaneous lesions to mucosal tissues in the case of ML and to almost all body surfaces in the case of anergic DCL. We also discuss some immunopathogenic mechanisms of species-specific Leishmania antigens (from the subgenera Viannia and Leishmania) that are most likely associated with the clinical and immunopathological differences between ML and anergic DCL. Those discussions emphasize the pivotal importance of some surface antigens of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis, such as lipophosphoglycan, phosphatidylserine and CD200 (an immunoregulatory molecule that inhibits macrophage activation), that have been shown to exert strong influences on the clinical and immunopathological differences between ML and anergic DCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T Silveira
- Leishmaniasis Laboratory Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson, Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rod. BR 316-KM 07, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
- Nucleus of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
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21
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Cantanhêde LM, Mattos CB, de Souza Ronconi C, Filgueira CPB, da Silva Júnior CF, Limeira C, de Jesus Silva HP, Ferreira GEM, Porrozzi R, Ferreira RDGM, Cupolillo E. First report of Leishmania (Viannia) lindenbergi causing tegumentary leishmaniasis in the Brazilian western Amazon region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:30. [PMID: 31120019 PMCID: PMC6532396 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (TL) in the Brazilian Amazon region is associated with several Leishmania species. In this report, we describe two cases of TL related to Leishmania lindenbergi occurring in different locations of Rondônia state. After clinical diagnosis, lesion samples were collected for parasitological diagnoses via direct microscopic visualization, parasite isolation, and PCR. PCR reactions were positive in both clinical samples. Parasite isolation was possible for both patients, and isolates were submitted to species identification by isoenzyme electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. This report is the first to describe human infections caused by L. lindenbergi since the initial description and record of human infection by this species in 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudino Limeira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renato Porrozzi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Paniz Mondolfi AE, Colmenares Garmendia A, Mendoza Pérez Y, Hernández-Pereira CE, Medina C, Vargas F, Sandoval D, Agüero J, Román D, Forlano-Riera M, Salas Y, Peraza M, Romero P, Aldana F, Castillo T, Santeliz S, Perez G, Suarez-Alvarado MJ, Morales-Panza RJ, Kato H. Autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis in urban domestic animals (Felis catus / Canis lupus familiaris) from central-western Venezuela. Acta Trop 2019; 191:252-260. [PMID: 30633896 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by intracellular protozoa of the Leishmania genus that are spread and transmitted by sandflies. Natural infection and clinical disease in domestic cats and dogs appear to be rare or perhaps largely under-reported in endemic areas. However, previous reports on infected domestic animals usually implicate the same Leishmania species that affect humans in tropical and subtropical areas of the world suggesting a potential role for zoonotic transmission. In the present study we assessed a representative sample of cats and dogs from endemic urban / suburban areas of Lara state in central western Venezuela. In both dogs and cats, cutaneous disease exhibits a spectrum of manifestations that range from single papules or nodules, which may evolve into ulcerative, plaque-like or scaly lesions. Cytochrome b (cyt b) PCR gene sequence analysis revealed L. mexicana as the causative agent in all cases, including two human cases proceeding from the same study area at the same time the study was carried out. In order to improve our understanding on feline/canine infection with Leishmania mexicana, and address potential zoonotic concerns it is necessary to characterize its enzootic reservoirs and vectors as well as the possible anthropophilic players linking to the peridomestic and domestic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Paniz Mondolfi
- Clínica IDB Cabudare, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela; Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales (IVSS), Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - A Colmenares Garmendia
- Infectious Diseases Research Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clínica IDB Cabudare, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela; Health Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - Y Mendoza Pérez
- Infectious Diseases Research Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clínica IDB Cabudare, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela; Health Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - C E Hernández-Pereira
- Infectious Diseases Research Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clínica IDB Cabudare, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela; Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine. Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado. Barquisimeto, Lara State 3001, Venezuela
| | - C Medina
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - F Vargas
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - D Sandoval
- Health Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - J Agüero
- Departments of Small Animals and Dermatology, "Dr. Luis de Leon Clinic", Barquisimeto, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - D Román
- Department of Surgery of Small Animals, INSUAGRO, Barquisimeto, Lara State, 3023, Venezuela
| | - M Forlano-Riera
- Department of Public Health, Veterinarian Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - Y Salas
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - M Peraza
- Department of Small Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - P Romero
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - F Aldana
- Department of Small Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - T Castillo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - S Santeliz
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - G Perez
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - M J Suarez-Alvarado
- Infectious Diseases Research Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clínica IDB Cabudare, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela; Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine. Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado. Barquisimeto, Lara State 3001, Venezuela
| | - R J Morales-Panza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - H Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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23
