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Posada-Lopez L, Galati EA, Shaw J, Galvis-Ovallos F. Incriminating leishmaniases vectors in Colombia: An overview and roadmap for future research. Acta Trop 2024; 260:107409. [PMID: 39317308 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
A major challenge in defining the vector status of phlebotomine sand flies is selecting the appropriate criteria. Vectors can be graded by importance, with successful transmission as the highest grade. Potential vectors are often identified based on high frequency in transmission foci, anthropophily, and more recently by identification of DNA in field samples. However, a species' ability to transmit a pathogen depends not only on its intrinsic biology of sand fly-Leishmania interactions but also on ecological parameters, which are rarely evaluated. This study aimed to analyze the literature data describing characteristics of Colombian sand flies related to their role as vectors of Leishmaniinae parasites. Based on information contained in scientific publications using combinations of five criteria, sand fly species were graded into five levels, and 26 species were considered as potential or proven leishmaniasis vectors in Colombia. Levels one to four refer to potential or suspected status, while level five denotes proven vectors. Studying vectors in a regional context is crucial because species' behaviors vary with environmental and ecological conditions, meaning a species may be a key vector in one area but not in another. A better understanding of vector-parasite interactions will aid in developing innovative control strategies and formulating significant epidemiological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Posada-Lopez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo; PECET (Programa de Estudio y control de enfermedades tropicales), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Eunice Ab Galati
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Jeffrey Shaw
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fredy Galvis-Ovallos
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Rodrigues JC, Ribeiro-da-Silva RC, Guimarães-E-Silva AS, de Oliveira MDS, Rodrigues BL, Pimenta RCDJS, Galati EAB, Pinheiro VCS. Phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna, blood meal source, and detection of Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) DNA in the Gurupi Biological Reserve, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024:tjae108. [PMID: 39222367 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted in the Gurupi Biological Reserve (REBIO-Gurupi), the largest area of Amazon rainforest in Maranhão State, Brazil. The objectives were to survey the sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna of REBIO-Gurupi, identify blood meal sources, and investigate the presence of Leishmania (Ross, 1903) (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) DNA. Individuals were collected using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and black and white Shannon traps in May and Jun 2022 and Jan 2023. DNA was extracted from female sand flies and subjected to amplification and sequencing of cytochrome b molecular marker (CYTB) for identification of blood meal sources and the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA for Leishmania detection. A total of 514 sand flies individuals were sampled, of which 93 were identified at the genus or series level (9 taxa) and 421 were identified at the species level (24 taxa). Psychodopygus davisi (Root, 1934) (41.1%), Nyssomyia antunesi (Coutinho, 1939) (10.3%), and Psychodopygus (Mangabeira, 1941) Chagasi Series Barretto, 1962 (9.7%) were the most frequently collected. Human (Homo sapiens, Primates, Hominidae) and tapir (Tapirus terrestris, Perissodactyla, Tapiridae) DNA was detected in 10 female sand flies. Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Cunha and Chagas, 1937 DNA was detected in 2 specimens of Ps. davisi. Given the presence of vectors of Leishmania in REBIO-Gurupi, it is imperative to conduct more comprehensive studies on the interactions among sand flies, Leishmania, and pathogen reservoirs in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judson Chaves Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Rosa Cristina Ribeiro-da-Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Antonia Suely Guimarães-E-Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo-(FSP/USP), Pós-graduação em Saúde Pública, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valéria Cristina Soares Pinheiro
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde (PPGBAS), Laboratório de Entomologia Médica (LABEM), Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Programa de Pós-graduação da rede BIONORTE, LABEM, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil
