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Carneiro LA, Lima LV, Campos MB, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Ramos PK, Laurenti MD, Silveira FT. Prevalence and incidence of canine visceral leishmaniasis and its clinical-immunological features in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2463-2474. [PMID: 37654028 PMCID: PMC10650335 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cohort study for 2 years period analysed the prevalence, incidence and clinical-immunological features of canine Leishmania (L.) chagasi-infection in 316 mongrel dogs in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area in Pará State, Brazil. OBJECTIVE/METHODS Diagnosis of infection was performed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT-IgG), the leishmanin skin test (LST) and a parasite search (from the popliteal lymph node aspiration) at the beginning of the study and at 6, 12 and 24 months intervals. RESULTS IFAT/LST revealed three immune profiles of infection: (I) IFAT(+) /LST(-) (81), (II) IFAT(-) /LST(+) (17) and (III) IFAT(+) /LST(+) (13). Prevalence of profiles I, II and III were 25.6, 5.4 and 4.1%, and an overall prevalence 35.1%. Incidence of profiles I, II and III were 5.4, 0.3 and 0.0%, and an overall incidence 5.7% dogs per month. Incidence at the age ranges <1 year, ≥1 year, <7 years and ≥7 years evidenced a highest rate in the age range <1 year (6.6% dogs per month). Parasitological diagnosis was positive in 19% dogs at the prevalence (85.7% profile I), and in 11% at the incidence (100% profile I). The clinical picture of 179 infected dogs showed 145 (81%) of profile I (82% subclinical); 21 (11.7%) of profile II (100% subclinical); and 13 (7.3%) of profile III (84.6% subclinical). Conversion from subclinical to sick dogs was higher (p < 0.05) in profile I (40.2%) than in profiles II (5.8%) and III (9%). Immunological conversion showed that only 3.2% of profile I dogs (prevalence) converted to LST(+) (two at the end of the first 6 months and 1 after 24 months), while 82.3% of profile II dogs converted to IFAT(+) (11 in the first 6 months, whereas three after 12 months). A 100% death rate was observed in dogs from profile I alone. CONCLUSION These results reinforce the need of adopting preventive strategies against CVL as early as in the first semester of the dog's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane A Carneiro
- Primates Manegement Section, National Center of Primates (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Pará State, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luciana V Lima
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marliane B Campos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Patrícia K Ramos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Pathology Department, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Humoral and Cellular Immune Response in Asymptomatic Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060947. [PMID: 35746555 PMCID: PMC9229064 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is one of the deadliest parasitic diseases in the world and affects both humans and dogs. The host immune response to Leishmania infection plays a critical role in the evolution of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and consequently in the manifestation of clinical signs. The asymptomatic form of the disease is a major concern in the diagnosis of CVL and in the transmission control of Leishmania infection. Asymptomatic dogs are found in large proportions in endemic areas and are an unquantifiable source of infection. The present review analyzes the possible relationship between the activation of the antigen-specific immune response of the host and resistance or susceptibility to CVL. The review focuses on works that address the characterization of the humoral and cellular immune response profile, at both the functional and phenotypic levels, in infected dogs. Most studies relate the absence of clinical symptomatology to an increased proliferative response and a Th1 cytokine profile. Despite the numerous findings pointing to a differential immune response in asymptomatic dogs, the contradictory results reported in this review highlight the importance of establishing a precise clinical classification of the disease, performing more longitudinal studies, and including a higher number of animals in trials.