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Espada CR, Ortiz PA, Shaw JJ, Barral AMP, Costa JML, Uliana SRB, Coelho AC. Identification of Leishmania (Viannia) species and clinical isolates of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis from Brazil using PCR-RFLP of the heat-shock protein 70 gene reveals some unexpected observations. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 91:312-318. [PMID: 29653798 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hsp70 is a cytoplasmic heat-shock protein, encoded by a multicopy tandemly repeated gene that has recently been gaining popularity as a valuable marker for typing Leishmania species. In this study, we used a previously described hsp70 PCR-RFLP method for identifying Brazilian Leishmania isolates. We identified two distinct L. (L.) amazonensis hsp70 alleles that resulted in two different RFLP patterns. Also, we found RFLP polymorphisms amongst L. (Viannia) naiffi strains. The profiles of both L. (V.) shawi and L. (V.) lindenbergi were very similar to those of other L. (Viannia) species. The observations described herein reflect the polymorphism found within species of Leishmania and indicate that results from this hsp70 PCR-RFLP method should be used with caution when typing isolates from clinical cases of leishmaniasis and Leishmania species from Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Espada
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Paola A Ortiz
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey J Shaw
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Aldina M P Barral
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, 40296-710, BA, Brazil
| | - Jackson M L Costa
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, 40296-710, BA, Brazil
| | - Silvia R B Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano C Coelho
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
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24
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Rodríguez-Rojas JJ, Rebollar-Téllez EA. Effect of trapping methods on the estimation of alpha diversity of a phlebotomine sandfly assemblage in southern Mexico. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:392-401. [PMID: 28815634 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to (a) investigate the effect of trapping methods on alpha diversity; and (b) enhance the knowledge of the sandfly assemblage in the state of Quintana Roo. Field work was undertaken in a tropical forest of southern Mexico from August 2013 to July 2014. Sampling was conducted monthly during three consecutive nights. For each trapping night, 12 different types of trap were operated from 18.00 to 24.00 hours in four transects. Measures of alpha community diversity were based on the quantification of the number of species (Chao 2, Jackknife 2, Clench's equation, Margalef's index) and the community structure, as well as the dominance (Simpson and Berger-Parker indexes) and evenness (Shannon's entropy index, true diversity of the Jost and Pielou index). With a total sampling effort of 1728 night-traps, 16 101 phlebotomine sandflies were collected; they represented two genera and 13 species. Diversity estimates of 100% (Chao 2 and Clench's equation) and 85% (Jackknife 2) of potential species in the study area were calculated. Shannon traps and CDC light traps indicated the largest number of species, but only Shannon traps showed the greatest abundance. This inventory of sandflies is an important activity to enhance our knowledge of sandfly assemblages and guilds. The ultimate goal of studying alpha diversity in sandflies would be to have a better understanding of the population dynamics and all complex networks of interactions that may, in turn, be associated with the epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Rodríguez-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - E A Rebollar-Téllez
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
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25
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Teles CBG, Santos APDAD, Freitas RA, Oliveira AFJD, Ogawa GM, Rodrigues MS, Pessoa FAC, Medeiros JF, Camargo LMA. Phlebotomine sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) diversity and their Leishmania DNA in a hot spot of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis human cases along the Brazilian border with Peru and Bolivia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 0:0. [PMID: 27304023 PMCID: PMC4957494 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified the phlebotomine sandfly vectors involved in the transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil, which is located on the Brazil-Peru-Bolivia frontier. The genotyping of Leishmania in phlebotomines was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. A total of 6,850 sandflies comprising 67 species were captured by using CDC light traps in rural areas of the municipality. Three sandfly species were found in the state of Acre for the first time: Lutzomyia georgii, Lu. complexa and Lu. evangelistai. The predominant species was Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi and Lu. davisi (total 59.27%). 32 of 368 pools were positive for the presence of Leishmania DNA (16 pools corresponding to Lu. davisi, and 16 corresponding to Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi), with a minimal infection prevalence of 1.85% in Lu. davisi and 2.05% in Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi. The Leishmania species found showed maximum identity with L. (Viannia) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis in both phlebotomine species. Based on these results and similar scenarios previously described along the Brazil/Peru/Bolivia tri-border, the studied area must take into consideration the possibility of Lu. davisi and Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi as probable vectors of ACL in this municipality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Faculdade São Lucas, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula de Azevedo Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Rui Alves Freitas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus AM , Brasil, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Arley Faria José de Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus AM , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Maerschner Ogawa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro RO , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro, RO, Brasil
| | - Moreno Souza Rodrigues
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus AM , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Luís Marcelo Aranha Camargo
- Faculdade São Lucas, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho RO , Brasil, Faculdade São Lucas, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro RO , Brasil, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Monte Negro, RO, Brasil