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Sánchez Uzcátegui YDV, Silveira FT, de Morais TG, Furtado RR, Vasconcelos dos Santos T, Póvoa MM. Experimental Susceptibility of Nyssomyia antunesi and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) to Leishmania ( Viannia) lainsoni and L. ( V.) lindenbergi (Trypanosomatidae: Leishmaniinae). Microorganisms 2024; 12:809. [PMID: 38674753 PMCID: PMC11051748 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work assessed the experimental susceptibility of Nyssomyia antunesi and Lutzomyia longipalpis to Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni and L. (V.) lindenbergi. A L. (Leishmania) chagasi-Lu. longipalpis combination was used as a susceptible control. Wild-caught Ny. antunesi and laboratory-bred Lu. longipalpis were membrane-fed on blood with a 5 × 106/mL log-phase promastigote culture suspension and dissected on days 2 and 8 post-blood meal (pbm) for analysis focused on the assessment of parasitoses, as well as placement and promastigote morphotyping. Survival curves were constructed. In all combinations, promastigotes were observed on day 8 pbm. For both Leishmania species, in Lu. longipalpis, the presence of parasites was observed up to the stomodeal valve, while in Ny. antunesi, the presence of parasites was observed up to the cardia. There were no significant differences in parasitosis between L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) lindenbergi in either Ny. antunesi or Lu. longipalpis. Six morphological promastigote forms were distinguished in Giemsa-stained gut smears. The survival curves of all combinations decreased and were affected differently by several Lu. longipalpis-parasite combinations, as well with Lu. longipalpis-uninfected blood. These findings stress Lu. longipalpis as experimentally susceptible to Leishmania spp. and suggest the putative susceptibility of Ny. antunesi to L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) lindenbergi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetsenia del Valle Sánchez Uzcátegui
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | | | - Thais Gouvea de Morais
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Furtado
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Marinete Marins Póvoa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
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Ávila-Jiménez J, Gutiérrez JD, Altamiranda-Saavedra M. The effect of El Niño and La Niña episodes on the existing niche and potential distribution of vector and host species of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107060. [PMID: 37949261 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans by a protozoan parasite through sandfly vectors and multiple vertebrate hosts. The Pan American Health Organization reported a declining trend in cases, with Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Nicaragua, and Bolivia having the most cases in 2020. There are still knowledge gaps in transmission and the parasite-host relationship. Ecological niche modeling has been used to study host-vector relationships, disease dynamics, and the impact of climate change. Understanding these aspects can aid in early surveillance and vector control strategies. The potential distribution of five host species associated with the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) was modeled. Occurrence data were collected for each host species, and environmental variables were used to build the models. Climatic data from El Niño, La Niña, and Neutral episodes were used to compare the predicted distributions. Additionally, the potential distributions of four vector species were compared to identify overlaps with host species. Niche analysis was conducted to evaluate changes in vector niches across episodes and to identify host-vector pairs based on niche overlap in geographic and environmental spaces. After spatial thinning, 467 records were obtained, and 1,190 candidate models were evaluated for each species. Results showed the distribution of occurrences in the environmental space, highlighting a high risk of extrapolation beyond the calibration areas. Movement-Oriented Parity analysis revealed distinct distribution patterns under different climate conditions, with areas of environmental similarity identified. Bradypus variegatus exhibited a broad potential distribution, while Dasypus novemcinctus and Didelphis marsupialis had more restricted ranges. Sylvilagus braziliensis covered most of the Neotropics. Our study provides valuable insights into ecological niches and geographic ranges of these species, contributing to the understanding of cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Ávila-Jiménez
- Maestria en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Boyacá, Colombia.
