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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: An effective method for identification and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania species. Exp Parasitol 2022; 240:108278. [PMID: 35764122 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a rapid and reproducible method that has been widely applied for the identification of bacteria and fungi. However, this technique has not yet been applied in clinical laboratories for parasitology, such as for the study of the protozoan Leishmania. METHODOLOGY By using MALDI-TOF MS, mass spectra database entries (MSPs) were created with 7 World Health Organization reference strains in order to establish a rapid method for Leishmania species identification. Furthermore, cluster analysis was performed with 18 Chinese Leishmania isolates. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The MSPs of Leishmania corresponded well with our past identification results, and the dendrogram analysis result was more or less similar to that of the phylogenetic analysis performed by multi-locus sequence typing. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE MALDI-TOF MS is a promising method that offers both rapidity and efficiency for the identification and dendrogram analysis of Leishmania species.
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De los Santos MB, Ramírez IM, Rodríguez JE, Beerli P, Valdivia HO. Genetic diversity and population structure of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the Peruvian jungle. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010374. [PMID: 35605021 PMCID: PMC9126394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is highly prevalent in the Peruvian jungle, where it affects military forces deployed to fight against drug trafficking and civilian people that migrate from the highland to the lowland jungle for economic activities such as mining, agriculture, construction, and chestnut harvest. We explored the genetic diversity and population structure of 124 L. (V.) braziliensis isolates collected from the highland (Junín, Cusco, and Ayacucho) and lowland Peruvian jungle (Loreto, Ucayali, and Madre de Dios). All samples were genotyped using Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT) of ten highly polymorphic markers. Principal findings High polymorphism and genetic diversity were found in Peruvian isolates of L. (V.) braziliensis. Most markers are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; this deviation is most likely caused by local inbreeding, as shown by the positive FIS values. Linkage Disequilibrium in subpopulations was not strong, suggesting the reproduction was not strictly clonal. Likewise, for the first time, two genetic clusters of this parasite were determined, distributed in both areas of the Peruvian jungle, which suggested a possible recent colonization event of the highland jungle from the lowland jungle. Conclusions L. (V.) braziliensis exhibits considerable genetic diversity with two different clusters in the Peruvian jungle. Migration analysis suggested a colonization event between geographical areas of distribution. Although no human migration was observed at the time of sampling, earlier displacement of humans, reservoirs, or vectors could have been responsible for the parasite spread in both regions. L. (V.) braziliensis is widespread in the Peruvian jungle region. In this region, the departments of Cusco and Madre de Dios account for a large number of patients that get infected while working in the virgin forest. For the first time, we described ample genetic diversity among Peruvian L. (V.) braziliensis isolates with new alleles that were not previously reported in South America. In addition, two different genetic clusters or subpopulations of L. (V.) braziliensis in the Amazon Rainforest of Peru were described. This finding reveals the important distribution of parasite populations and suggests a possible colonization event between ecoregions of the highland and lowland Peruvian jungle independently of recent human migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge E. Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Molecular, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Peter Beerli
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hugo O. Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
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Castelli G, Bruno F, Caputo V, Fiorella S, Sammarco I, Lupo T, Migliazzo A, Vitale F, Reale S. Genetic tools discriminate strains of Leishmania infantum isolated from humans and dogs in Sicily, Italy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008465. [PMID: 32706789 PMCID: PMC7406075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is one of the most important vector-borne diseases and it represents a serious world health problem affecting millions of people. High levels of Leishmania infections, affecting both humans and animals, are recognized among Italian regions. Among these, Sicily has one of the highest prevalence of Leishmania infection. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Seventy-eight Leishmania strains isolated from human and animal samples across Sicily, were analyzed for the polymorphic k26-gene and genotypes were assigned according to the size of the PCR products. A multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) approach based on the analysis of 11 independent loci was used to investigate populations structure and genetic diversity of the isolated strains. Six L. infantum reference strains were included in the analysis for comparison. Bayesian clustering analysis of microsatellite data showed that all the isolated strains clustered in two genetically distinct populations, corresponding to human and canine isolates respectively. A further subdivision was observed between the two main groups, giving a good correlation between human strains and their geographic origin, conversely canine population showed a great genetic variability diffused in the territory. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Among the 78 Leishmania isolates, K26 analysis detected 71 samples (91%) as MON-1 zymodeme, confirming it as the predominant strain in Mediterranean area and 7 human samples (9%) as non-MON-1. MLMT gives important insights into the epidemiology of leishmaniases and allows characterization of different strains to a higher resolution than possible with zymodeme typing. Two main populations presented a strong correlation respect to the different hosts, exhibiting a co-circulation of two distinct populations of L. infantum. The population found in infected humans exhibited a correlation with geographic origin. These clusters could represent a geographically restricted population of strains with the same or related genotypes. This study can contribute to an understanding of Leishmania epidemiology, including the spread of reservoirs and sand fly vectors in the different foci of infection, characterizing parasites within the different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Castelli
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Bruno
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Caputo
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Infant, Internal Medicine and Specialization of Excellence “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE) University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Santi Fiorella
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Infant, Internal Medicine and Specialization of Excellence “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE) University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Ignazio Sammarco
- Tecnologie Diagnostiche Innovative, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lupo
- Tecnologie Diagnostiche Innovative, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Migliazzo
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis (C.Re.Na.L.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefano Reale
- Tecnologie Diagnostiche Innovative, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
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Alkhaldi AA, de Koning HP, Bukhari SNA. Antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity of symmetrical dibenzyl-substituted α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1179-1185. [PMID: 31118564 PMCID: PMC6500899 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s204733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and leishmaniasis are two of the most neglected challenging tropical diseases, caused by the kinetoplastid parasites Trypanosoma and Leishmania species, respectively. For both of these complex disease spectra, treatment options are limited and threatened by drug resistance, justifying urgent new drug discovery efforts. Purpose: In the present study we investigated the antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity of a series of 21 symmetrical α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds, each featuring two 3-methoxybenzene attached to a central cyclohexanone, tetrahydro-4-pyranone scaffold or 4-piperidone ring. Structure-activity relationships were explored with respect to substitution on positions 3, 4 and 6 of the terminal 3-methoxybenzyl groups, and seven types of central ring. Results: Compounds 3a, 3o, 3s and 3t, showed broad anti-kinetoplastid activity against all species and strains tested. Conclusion: Compound 3o featuring N-methyl-4-piperidone was found to be the most potent analog and therefore can serve as a potential lead for the development of new drug candidates for trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam Am Alkhaldi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
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Durigan M, Cardoso-Silva CB, Ciampi-Guillardi M, Toledo-Silva G, Mori GM, Franco RMB, Souza AP. Molecular genotyping, diversity studies and high-resolution molecular markers unveiled by microsatellites in Giardia duodenalis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006928. [PMID: 30500829 PMCID: PMC6291164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis (synonyms G. lamblia and G. intestinalis) is an enteric protozoan parasite of a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans and various domestic and wild animals. There is considerable genetic variability in G. duodenalis and isolates of this parasite have been divided into eight genetic assemblages. Microsatellites markers can be used to discriminate isolates with a high level of sensitivity. This study was conducted to identify and characterize genomic microsatellites (simple sequence repeats-SSRs), sequences of one- to six-nucleotide motifs repeated in tandem, present in the available genomes of G. duodenalis and to develop new markers that can serve as a tool for detection and for characterizing the genetic diversity of this parasite. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS For each genetic assemblage, polymorphism levels for the microsatellite markers were evaluated. After performing the analysis using the MISA and SciRoKo software, 1,853 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified. In all the genomes, trinucleotide repeats were the most common class followed by tetranucleotide. Many of the SSR loci are assemblage-specific, and 36 SSR loci shared among all the genomes were identified. Together with hypothetical proteins, variant-specific surface proteins represented nearly half of the annotated SSR loci. The results regarding the most common repeat among the SSRs led us to infer that positive selection occurred to avoid frameshift mutations. Additionally, based on inter- and intra-genetic assemblages polymorphism analyses, we unveiled previously undetected genetic variation, indicating that the microsatellite markers we developed are useful molecular tools for epidemiological inferences based on population genetics patterns and processes. CONCLUSIONS There is increasing demand for the development of new molecular markers and for the characterization of pathogens at a higher resolution level. In this study, we present 60 G. duodenalis microsatellites markers that exhibited high polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification efficiency among the different genetic assemblages. Twenty of these markers presented nucleotide sequence polymorphisms and may be used as a genotyping tool. The monomorphic markers can be used for the detection of the parasite at the species and genetic assemblage level. These polymorphic markers revealed a genetic diversity that was previously undetectable, thus they can be considered valuable molecular tools for high resolution markers in future studies investigating Giardia and may also be used for epidemiological inferences based on populations genetics patterns and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Durigan