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Resadore F, Pereira Júnior AM, Carvalho LPC, Dos Santos APDA, Teles CBG, Medeiros JF. Phlebotomine Sand Fly Composition (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Putative Vectors of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Porto Velho Municipality, Western Amazon, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:798-803. [PMID: 28399264 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the species composition of sand flies and identified potential vectors of Leishmania Ross species in rural areas of Porto Velho, Rondônia State, Brazil. American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is one of the gravest threats to public health in this state. Sand flies were collected over the course of 2014 and 2015 using HP light traps. Polymerase chain reaction was performed by targeting the Leishmania mkDNA region. In total, 2,344 sand flies were collected, from which 45 species, nine subgenera, and five species group were identified. The most abundant species were Lutzomyia antunesi (Coutinho) (n = 597, 25.47%), Lutzomyia ubiquitalis (Mangabeira) (n = 496, 21.16%), and Lutzomyia octavioi (Vargas) (n = 199, 8.49%). The greatest diversity occurred in the forest environment where the most abundant species were L. antunesi (n = 588, 25.07%), L. ubiquitalis (n = 493, 21.02%), L. octavioi (n = 199, 8.49%), and Lutzomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira) (n = 132, 5.63%). Two pools of L. ubiquitalis were positive for Leishmania DNA, which suggests that L. ubiquitalis is a putative vector of leishmaniasis in the municipality of Porto Velho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Resadore
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, BR 364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho, RO 76801-059, Brazil ( ; ; )
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671, Porto Velho, RO 76812-245, Brazil ( )
| | - Antônio Marques Pereira Júnior
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, BR 364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho, RO 76801-059, Brazil ( ; ; )
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671, Porto Velho, RO 76812-245, Brazil ( )
| | - Luís Paulo Costa Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisas Leônidas e Maria Deane, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM 69057-070, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Azevedo Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, BR 364, Km 9.5, Porto Velho, RO 76801-059, Brazil ( ; ; )
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671, Porto Velho, RO 76812-245, Brazil ( )
| | - Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose, Fiocruz Rondônia, Rua da Beira, 7671, Porto Velho, RO 76812-245, Brazil
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Godoy RE, de Santana ALF, Graser C, Rangel EF, Vilela ML. Aspects on the Ecology of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) From Guaraí, State of Tocantins, Brazil, Endemic Area for American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:229-235. [PMID: 28082651 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) ecology involves a diversity of Leishmania species transmitted by different sand fly species. Workers involved in agricultural activities are those mainly affected by ACL in some regions from Tocantins State (TO), Brazil, where the disease can be established in new settlements. The objective of this study was to examine the seasonal and hourly frequency of sand fly species, focusing on the potential vectors of ACL, in a settlement in Guaraí (TO), an ACL transmission area. Sand flies were captured in forested area close to Pedra Branca Agricultural Project settlement, from March 2006 until December 2007, using Shannon trap. Monthly captures were made from 06:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., and 24-h captures were done twice per semester, from 06:00 a.m. to 06:00 a.m. A total of 10,089 specimens from 30 species were identified. Psychodopygus complexus Mangabeira, Psychodopygus llanosmartinsi Fraiha & Ward, and Nyssomyia antunesi Coutinho were the most abundant species. Nyssomyia antunesi was more frequent during the dry period, whereas Ps. complexus and Ps. llanosmartinsi had high frequencies during the rainy season. Precipitation was positively correlated with Ps. complexus and Ps. llanosmartinsi abundance, and negatively correlated with Ny. antunesi During 24-h captures, the majority of specimens were captured during the night followed by a decrease at dawn. The behavior and previous finding of natural infection by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis of Ps. complexus led us to the conclusion that this species can be a potential vector of L. (V.) braziliensis during the rainy season in Guaraí.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Espíndola Godoy
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemíptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (; ; )
| | - Antônio Luís Ferreira de Santana
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemíptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (; ; )
| | - Carina Graser
- Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Tocantins, Núcleo de Leishmanioses, Coordenadoria de Doenças Vetoriais e Zoonoses, Palmas, Tocantins, Brasil
| | - Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemíptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (; ; )
| | - Maurício Luiz Vilela
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemíptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (; ; )
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Thies SF, Bronzoni RVDM, Espinosa MM, Souza CDO, Ribeiro ALM, Santos ESD, Dias ES, Damazo AS. Frequency and diversity of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sinop, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49:544-552. [PMID: 27812647 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0251-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Understanding the diversity of sand flies is important for the epidemiology and control of leishmaniasis. This study aimed to understand the frequency, diversity, and seasonality of medically important sand flies in the municipality of Sinop, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: The study was conducted in an urban area, including four ecotypes with different levels of urbanization. The sand flies were collected using light traps for three nights per month, from May 2014 to April 2015. RESULTS: A total of 62,745 sand flies was collected, 52.34% of which were female. The frequency and diversity of sand flies was the highest in areas of permanent preservation (APPs) (96.85%), and was lower in more urbanized areas. Lutzomyia dasypodogeton was the most frequent species in the APPs. Lutzomyia antunesi was the most frequent in neighborhoods with forest fragments and neighborhoods around APPs, and L. aragaoi was the most frequent in completely urbanized neighborhoods. A higher frequency and diversity of sand flies was observed in the rainy season (87.92%) than in the dry season (12.08%). Eight medically important species were captured, and Lutzomyia antunesi, which is associated with American cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis, was observed in all ecotypes throughout the year. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high frequency and diversity of sand flies in all urban areas, and some species collected were major vectors of leishmaniasis. These results support the need for further studies of the natural rates of infection of these insects and the circulation of the disease in hosts and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirlei Franck Thies
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.,Escritório Regional de Saúde de Sinop, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Mariano Martinez Espinosa