| | - Juan David Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, Instituto Masira, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
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Cantanhêde LM, Cupolillo E. Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi Lainson & Shaw 1989. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:194. [PMID: 37291682 PMCID: PMC10251559 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Just over 30 years ago, a new species of Leishmania of the subgenus Leishmania (Viannia) was described infecting the armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus; then, a report of human infection followed. From the Brazilian Amazon and apparently restricted to this region and its close borders, Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi has been characterized as a species that grows easily in axenic culture medium and causes few to no lesions after inoculation in experimental animal models. Results in the last decade indicate the occurrence of L. naiffi in vectors and human infections, including a report of therapeutic failure possibly associated with Leishmania RNA virus 1. Overall, such accounts suggest that the parasite is more dispersed and the disease less self-healing than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Motta Cantanhêde
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Brazil
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Vadmal GM, Glidden CK, Han BA, Carvalho BM, Castellanos AA, Mordecai EA. Data-driven predictions of potential Leishmania vectors in the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010749. [PMID: 36809249 PMCID: PMC9983874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of vector-borne diseases is rising as deforestation, climate change, and globalization bring humans in contact with arthropods that can transmit pathogens. In particular, incidence of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL), a disease caused by parasites transmitted by sandflies, is increasing as previously intact habitats are cleared for agriculture and urban areas, potentially bringing people into contact with vectors and reservoir hosts. Previous evidence has identified dozens of sandfly species that have been infected with and/or transmit Leishmania parasites. However, there is an incomplete understanding of which sandfly species transmit the parasite, complicating efforts to limit disease spread. Here, we apply machine learning models (boosted regression trees) to leverage biological and geographical traits of known sandfly vectors to predict potential vectors. Additionally, we generate trait profiles of confirmed vectors and identify important factors in transmission. Our model performed well with an average out of sample accuracy of 86%. The models predict that synanthropic sandflies living in areas with greater canopy height, less human modification, and within an optimal range of rainfall are more likely to be Leishmania vectors. We also observed that generalist sandflies that are able to inhabit many different ecoregions are more likely to transmit the parasites. Our results suggest that Psychodopygus amazonensis and Nyssomia antunesi are unidentified potential vectors, and should be the focus of sampling and research efforts. Overall, we found that our machine learning approach provides valuable information for Leishmania surveillance and management in an otherwise complex and data sparse system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri M. Vadmal
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline K. Glidden
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
| | - Bruno M. Carvalho
- Climate and Health Program, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Erin A. Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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Guimarães RCS, Marialva EF, Feijó JA, Pereira-Silva JW, Martins-Campos KM, Gontijo CMF, Pereira AAS, Rios-Velasquez CM, Pessoa FAC. Trypanosomatids in Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) From Anthropic and Sinantropic Landscapes in a Rural Settlement in the Brazilian Amazon. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:681-692. [PMID: 35022773 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids (Kinetoplastida:Trypanosomatidae) protozoa are a diverse group of obligate parasites. The genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania are the most studied because of their medical importance. This work aims to evaluate the effects of anthropization processes on the composition of the phlebotomine sand fly fauna and the natural infection by Trypanosomatids, with emphasis on Leishmania. At all 3,186 sand flies were collected, distributed in 13 genera and 52 species, being Ny. umbratilis the most abundant species. There was no difference in the diversity between canopy and soil environments. The species abundance and richness were higher in the forest environment while species diversity and evenness were highest in the forest edge. The ITS1 region was used by PCR-RFLP to identify the fragment profiles of Leishmania species, followed by genetic sequencing. Here were analyzed 100 pools of female sand flies, being six positive for DNA parasite. PCR-RFLP fragment patterns similar to Endotrypanum sp. were observed in Nyssomyia anduzei, Psychodopygus amazonensis and Lutzomyia gomezi, and those fragments similar to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis were observed in Bichromomyia flaviscutellata. ITS1 sequencing confirmed the presence of Leishmania sp. in Bi. flaviscutellata, and Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi in Ny. anduzei, Psychodopygus amazonensis, and Lu. gomezi. This is the first record of Lu. gomezi and Ps. amazonensis infection by L. naiffi in the State of Amazonas. These results show the trypanosomatid infection in sandflies from different landscapes in a rural settlement, and the finding of species infected with L.(V.) naiffi suggest that they can develop a role in the transmission cycle of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C S Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Condições de Vida e Situações de Saúde na Amazônia - PPGVIDA. Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - E F Marialva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - J A Feijó