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Fujisawa K, Silcott-Niles C, Simonson P, Lamattina D, Humeres CA, Bhattacharyya T, Mertens P, Thunissen C, O’Rourke V, Pańczuk M, Whitworth JA, Salomón OD, Miles MA. Emergent canine visceral leishmaniasis in Argentina: Comparative diagnostics and relevance to proliferation of human disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009552. [PMID: 34280201 PMCID: PMC8289008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic protozoal vector-borne disease that is a major public health challenge. In Argentina, canine (CVL) and human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) have recently emerged. There is a lack of standardised diagnostic tests for CVL, which hinders control of CVL and HVL. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Sampling was carried out in Puerto Iguazú, Argentina, comprising 190 asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and polysymptomatic dogs. The following diagnostics were applied: microscopy of lymph node aspirate (LNA); three immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), prototype rK28-ICT, rK39-ICT (both Coris BioConcept), commercial rK39 (InBios); ELISA for IgG, IgG1 and IgG2, against rK28, rK39 or crude lysate antigen. DNA detection and analysis, with 30 dogs, was of the ITS1 region using skin samples, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP; Eiken Loopamp) of buffy coat, skin scrape or LNA. 15.4% of dogs were positive by LNA microscopy. The rK28 RDT had higher seropositivity rate (61%) than either a prototype rK39 RDT (31.4%) or commercial rK39 RDT (18.8%), without cross-reactivity with six other pathogens. IgG anti-rK39 ELISA antibody titres, but not IgG2, were positively correlated with number of clinical signs. LAMP with LNA had a higher positivity rate than PCR; buffy coat sampling was more sensitive than skin scrape. ITS1 confirmed Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum as the agent of CVL. Leishmania (Viannia) spp. was detected in skin samples from two dogs, compatible with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Seroprevalence confirmed rapid increase in CVL in Puerto Iguazú. The rK28 RDT test potentially has great value for improved point-of-care diagnosis. Given cost reduction and accessibility, commercial LAMP may be applicable to buffy coat. RDT biomarkers of CVL clinical status are required to combat spread of CVL and HVL. The presence of Viannia, perhaps as an agent of human mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), highlights the need for vigilance and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Fujisawa
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Silcott-Niles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Poppy Simonson
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Lamattina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Cristian A. Humeres
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Tapan Bhattacharyya
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Victoria O’Rourke
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Pańczuk
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Whitworth
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), ANLIS, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Michael A. Miles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Mhadhbi M, Chaabouni A, Bouabid C, Sassi A. Relationships between specific antibody responses and clinical signs of dogs living in Tunisian endemic areas of canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105906. [PMID: 33775627 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The first step of the diagnostic process of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is initiated by veterinarians and relies on their assessment of a high number of clinical signs common to other infectious diseases. We investigated herein the relationship between the clinical profile of 64 domestic dogs living in Tunisian endemic areas and their serological immune status with the aim to identify leishmanial serological markers of diagnosis and disease staging. Seven clinical signs were examined and a total clinical score that describes the number (TCS1) and the number plus the intensity of the clinical signs (TCS2) were determined. Laboratory tests consisted of parasitological examination (PE) of Giemsa-stained popliteal lymph node smears, indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), IgG-, IgG1-, IgG2-Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent-Assay (ELISA), and IgG1-, IgG2- Western blotting (WB). Dogs' categorization according to the results of routine diagnostic tests, the TCS1 and TCS2, and the relative IgG1 and IgG2 specific reactivity allowed us to show that active CanL is characterized by an increased reactivity of the IgG2 specific antibodies. Interestingly, the IgG1 levels increased in parallel with the TCS1 and especially with the TCS2, indicating that this isotype is a better marker of dogs' health deterioration. PE & IFAT positive dogs which presented the highest TCS2 and IgG1 reactivity demonstrated significantly more severe weight loss and paleness of the mucosal membranes, suggesting that these signs characterize the latest stages of the disease. WB analysis showed that threeleishmanial polypeptides merit attention and further investigations. The antigens with MWs 32kDa reacting with IgG1 and 37kDa reacting withIgG2 antibodies were found associated with the results of diagnostic tests and late CanL stages, whereas the 24kDa antigen reacting with the IgG2 isotype and associated with low TCS2 seems to be a marker of the early stages.