- Departamento de Estatística, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Cladson de Oliveira Souza
- Escritório Regional de Saúde de Sinop, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amílcar Sabino Damazo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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29
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Espir TT, Guerreiro TS, Naiff MDF, Figueira LDP, Soares FV, da Silva SS, Franco AMR. Evaluation of different diagnostic methods of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Brazilian Amazon. Exp Parasitol 2016; 167:1-6. [PMID: 27119738 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have been conducted to better understand the dynamics of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in the Amazon region where distinct species of Leishmania circulate. In endemic areas, the optimal diagnosis must be made in the earlier clinical presentation to avoid the complications of chronic disease. The scarcity of financial support, laboratory infrastructure and trained persons are the major obstacles in this reality. This paper describes the result of performing different diagnostic methods for ACL in Amazonas State between the years 2010 and 2011. The tests used were the intradermal skin test (Montenegro's skin test), ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), direct examination, culture isolation and identification of Leishmania species. A total of 38 suspected human cases of ACL were diagnosed by different methods, of which 71.0% (n = 27) were positive by direct examination, 75.6% (n = 28) had positivity in the culture isolates and, of these, 54.0% (n = 19) had infection with Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. The positivity of the intradermal skin test with the leishmanin solution was observed in 77.0% of cases analyzed and the serology with detection of IgG and IgM showed the presence of antibodies in 100% of exams realized results, showing variation in the titles of antibodies. The success of Leishmaniasis treatment depends on an effective and early diagnosis. Parasitological diagnosis is highly specific, but sensitivity is subject to variation because the tissue distribution of parasites generally is not homogeneous and depends on the specie of parasite. Moreover, parasitological tests require invasive procedures and depend on restrictive conditions for the collection of biological sample, which limit their use in large-scale for epidemiological studies. ELISA has been the most widely used serological method for the diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) as it is easy to perform and has a low cost. However, flaws in specificity are observed in the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Actually the diagnosis needs to be done as an associated methods depending on the question to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Tibery Espir
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva (FM-DSC), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), 60077000 Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Thayanne Sá Guerreiro
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Maricleide de Farias Naiff
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Luanda de Paula Figueira
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Veloso Soares
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Susi Simas da Silva
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Antonia Maria Ramos Franco
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, CSAS, Laboratório de Leishmaniose e Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), 69060-001BR, Avenida André Araújo 2936, 69060-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Ogawa GM, Pereira Júnior AM, Resadore F, Ferreira RDGM, Medeiros JF, Camargo LMA. Sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) from caves in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:61-8. [PMID: 27007243 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study had the aim of ascertaining the sandfly fauna and possible presence of Leishmania in these insects, collected in caves in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. Collections were conducted in eight caves located in two different areas of this state. Leishmania in the sandflies collected was detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This was the first study on sandflies from caves in Rondônia and, among the total of 1,236 individuals collected, 24 species and 10 genera were identified. The species Evandromyia georgii was collected for the first time in Rondônia and the most abundant species were Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis with 448 individuals (36.2%), followed by T. octavioi with 283 (22.9%) and E. georgii with 179 (14.5%). For the PCR, 17 pools were analyzed and five pools were positive (forT. auraensis in three pools and for Nyssomyia shawi and N. antunesi in one pool each). The kDNA region was amplified and the presence of Leishmania DNA was confirmed. The sandfly fauna in these caves can be considered diverse in comparison with similar studies in other regions. It may be that some species use caves as a temporary shelter and breeding site, while other species live exclusively in this environment. The detection of Leishmania DNA indicates that this pathogen is circulating in cave environments and that further studies are needed in order to ascertain the risks of infection by leishmaniasis in these locations with high touristic potential.
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Cantanhêde LM, da Silva Júnior CF, Ito MM, Felipin KP, Nicolete R, Salcedo JMV, Porrozzi R, Cupolillo E, Ferreira RDGM. Further Evidence of an Association between the Presence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 and the Mucosal Manifestations in Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004079. [PMID: 26372217 PMCID: PMC4570810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (TL) is endemic in Latin America, and Brazil contributes approximately 20 thousand cases per year. The pathogenesis of TL, however, is still not fully understood. Clinical manifestations vary from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to more severe outcomes, such as disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). Many factors have been associated with the severity of the disease and the development of lesions. Recent studies have reported that the presence of Leishmania RNA virus 1 infecting Leishmania (Leishmania RNA virus 1, LRV1) is an important factor associated with the severity of ML in experimental animal models. In the present study, 156 patients who attended Rondonia's Hospital of Tropical Medicine with both leishmaniasis clinical diagnoses (109 CL; 38 ML; 5 CL+ML; 3 DL and 1 DCL) and molecular diagnoses were investigated. The clinical diagnosis were confirmed by PCR by targeting hsp70 and kDNA DNA sequences and the species causing the infection were determined by HSP70 PCR-RFPL. The presence of LVR1 was tested by RT-PCR. Five Leishmania species were detected: 121 (77.6%) samples were positive for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, 18 (11.5%) were positive for Leishmania (V.) guyanensis, 3 (1.8%) for Leishmania (V.) lainsoni, 2 (1.3%) for Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and 