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - J W Pereira-Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - K M Martins-Campos
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - C M F Gontijo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - A A S Pereira
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, CEP 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - C M Rios-Velasquez
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - F A C Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia - EDTA Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - ILMD Fiocruz Amazônia, Rua Teresina, 476 Adrianópolis, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
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Costa TSD, Ferreira RMDA, Santos GS, Garcia Júnior MD, Pinto CB, Souto RNP. Entomological survey of phlebotominae sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) and vector species in the tegumentary leishmaniasis endemic area in eastern brazilian Amazon, Amapá state. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2021-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: American tegumentary leishmaniasis is an endemic that has increased considerably in recent decades in the Amazon region, sand flies are the vectors of the transmission of the protozoan that causes leishmaniasis, so the objective of this study was to carry out a survey of the diversity of species and the presence of Leishmania DNA in vectors circulating in three endemic counties for tegumentary leishmaniasis in the eastern Brazilian Amazon (Amapá state, Brazil). Using CDC light traps, a total of 10,773 specimens were collected between February 2019 and February 2020, representing 64 species in 15 genera. The vector specie Nyssomyia umbratilis Ward and Frahia, 1977 was the predominant species (13.20% of the total), being collected in all three counties, followed by Trichopygomyia trichopyga Floch & Abonnenc, 1945 (11.41%), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis Mangabeira,1942 (9.47%) and Nyssomyia anduzei Rozeboom, 1942 (7.61%). For the identification of Leishmania DNA, 775 pools of unengorged females were used, of which 5 tested positive, 2 of Nyssomya umbratilis Ward & Fraiha,1977, 1 of Nyssomyia anduzei and 2 of Psychodopygus davisi Root,1934, demonstrating a natural total infection rate of 0.64%. This study increases the knowledge of vector diversity, as well as identifying Leishmania spp. in circulation in the eastern region of the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Silva da Costa
- Universidade Federal do Amapá, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Amapá (UNIFAP), Brasil
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Henry K, Mayet A, Hernandez M, Frechard G, Blanc PA, Schmitt M, André N, Loreau JM, Ginouves M, Prévot G, Couppié P, Demar M, Blaizot R. Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis among military personnel in French Guiana, 2020: Clinical, phylogenetic, individual and environmental aspects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009938. [PMID: 34797836 PMCID: PMC8641862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in French Guiana but cases are usually sporadic. An outbreak signal was issued on May 15th 2020 with 15 suspected cases after a military training course in the rainforest. An outbreak investigation was carried out. Methodology/Principal findings Thirty cases were confirmed. Leishmania guyanensis was the most frequent species (90%). The most frequent presentation was ulcerative (90%). Lesions on the face and hands were frequent (40% each). Eight cases (26%) presented a poor outcome after treatment with pentamidine and required a second line with amphotericin B. Three of them required further treatments with meglumine antimoniate or miltefosine. Two spots within the training area were deemed as likely sites of contamination, due to illegal logging. The isolated Leishmania strains did not form a separate cluster. Participation in Week 13 of year 2020 was associated with infection (OR = 4.59 [1.10–19.83]; p = 0.016) while undergoing only the “Fighting” exercise was protective (OR = 0.1 [0–0.74]; p = 0.021). There was no association between infection and other risk factors at the individual level. The attack rate of Regiment B (14/105 = 13.3%) was significantly higher (OR = 4.22 [1.84–9.53], p = 0.0001) compared to Regiment A (16/507 = 3.2%). The attack rate during this training course (30/858 = 3.5%) was significantly higher (OR 2.29 [1.28–4.13]; p = 0.002) than for other missions in French Guiana during the same period (22/1427 = 1.5%). Conclusions This outbreak could be explained by a combination of factors: climatic conditions around week 13, at-risk activities including night trainings, absence of impregnation, a lesser experience of rainforest duties in Regiment B and illegal logging attracting sandflies on military training grounds. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus and infects humans after a sandfly bite. Outbreaks are rare and hard to investigate in isolated tropical areas. In this study, the authors explored the different possible origins of an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis among soldiers training in the rainforest of French Guiana. The outbreak occurred in March 2020. Concerning the symptoms, several patients presented resistant infections and multiple lines of treatment, raising the issue of resistant Leishmania strains. The different strains isolated during the outbreak were not genetically closed, as far as routine PCR techniques would indicate. The authors looked for individual behaviours exposing soldiers to sandfly bites but none was significantly associated with infection. The authors found two spots in the military training areas where illegal logging probably increased the density of sandflies and put service members at risk. The 13th week of 2020 was associated to a higher risk of infection due to climatic conditions. This study shows how interactions between humans and the rainforest can increase the risk of parasitic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henry