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Benício Cardoso-Silva
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maísa Ciampi-Guillardi
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Fitopatologia–ESALQ–Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Toledo-Silva
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M. Mori
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), São Vicente, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina M. B. Franco
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anete P. Souza
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Umhang G, Grenouillet F, Bastid V, M'Rad S, Valot B, Oudni-M'Rad M, Babba H, Boué F. Investigating the genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto with new microsatellites. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2743-2755. [PMID: 29916064 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution caused by the larval stage of the Cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Due to the predominance or even the exclusive presence of E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) among E. granulosus species in many areas, the genetic diversity needs to be further investigated at the species level to better understand the inter- and intra-focus epidemiological features. Short sequences of mitochondrial or nuclear genes generally lack or have limited discriminatory power, hindering the detection of polymorphisms to reflect geographically based peculiarities and/or any history of infection. A high discriminatory power can only be reached by sequencing complete or near complete mitogenomes or relatively long nuclear sequences, which is time-consuming and onerous. To overcome this issue, a systematic research for single-locus microsatellites was performed on the nuclear genome of E. granulosus s.s. in order to investigate its intra-species genetic diversity. Two microsatellites, EgSca6 and EgSca11, were selected and characterized. The test of a panel of 75 cystic echinococcosis samples revealed a very high discrimination index of 0.824 for EgSca6, 0.987 for EgSca11, and 0.994 when multiplexing both microsatellites. Testing cystic echinococcosis samples from both liver and lungs in five sheep revealed that these two microsatellites appear to be of particular interest for investigating genetic diversity at the intra-individual host level. As this method has many advantages compared to classical sequencing, the availability of other targets means that it is potentially possible to constitute a panel facilitating large-scale molecular epidemiology studies for E. granulosus s.l.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Umhang
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France.
| | - Frédéric Grenouillet
- Chrono-Environnement UMR 6249 Research Team, CNRS-University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Echinococcosis, and French National Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Vanessa Bastid
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
| | - Selim M'Rad
- LP3M: Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Benoît Valot
- Chrono-Environnement UMR 6249 Research Team, CNRS-University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Echinococcosis, and French National Reference Centre for Echinococcosis, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Myriam Oudni-M'Rad
- LP3M: Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Babba
- LP3M: Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Parasitology, University Hospital Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
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Simoben CV, Ntie-Kang F, Akone SH, Sippl W. Compounds from African Medicinal Plants with Activities Against Selected Parasitic Diseases: Schistosomiasis, Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2018; 8:151-169. [PMID: 29744736 PMCID: PMC5971035 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-018-0165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases continue to represent a threat on a global scale, particularly among the poorest countries in the world. This is particularly because of the absence of vaccines, and in some cases, resistance against available drugs, currently being used for their treatment. In this review emphasis is laid on natural products and scaffolds from African medicinal plants (AMPs) for lead drug discovery and possible further development of drugs for the treatment of parasitic diseases. In the discussion, emphasis has been laid on alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, flavonoids and narrower compound classes of compounds with micromolar range activities against Schistosoma, Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. In each subparagraph, emphasis is laid on the compound subclasses with most promising in vitro and/or in vivo activities of plant extracts and isolated compounds. Suggestions for future drug development from African medicinal plants have also been provided. This review covering 167 references, including 82 compounds, provides information published within two decades (1997-2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad V Simoben
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, 00237, Cameroon.
| | - Sergi H Akone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse1, Geb. 26.23, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, 00237, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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