2 (1.3%) for Leishmania (V.) shawi. Six (3.9%) samples were positive for Leishmania sp. but the species could not be determined, and 4 (2.6%) samples were suggestive of mixed infection by L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis. The virus was detected in L. braziliensis (N = 54), L. guyanensis (N = 5), L. amazonensis (N = 2), L. lainsoni (N = 1) and inconclusive samples (N = 6). Patients presenting with CL+ML, DL and DCL were excluded from further analysis. Association between the presence of the virus and the disease outcome were tested among the remaining 147 patients (CL = 109 and ML = 38). Of them, 71.1% (n = 27) mucosal lesions were positive for LRV1, and 28.9% (n = 11) were negative. In cutaneous lesions, 36.7% (n = 40) were positive and 63.3% (n = 69) were negative for LRV1. The ratio P(ML|LRV1+)/P(ML|LRV1-) was 2.93 (CI95% 1.57…5.46; p<0.001), thus corroborating the hypothesis of the association between LRV1 and the occurrence of mucosal leishmaniasis, as previously described in animal models; it also indicates that LRV1 is not the only factor contributing to the disease outcome. Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (TL) is characterized by a variety of clinical forms, ranging from simple skin lesions to more severe lesions with mucosal destruction. The mechanisms by which some patients develop a severe form of the disease remain unclear. It is already known that the immune statuses of the host and parasite species are key factors influencing the clinical outcome of the disease, but is not known which are the factors that influence the parasite’s tropism to the mucosal regions. Recently, a virus found infecting Leishmania, Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1), has also been reported as one important factor contributing to the disease severity. The present article reports, among 147 investigated patients from the Brazilian Western Amazon, a higher frequency of LRV1 among patients with mucosal lesions compared to patients with cutaneous lesions, statistically demonstrating that the virus is related to the worsening of the disease, increasing the risk of developing mucosal injury by almost 3 times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos Massayuki Ito
- Secretaria de Saúde, Governo do Estado de Rondonia, Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Nicolete
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Unidade Rondonia, Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Porrozzi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Pereira Júnior AM, Teles CBG, de Azevedo dos Santos AP, de Souza Rodrigues M, Marialva EF, Pessoa FAC, Medeiros JF. Ecological aspects and molecular detection of Leishmania DNA Ross (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in terra firme and várzea environments in the Middle Solimões Region, Amazonas State, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:180. [PMID: 25889808 PMCID: PMC4378226 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are insects of medical importance due to the role that some species play in the transmission of leishmaniasis. This work aimed to study some ecological aspects among sand flies fauna inhabiting two different environments: the várzea (lowland Amazonian forest) and terra firme (upland Amazonian forest), both located in Tefé Municipality, Amazonas State, Braziland to detect Leishmania infection in those phlebotomine populations. Methods Sand flies were collected using HP light traps. Collection took place over the course of six months: January, February, April, August, September, and October of 2013. To detect natural infection by Leishmania, DNA samples were extracted from female sand flies and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting the kDNA gene; Leishmania species were identified by PCR-RFLP targeting the hsp70 gene and genetic sequencing. Results In all, 5,716 individuals were collected, and 46 species were identified. Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (3,330 – 58.26%) and Nyssomyia antunesi (661 – 11.26%) were the most abundant species. Species richness was greater in terra firme environments (42 species) than in the várzea environments (22 species), and forests ecotopes (43 species) were richer than peridomiciles (28 species). DNA of Leishmania was found in Th. ubiquitalis and Psychodopygus davisi, both of which inhabit the terra firme environment and sequencing analysis confirmed the presence of Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni DNA in Th. ubiquitalis in Tefé Municipality. Conclusions The high abundance of Th. ubiquitalis and Ps. davisi and detection of DNA of Leishmania sp. may indicate that both species could be putative vectors for American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in the terra firme environment of Tefé. The sand fly fauna found in várzea is rich and diverse, exhibiting several species, nevertheless the seasonal hydric stress during part of the year that could influence the local diversity, if compared with other studies. This is the first report in Amazonas State of Th. ubiquitalis with presence of L. (V.) lainsoni DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Bioni Garcia Teles
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) - Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de Azevedo dos Santos
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) - Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | | | - Eric Fabrício Marialva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) - Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) - Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - Jansen Fernandes Medeiros
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA) - Centro de Pesquisa Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Entomologia - Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
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The role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonas State, Brazil. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:481750. [PMID: 25295285 PMCID: PMC4177821 DOI: 10.1155/2014/481750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors discuss in this paper the role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with different species of Leishmania in Amazonas State, Brazil. A comparative analysis was made of serum concentrations of these cytokines in the peripheral blood of 33 patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The isolates were identified as Leishmania guyanensis, L. naiffi, and L. amazonensis. Most (64%) of the patients were male ranging in age from 18 to 58 years. Protein expression profiles of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 cytokines were shown to vary significantly between infected and noninfected (control group) individuals and according to the Leishmania species. Infection caused by L. guyanensis accounted for 73% of the cases and patients with this parasite also showed higher concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 when compared to infection by L. amazonensis. Patients with infection caused by L. naiffi showed higher concentration of the cytokines analyzed when compared to uninfected patients; however, there was no statistically significant difference with the other species analyzed.