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Aurélie Mayet
- French Military Health Service—Armed Forces Epidemiology and Public Health Center, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Economic and Social Sciences of Health and Medical Information Processing, Marseille, France
| | - Miguel Hernandez
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, associate laboratory, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Guillaume Frechard
- French Military Health Service—Kourou Medical Center, Kourou, French Guiana
| | | | - Marion Schmitt
- French Military Health Service—Cayenne Medical Center, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Nathalie André
- French Military Health Service—Inter Army Directorate of the Armed Forces Health Service, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Jean-Marie Loreau
- French Military Health Service—Armed Forces Epidemiology and Public Health Center, Marseille, France
| | - Marine Ginouves
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immuno-Physiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immuno-Physiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019—UMR 9017—CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Couppié
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, associate laboratory, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immuno-Physiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, associate laboratory, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immuno-Physiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romain Blaizot
- National Reference Center for Leishmaniasis, associate laboratory, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immuno-Physiopathology, University of French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
- * E-mail:
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10
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Gonçalves LP, Santos TVD, Campos MB, Lima LVDR, Ishikawa EAY, Silveira FT, Ramos PKS. Further insights into the eco-epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Belem metropolitan region, Pará State, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200255. [PMID: 33331607 PMCID: PMC7747830 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0255-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: In the Belém Metropolitan Region (BMR), Pará State, Brazil, American
cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is endemic; however, very little is known
regarding its causative agents. Therefore, we used our standard diagnostic
approach combined with an RNA polymerase II largest subunit
(RNAPOIILS)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by analysis of
restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to identify
Leishmania spp. ACL agents in this region. METHODS: Thirty-two Leishmania spp. isolates from patients with ACL
in the BMR during 1995-2018 were analyzed. Leishmania spp.
DNA samples were amplified using the primers RPOR2/RPOF2, and the 615-bp PCR
products were subjected to enzymatic digestion using TspRI
and HgaI endonucleases. RESULTS: ACL etiological agents in the BMR comprised Leishmania (Viannia)
lindenbergi (43.7%) followed by Leishmania (Viannia)
lainsoni (34.4%), Leishmania (Leishmania)
amazonensis (12.5%), and Leishmania (Viannia)
braziliensis (9.4%). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, the results of the study revealed for the first time that
L. (V.) lindenbergi and L. (V.)
lainsoni are the main ACL agents in BMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Pantoja Gonçalves
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Marliane Batista Campos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | - Luciana Vieira do Rêgo Lima
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | | | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Karla Santos Ramos
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Leishmanioses 'Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson', Seção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
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11
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Hoyos J, González R, Cuellar ME, León C. Ecology of Sand Flies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) and Natural Infection of Pintomyia townsendi With Leishmania amazonensis in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Focus in Colombia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1653-1658. [PMID: 32222761 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humans have influenced the epidemiological patterns of American cutaneous leishmaniasis by habitat disturbance, which has led to the emergence of new transmission foci. In these transmission areas, detecting natural infection of sand fly species with Leishmania parasites is of prime importance in epidemiological studies. In this study, we examined the species composition, spatial distribution, seasonality, and natural infection with Leishmania of the sand fly fauna in an emergent leishmaniasis focus located in Colombia. Sand flies were collected from September 2014 to June 2015 using CDC light traps located in indoor, peridomestic, and outdoor habitats within areas with confirmed clinical patients. In total, 13,488 sand flies of 12 species and seven genera were collected. Among these, Pintomyia townsendi (Ortiz) was the most abundant species comprising 76.3% of total flies collected. The sand fly richness and abundance were influenced by habitat and weather conditions. Outdoor areas harbored the greatest diversity of sand flies. Rainfall negatively affected abundance, whereas increased temperature showed a low positive effect. We detected Leishmania amazonensis parasites in Pi. townsendi for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Hoyos
- Grupo de investigaciones entomológicas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
- Centro de investigación en microbiología y parasitología tropical, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ranulfo González
- Grupo de investigaciones entomológicas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maria E Cuellar
- Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Valle del Cauca, Cali, Colombia
| | - Cielo León
- Centro de investigación en microbiología y parasitología tropical, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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12
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Da Silva YY, Sales KGDS, Miranda DEDO, Figueredo LA, Brandão-Filho SP, Dantas-Torres F. Detection of Leishmania DNA in Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) From a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Outbreak Area in Northeastern Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:529-533. [PMID: 31693145 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) by Leishmania braziliensis Vianna (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) is a widespread disease in the western hemisphere and Brazil is the country reporting the majority of the human cases each year. Several phlebotomine sand flies have been regarded as putative or proven vectors of L. braziliensis and multiple vectors may be involved in the transmission of this parasite in the same endemic foci. In this study, we tested a subset of female phlebotomine sand flies collected in the frame of a previous study conducted in a military training camp, where outbreaks of CL by L. braziliensis have sporadically been reported. In total, 1,807 female phlebotomine sand flies were tested (individually or in pools) by real-time PCR and a minimum infection rate of 0.9% (95% CI: 0.6-1.5%) was detected. Positive females belonged to the species Psychodopygus complexus (Mangabeira) or Psychodopygus wellcomei Fraiha, Shaw & Lainson (females of these species are morphologically indistinguishable), Trichopygomyia longispina (Mangabeira), and Sciopemyia sordellii (Shannon & Del Ponte) (Diptera: Psychodidae). By restriction enzyme analysis, 13 samples (nine of Ty. longispina, two of Ps. complexus/wellcomei, and two of Sc. sordellii) presented a HaeIII restriction profile identical to L. braziliensis. The results of this study reinforce the notion that multiple vectors may be involved in the transmission of L. braziliensis in a single focus, ultimately making the epidemiological picture more complex than currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Yzabella Da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana Aguiar Figueredo
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sinval P Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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13
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Identification of French Guiana sand flies using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with a new mass spectra library. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007031. [PMID: 30707700 PMCID: PMC6373979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are insects that are highly relevant in medicine, particularly as the sole proven vectors of leishmaniasis. Accurate identification of sand fly species is an essential prerequisite for eco-epidemiological studies aiming to better understand the disease. Traditional morphological identification is painstaking and time-consuming, and molecular methods for extensive screening remain expensive. Recent studies have shown that matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a promising tool for rapid and cost-effective identification of arthropod vectors, including sand flies. The aim of this study was to validate the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of Northern Amazonian sand flies. We constituted a MALDI-TOF MS reference database comprising 29 species of sand flies that were field-collected in French Guiana, which are expected to cover many of the more common species of the Northern Amazonian region, including known vectors of leishmaniasis. Carrying out a blind test, all the sand flies tested (n = 157) with a log (score) threshold greater than 1.7 were correctly identified at the species level. We confirmed that MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling is a useful tool for the study of sand flies, including neotropical species, known for their great diversity. An application that includes the spectra generated here will be available to the scientific community in the near future via an online platform. Phlebotomine sand flies are small insects, mostly known for their role in the transmission of Leishmania parasites to humans and other mammals. In French Guiana, the main clinical form of the disease manifests as cutaneous lesions also called American cutaneous leishmaniasis. The transmission of Leishmania from wild mammals to humans depends on the species of sand fly involved in the transmission. To better understand the mechanism of disease transmission, it is essential to accurately identify sand flies, including both vector and non-vector species. Until now, sand flies have mainly been identified using morphological and molecular methods. Recent studies have shown that a new tool based on protein profiling compiled in a library of spectra may be useful for the identification of arthropod vectors. This tool has the advantage of being less time-consuming, less expensive and does not require technical skills. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness and accuracy of this new tool in identifying Northern Amazonian sand flies.