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Jennings YL, de Souza AAA, Ishikawa EA, Shaw J, Lainson R, Silveira F. Phenotypic characterization of Leishmania spp. causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in the lower Amazon region, western Pará state, Brazil, reveals a putative hybrid parasite, Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis × Leishmania (Viannia) shawi shawi. Parasite 2014; 21:39. [PMID: 25083790 PMCID: PMC4118625 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We phenotypically characterized 43 leishmanial parasites from cutaneous leishmaniasis by isoenzyme electrophoresis and the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (23 McAbs). Identifications revealed 11 (25.6%) strains of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, 4 (9.3%) of L. (V.) shawi shawi, 7 (16.3%) of L. (V.) shawi santarensis, 6 (13.9%) of L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) lainsoni, 2 (4.7%) of L. (L.) amazonensis, and 7 (16.3%) of a putative hybrid parasite, L. (V.) guyanensis/L. (V.) shawi shawi. McAbs detected three different serodemes of L. (V.) braziliensis: I-7, II-1, and III-3 strains. Among the strains of L. (V.) shawi we identified two populations: one (7 strains) expressing the B19 epitope that was previously considered to be species-specific for L. (V.) guyanensis. We have given this population sub-specific rank, naming it L. (V.) s. santarensis. The other one (4 strains) did not express the B19 epitope like the L. (V.) shawi reference strain, which we now designate as L. (V.) s. shawi. For the first time in the eastern Brazilian Amazon we register a putative hybrid parasite (7 strains), L. (V.) guyanensis/L. (V.) s. shawi, characterized by a new 6PGDH three-band profile at the level of L. (V.) guyanensis. Its PGM profile, however, was very similar to that of L. (V.) s. shawi. These results suggest that the lower Amazon region - western Pará state, Brazil, represents a biome where L. (V.) guyanensis and L. (V.) s. shawi exchange genetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Lins Jennings
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Parasitology Department, Institute Evandro Chagas (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health) Belém Pará state Brazil
| | - Adelson Alcimar Almeida de Souza
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Parasitology Department, Institute Evandro Chagas (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health) Belém Pará state Brazil
| | - Edna Aoba Ishikawa
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Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará Belém Pará state Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Shaw
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Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University São Paulo São Paulo state Brazil
| | - Ralph Lainson
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Parasitology Department, Institute Evandro Chagas (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health) Belém Pará state Brazil
| | - Fernando Silveira
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Parasitology Department, Institute Evandro Chagas (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health) Belém Pará state Brazil
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Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará Belém Pará state Brazil
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Vásquez Trujillo A, González Reina AE, Góngora Orjuela A, Prieto Suárez E, Palomares JE, Buitrago Alvarez LS. Seasonal variation and natural infection of Lutzomyia antunesi (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), an endemic species in the Orinoquia region of Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:463-9. [PMID: 23828011 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-0276108042013011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia antunesi has been commonly reported in outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Orinoquia region of Colombia. The bionomics of this species were studied in the municipality of Villavicencio (Meta, Colombia). Sandflies were captured over the course of one week per month for one year in intradomiciliary, peridomiciliary and extradomiciliary housing areas. The captures were performed from 06:00 pm-06:00 am using CDC light traps and the females were processed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Leishmania spp. A total of 22,097 specimens and 19 species were captured of which Lu. antunesi (89%) and Lutzomyia walkeri (5%) were the most abundant. Other species recognised as anthropophilic (Lutzomyia panamensis, Lutzomyia gomezi, Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and Lutzomyia fairtigi) were present in very low abundance (< 2%). Natural infection with Leishmania spp was detected using PCR in Lu. antunesi, Lu. panamensis and Lu. flavicutellata, showing infection rates of 1%, 4.8% and 7.5%, respectively. The present paper provides information on various ecological aspects of Lu. antunesi. An analysis of seasonality shows that this species increases in abundance in the hottest months (December, January and February), directly correlating with the maximum temperature and inversely correlating with precipitation. The natural infection rate is associated with the peaks of highest abundance.
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In vitro cytokines profile and ultrastructural changes of microglia and macrophages following interaction with Leishmania. Parasitology 2014; 141:1052-63. [PMID: 24717447 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed morphological changes and cytokine production after in vitro interaction with causative agents of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and compared the microglia and macrophage immune responses. Cultures of microglia and macrophages infected with stationary-phase promastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) shawi, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis or Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis were evaluated 24, 48 and 72 h after interaction. Macrophages only presented the classical phagocytic process while microglia also displayed large cytoplasmic projections similar to the ruffles described in macropinocytosis. In the macrophage cultures, the percentage of infected cells increased over time, in a fashion that was dependent on the parasite species. In contrast, in microglial cells as the culture time progressed, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of infected cells independent of parasite species. Measurements of cytokines in macrophage cultures 48 h after interactions revealed distinct expression patterns for different parasites, whereas in microglial cultures they were similar for all Leishmania tested species. Taken together, our results suggest that microglia may have a higher phagocytic ability and cytotoxic potential than macrophages for all investigated species. The robust response of microglia against all parasite species may suggest microglia have an important role in the defence against cerebral leishmaniasis.
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Figueira EAG, Silva G, Chagas ECDS, Shimabukuro PHF. Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Lábrea, state of Amazonas, Brazil, with a description of Evandromyia (Aldamyia) apurinan Shimabukuro, Figueira & Silva, sp. nov. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:S0074-02762013000300280. [PMID: 23778658 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An entomological survey was conducted from July-December 2009 and September-December 2010, as part of the epidemiological monitoring of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in the municipality of Lábrea, state of Amazonas (AM), Brazil. Sandflies were collected using CDC light traps installed in intra and peridomiciliary locations, as well as the border of forested areas around houses where autochthonous cases of ACL were recorded. A total of 510 sandflies belonging to 26 species were collected. The most abundant species was Nyssomyia antunesi (44.5%) followed by Evandromyia walkeri (10.6%) and Micropygomyia rorotaensis (9.8%). Here we also describe Evandromyia (Aldamyia) apurinan sp. nov. and report new records for Trichophoromyia flochi and Evandromyia sipani in AM and Brazil, respectively. Our results describe the composition of the sandfly fauna in the south of AM and suggest Ny. antunesi as the putative vector in the transmission of Leishmania in this area of the Amazon Region.