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14
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Vasconcelos-dos-Santos T, Chaves RCG, Prévot G, Silveira FT, Póvoa MM, Rangel EF. Binational burden of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Oiapoque, Amapá State, Brazil, bordering French Guiana. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180256. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0256-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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15
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Jones RT, Tusting LS, Smith HMP, Segbaya S, Macdonald MB, Bangs MJ, Logan JG. The impact of industrial activities on vector-borne disease transmission. Acta Trop 2018; 188:142-151. [PMID: 30165072 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Industrial activities have produced profound changes in the natural environment, including the mass removal of trees, fragmentation of habitats, and creation of larval mosquito breeding sites, that have allowed the vectors of disease pathogens to thrive. We conducted a review of the literature to assess the impact of industrial activities on vector-borne disease transmission. Our study shows that industrial activities may be coupled with significant changes to human demographics that can potentially increase contact between pathogens, vectors and hosts, and produce a shift of parasites and susceptible populations between low and high disease endemic areas. Indeed, where vector-borne diseases and industrial activities intersect, large numbers of potentially immunologically naïve people may be exposed to infection and lack the knowledge and means to protect themselves from infection. Such areas are typically associated with inadequate access to quality health care, thus allowing industrial development and production sites to become important foci of transmission. The altered local vector ecologies, and the changes in disease dynamics that changes affect, create challenges for under-resourced health care and vector-control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Jones
- ARCTEC, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Lucy S Tusting
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh M P Smith
- ARCTEC, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael J Bangs
- International SOS, Ltd., Papua Province, Indonesia; International SOS, Ltd., Lualaba Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - James G Logan
- ARCTEC, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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16
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Vasconcelos dos Santos T, Prévot G, Ginouvès M, Duarte R, Silveira FT, Póvoa MM, Rangel EF. Ecological aspects of Phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) and the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis agents in an Amazonian/ Guianan bordering area. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:612. [PMID: 30497528 PMCID: PMC6267891 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An entomological study was conducted in the municipality of Oiapoque (lower Oyapock River Basin) in the Brazilian side bordering French Guiana to gain information on the transmission pattern of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in that region, presumed to reflect the classical Amazonian/Guianan enzootic scenario. METHODS Three ecologically isolated forested areas near urban environments were surveyed during the rainy and dry seasons of 2015 and 2016, using a multi-trapping approach comprising ground-level and canopy light traps, black and white colored cloth Shannon traps and manual aspiration on tree bases. Female phlebotomines were dissected to find infections and isolate flagellates from Leishmania spp. The strains were characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and compared with those of local ACL cases and World Health Organization reference strains. RESULTS Nyssomyia umbratilis, Trichopygomyia trichopyga and Evandromyia infraspinosa were the most frequently found species. Findings on relative abundance, spatiotemporal vector/ACL congruence, natural infections and anthropophilic insights strengthened the Guianan classical transmission of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis by Ny. umbratilis and suggested further investigations for Ev. infraspinosa. Nyssomyia umbratilis showed an eclectic feeding habit, including bird blood. Ecological data and literature reports also included Psychodopygus squamiventris maripaensis and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata on the list of suspected vectors. CONCLUSIONS These findings contributed to understanding ACL ecoepidemiology in the Amazonian/Guianan scenario. Local studies are required to better comprehend the Leishmania spp. enzootic mosaic in specific ecotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Vasconcelos dos Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde), Ananindeua, Pará State Brazil
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Département de Médecine, Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 3593, Labex CEBA, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Marine Ginouvès
- Département de Médecine, Ecosystemes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, EA 3593, Labex CEBA, Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Rosemere Duarte
- Laboratório de Imunodiagnóstico, Escola Nacional de Saúde Publica Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State Brazil
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State Brazil
| | - Marinete Marins Póvoa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará State Brazil
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde), Ananindeua, Pará State Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde), Ananindeua, Pará State Brazil
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/ Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State Brazil
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17
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Lavitschka CDO, Ceretti-Junior W, Marrelli MT. Occurrences of Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) Potentially Associated with Leishmaniasis Transmission in Urban Parks in the City of São Paulo, Brazil. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2018; 34:151-153. [PMID: 31442156 DOI: 10.2987/18-6735.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A study of the phlebotomine sand flies was carried out between October 2011 and June 2013 in municipal parks in the city of São Paulo. A total of 173 specimens of 5 species were collected (Psychodopygus lloydi, Pintomyia fischeri, Lutzomyia amarali, Nyssomyia whitmani, and Migonemyia migonei). Three of these species may be involved in the transmission of the causative agent of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Surveillance and monitoring phlebotomine species from these areas are crucial as measure of prevention and control of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Ceretti-Junior
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Toledo Marrelli
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Coughlan S, Taylor AS, Feane E, Sanders M, Schonian G, Cotton JA, Downing T. Leishmania naiffi and Leishmania guyanensis reference genomes highlight genome structure and gene evolution in the Viannia subgenus. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172212. [PMID: 29765675 PMCID: PMC5936940 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular protozoan parasite Leishmania causes the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis, affecting 12 million people in 98 countries. In South America, where the Viannia subgenus predominates, so far only L. (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) panamensis have been sequenced, assembled and annotated as reference genomes. Addressing this deficit in molecular information can inform species typing, epidemiological monitoring and clinical treatment. Here, L. (V.) naiffi and L. (V.) guyanensis genomic DNA was sequenced to assemble these two genomes as draft references from short sequence reads. The methods used were tested using short sequence reads for L. braziliensis M2904 against its published reference as a comparison. This assembly and annotation pipeline identified 70 additional genes not annotated on the original M2904 reference. Phylogenetic and evolutionary comparisons of L. guyanensis and L. naiffi with 10 other Viannia genomes revealed four traits common to all Viannia: aneuploidy, 22 orthologous groups of genes absent in other Leishmania subgenera, elevated TATE transposon copies and a high NADH-dependent fumarate reductase gene copy number. Within the Viannia, there were limited structural changes in genome architecture specific to individual species: a 45 Kb amplification on chromosome 34 was present in all bar L. lainsoni, L. naiffi had a higher copy number of the virulence factor leishmanolysin, and laboratory isolate L. shawi M8408 had a possible minichromosome derived from the 3' end of chromosome 34. This combination of genome assembly, phylogenetics and comparative analysis across an extended panel of diverse Viannia has uncovered new insights into the origin and evolution of this subgenus and can help improve diagnostics for leishmaniasis surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Coughlan
- School of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ali Shirley Taylor
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Eoghan Feane
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Tim Downing
- School of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Toll-like receptors 2, 4, and 9 expressions over the entire clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania(V.) braziliensis and Leishmania (L.) amazonensis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194383. [PMID: 29543867 PMCID: PMC5854399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and Leishmania(L.) amazonensis are the most pathogenic agents of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil, causing a wide spectrum of clinical and immunopathological manifestations, including: localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCLDTH+/++), borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (BDCLDTH±), anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCLDTH-), and mucosal leishmaniasis (MLDTH++++). It has recently been demonstrated, however, that while L. (V.) braziliensis shows a clear potential to advance the infection from central LCL (a moderate T-cell hypersensitivity form) towards ML (the highest T-cell hypersensitivity pole), L. (L.) amazonensis drives the infection in the opposite direction to ADCL (the lowest T-cell hypersensitivity pole). This study evaluated by immunohistochemistry the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, and 9 and their relationships with CD4 and CD8 T-cells, and TNF-α, IL-10, and TGF-β cytokines in that disease spectrum. Biopsies of skin and mucosal lesions from 43 patients were examined: 6 cases of ADCL, 5 of BDCL, and 11 of LCL caused byL. (L.) amazonensis; as well as 10 cases of LCL, 4 of BDCL, and 6 of ML caused byL. (V.) braziliensis. CD4+ T-cells demonstrated their highest expression in ML and, in contrast, their lowest in ADCL. CD8+ T-cells also showed their lowest expression in ADCL as compared to the other forms of the disease. TNF-α+showed increased expression from ADCL to ML, while IL-10+and TGF-β+ showed increased expression in the opposite direction, from ML to ADCL. With regards to TLR2, 4, and 9 expressions, strong interactions of TLR2 and 4 with clinical forms associated with L. (V.) braziliensis were observed, while TLR9, in contrast, showed a strong interaction with clinical forms linked to L. (L.) amazonensis. These findings strongly suggest the ability of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis to interact with those TLRs to promote a dichotomous T-cell immune response in ACL.
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