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Identification of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Agents in Four Geographical Regions of Khuzestan Province Using Nested PCR. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Passero LFD, Carvalho AK, Bordon MLAC, Bonfim-Melo A, Toyama MH, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Leishmania (Viannia) shawi purified antigens confer protection against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis. Inflamm Res 2011; 61:255-63. [PMID: 22166919 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leishmania (Viannia) shawi was characterized only recently, and few studies concerning the immunogenic and protective properties of its antigens have been performed. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of the five antigenic fractions isolated from L. (V.) shawi promastigotes in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Soluble antigen from L. (V.) shawi promastigotes was submitted to reverse phase HPLC to purify F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5 antigens. BALB/c mice were immunized once a week for two consecutive weeks by subcutaneous routes in the rump, using 25 μg protein. After 1 week, groups were challenged in the footpad with L. (V.) shawi promastigotes. After 8 weeks, those same mice were sacrificed and parasite burden as well as the cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated. RESULTS F1 and F5-immunized mice restrained lesion progression and parasite load in the skin. However, only the F1 group was able to control the parasitism in lymph nodes, which was associated with low IL-4 and high IFN-γ production; IgG2a isotype was increased in this group. Immunizations with F2, F3 and F4 antigens did not protect mice. CONCLUSION The capability of antigens to restrain IL-4 levels and increase IFN-γ was associated with protection, such as in immunization using F1 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departmento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil.
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Passero LFD, Marques C, Vale-Gato I, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD, Santos-Gomes G. Analysis of the protective potential of antigens released by Leishmania (Viannia) shawi promastigotes. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 304:47-55. [PMID: 21882046 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) shawi causes cutaneous lesions in humans. Parasite antigens conferring significant protection against American tegumentar leishmaniosis (ATL) might be important for the development of effective vaccine. Therefore, this work evaluates the protective effect of antigenic fractions released by L. shawi. Antigens released by promastigotes to culture medium were concentrated and isolated by SDS-PAGE. The three main fractions LsPass1 (>75 kDa), LsPass2 (75-50 kDa) and LsPass3 (<50 kDa) were electro-eluted according with their molecular mass. Immunized BALB/c mice were challenged with L. shawi promastigotes and the course of infection monitored during 5 weeks. LsPass1-challenged mice showed no protection, however, a strong degree of protection associated to smaller lesions and high expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α by CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T and double negative CD4CD8 cells was achieved in LsPass3-challenged mice. Furthermore, LsPass2-challenged mice showed an intermediated degree of protection associated to high levels of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA. In spite of increased expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α, high amounts of IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA were also detected in LsPass3-challenged mice indicating a possible contribution of these cytokines for the persistence of a residual number of parasites that may be important in inducing long-lasting immunity. Therefore, LsPass3 seems to be an interesting alternative that should be considered in the development of an effective vaccine against ATL.
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Shalaby I, Gherbawy Y, Jamjoom M, Banaja AE. Genotypic characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis at Al Baha and Al Qasim Provinces (Saudi Arabia). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:807-13. [PMID: 21417928 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty samples of skin ulcers were collected from the western region of Saudi Arabia Kingdom (Al Baha and Al Qasim) to study genotypic characterization of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in this area. Thirty-six samples were recorded as Leishmania isolates. The same isolates were subsequently tested with fingerprinting with single arbitrary primers. The primers used derived from the core sequence of the phage M13, and the repeat sequences (GTG)5 and (GACA)4. The 36 isolates were all identified as Leishmania major (n = 25 isolates) or Leishmania tropica (n = 11 isolates). All produced polymorphic patterns, which were grouped depending on the species they belonged to, next to the relevant well-characterized strains of the same species. Within the L. major and L. tropica group the subgroupings formed were mainly related to the geographical origin of the strains. A nested polymerase chain reaction-based schizodeme method for identifying Leishmania kinetoplast minicircle classes was used as a diagnostic tool for L. major and L. tropica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Shalaby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis identification by PCR in the state of Para, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011; 105:173-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Carneiro LA, Silveira FT, Campos MB, Brígido MDCDO, Gomes CMC, Corbett CE, Laurenti MD. Susceptibility of Cebus apella monkey (Primates: Cebidae) to experimental Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi-infection. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2011; 53:45-50. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652011000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Amazonian Brazil, the Cebus apella monkey (Primates: Cebidae) has been associated with the enzootic cycle of Leishmania (V.) shawi, a dermotropic parasite causing American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). It has also been successfully used as animal model for studying cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this work, there has been investigated its susceptibility to experimental Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi-infection, the etiologic agent of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). There were used ten C. apella specimens, eight adult and two young, four males and six females, all born and raised in captivity. Two experimental infection protocols were performed: i) six monkeys were inoculated, intra-dermal via (ID), into the base of the tail with 2 x 10(6) promastigotes forms from the stationary phase culture medium; ii) other four monkeys were inoculated with 3 x 10(7) amastigotes forms from the visceral infection of infected hamsters by two different via: a) two by intravenous via (IV) and, b) other two by intra-peritoneal via (IP). The parameters of infection evaluation included: a) clinical: physical exam of abdomen, weigh and body temperature; b) parasitological: needle aspiration of the bone-marrow for searching of amastigotes (Giemsa-stained smears) and promastigotes forms (culture medium); c) immunological: Indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and, Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). In the six monkeys ID inoculated (promastigotes forms) all parameters of infection evaluation were negative during the 12 months period of follow-up. Among the four monkeys inoculated with amastigotes forms, two IV inoculated showed the parasite in the bone-marrow from the first toward to the sixth month p.i. and following that they cleared the infection, whereas the other two IP inoculated were totally negative. These four monkeys showed specific IgG-antibody response since the third month p.i. (IP: 1/80 and IV: 1/320 IgG) toward to the 12th month (IP: 1/160 and IV: 1/5120). The DTH-conversion occurred in only one IV inoculated monkey with a strong (30 mm) skin reaction. Considering these results, we do not encourage the use of C. apella monkey as animal model for studying the AVL.
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Survey of natural infection by Leishmania in sand fly species collected in southeastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104:461-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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da Silva LA, de Sousa CDS, da Graça GC, Porrozzi R, Cupolillo E. Sequence analysis and PCR-RFLP profiling of the hsp70 gene as a valuable tool for identifying Leishmania species associated with human leishmaniasis in Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 10:77-83. [PMID: 19913112 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report of the genus Leishmania, many species have been described. In Brazil, human leishmaniasis has been associated with eight Leishmania species, of which seven are responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In some endemic areas, CL is associated with only one species; however, in other areas, such as the Amazon, the etiology of CL can be assigned to many species. The multitude of highly similar Leishmania species in Brazil makes it difficult to develop an appropriate method of typing them. Most Leishmania species were first described based on epidemiological and biological characteristics, and these were later corroborated by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE), the gold standard technique for identifying Leishmania species. In an attempt to overcome the limitations of MLEE, many PCR-based methods have been developed and used for parasite identification. In the present study, we analyzed the sequence of the hsp70 gene in Leishmania species associated with human leishmaniasis in Brazil. This analysis led to the identification of restriction enzymes that could be used for PCR-RFLP-based identification. The results obtained were in complete agreement with those obtained by MLEE, suggesting that PCR-RFLP analysis of hsp70 could soon replace MLEE for routine Leishmania typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Alves da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Rangel EF, Lainson R. Proven and putative vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: aspects of their biology and vectorial competence. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:937-54. [PMID: 20027458 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Passero LFD, Sacomori JV, Tomokane TY, Corbett CEP, da Silveira FT, Laurenti MD. Ex vivo and in vivo biological behavior of Leishmania (Viannia) shawi. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:1741-7. [PMID: 19756748 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the first description of Leishmania (Viannia) shawi, few studies were performed with this parasite. In the present work, the in vivo and ex vivo behavior of L. (Viannia) shawi infection was studied using murine model. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were infected with promastigotes in the stationary phase of growth; after 24 h, the infection index and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the supernatant of the cultures were analyzed. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were infected into the hind footpad, and at each 2 weeks, mice were sacrificed, and the histological changes of the skin inoculation site, parasitism, and humoral immune responses were evaluated during 8 weeks. Ex vivo experiments showed that macrophages of BALB/c presented higher infection index and lesser NO levels than macrophages of C57BL/6. In vivo experiments showed that BALB/c presented higher lesion size than C57BL/6 mice; similarly, the histopathological changes and the parasitism in skin were more exacerbate in BALB/c mice. In draining lymph nodes, the main change was increase of germinative centers, and parasites were detected from 6 weeks pi onwards in both mice strain. IgG was detected in BALB/c mice from 4 weeks, while in C57BL/6, from 6 weeks pi onwards. Taken together, these results indicate that BALB/c showed a classical behavior of susceptibility when compared to C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Depto. de Patologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ramos PK, Diniz JA, Silva EO, Quaresma JA, Saraiva EM, Seabra SH, Atella GC, de Souza W. Characterization in vivo and in vitro of a strain of Leishmania (Viannia) shawi from the Amazon Region. Parasitol Int 2009; 58:154-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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In vitro infectivity of species of Leishmania (Viannia) responsible for American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:771-6. [PMID: 18528708 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is little available information regarding the infectivity of New World Leishmania species, particularly those from the Amazonian Brazil, where there are six species of the subgenus Viannia causing American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). The aim of this study was to compare, in vitro, the potential infectivity of the following Leishmania (Viannia) spp.: L. (V.) braziliensis from localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) patients, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (V.) shawi, L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) naiffi from LCL patients only, in cultured BALB/c mice peritoneal macrophage, as well as the production of NO by the infected cells. The infectivity of parasites was expressed by the infection index and, the nitric oxide (NO) production in the macrophage culture supernatant was measured by the Griess method. It was found that L. (V.) braziliensis from MCL, the more severe form of disease, showed the highest (p<or=0.05) infection index (397), as well as the lowest NO production (2.15 microM) compared with those of other species. In contrast, L. (V.) naiffi which is less pathogenic for the human showed the lowest infection index (301) and the highest NO production (4.11 microM). These results demonstrated a negative correlation between the infectivity and the ability of these parasites to escape from the microbicidal activity of the host cell.
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Abstract
The number of cases of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasing globally at an alarming rate irrespective of the region and the leishmaniases are amongst the top emergent diseases in spite of control measures. In the present review attention is drawn to some of the reasons for this. The leishmaniases have expanded beyond their natural ecotopes due to the ecological chaos caused by man and this in turn affects the levels of his exposure to the vectors. Examples of how different phenomana (such as war, civilian migration, immuno-suppression caused by medication and viral infections, globalization of work and leisure and transmission outside endemic areas) contribute to the spread and increase of the disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Shaw
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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