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Khantavee N, Chanthick C, Tungtrongchitr A, Techakriengkrai N, Suradhat S, Sookrung N, Roytrakul S, Prapasarakul N. Immunoglobulin G1 subclass responses can be used to detect specific allergy to the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in atopic dogs. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:71. [PMID: 33546688 PMCID: PMC7866685 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In dogs with atopic dermatitis, intradermal testing (IDT) or allergen specific IgE serological testing are routinely employed to identify causative allergens. These allergens can then be used for allergen-specific immunotherapy and allergy management. The clinical relevance of this testing is affected by the source of allergen, and other biomarkers that are more related to specific allergens still need to be identified. The aim of this study was to investigate levels of specific IgE, total IgG, and IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses against the local house dust mites (HDM) Dermatophagoides farinae (DF) and D. pteronyssinus (DP) as biomarkers by using in-house ELISAs in healthy (n = 33) and atopic dogs (AD) (n = 44) that were either positive or negative by IDT to HDM. RESULTS Being over 3 years of age was a risk factor for AD (Odds Ratio (OD) = 4.10, 95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.57-10.75, p = 0.0049), but there was no relation to IDT outcomes (OR = 0.9091, 95% CI 0.22-3.74, p = 1.00). High levels of all antibody isotypes (IgE, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2) against HDM were found in aged healthy dogs (> 3 years old). In AD, HDM-IgE and IgG1 levels were higher in dogs that were IDT positive to HDM than in IDT negative animals. Levels of IgE and IgG1 could be used to distinguish the specific allergens, whereas total IgG and IgG2 levels were not different between IDT-positive and IDT-negative AD. By the receiver operating characteristic curve at a false-positive rate = 0.10, both IgE and IgG1 showed better sensitivity than IgG and IgG2. Similar to IgE, serum IgG1 concentration was also relevant to IDT outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our in-house ELISAs coated with local HDM were useful for evaluating antibody levels, and we propose use of the HDM-specific IgG1 subclass as a biomarker to detect HDM specific allergens in AD, potentially together with an IgE based platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Khantavee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - C Chanthick
- Dermatology unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholyothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchuk, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - A Tungtrongchitr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - N Techakriengkrai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - S Suradhat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - N Sookrung
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - S Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - N Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Infection of dogs by Leishmania infantum elicits a general response of IgG subclasses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18826. [PMID: 33139752 PMCID: PMC7606601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the etiological agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. In endemic areas, canine infections are considered the main source of infection for human populations. Therefore, any control of human leishmaniasis must include the control of canine infections. Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis is inadequate and canine immunoprophylaxis has important limitations. Reports on the response of infected dogs are abundant but no clear picture of immune events has emerged. To shed some light on these shortcomings the specific IgG subclass response was followed in 20 Beagle dogs experimentally infected with L. infantum using monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific for canine IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, along with ELISA and flow cytometry. Results showed that parasitic infection elicits a general response of all IgG subclasses, with a predominant IgG1 response and without any evidence of IgG1/IgG2 dichotomy. These findings suggest that the inconsistent results reported previously could be related to the lack of specific reagents and not to the actual differences in the immune response of infected animals. Differential IgG subclass reactivity in ELISA and cytometry and the analysis of the reacting antigens could facilitate the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease and provide a useful tool for adequate therapeutics and vaccine development against leishmaniasis.
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Kasabalis D, Chatzis MK, Apostolidis K, Petanides T, Athanasiou LV, Xenoulis PG, Mataragka A, Ikonomopoulos J, Leontides LS, Saridomichelakis MN. A randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial comparing the efficacy of aminosidine (paromomycin)-allopurinol combination with the efficacy of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum. Exp Parasitol 2020; 214:107903. [PMID: 32360142 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this 6-month, randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial was to compare the efficacy and safety of aminosidine-allopurinol combination with that of meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol combination for the treatment of leishmaniosis in dogs without stage III or IV chronic kidney disease. Forty client-owned dogs were randomly assigned to group A [n = 20; aminosidine (15 mg/kg, subcutaneously, once daily, for 28 days) and allopurinol (10 mg/kg, per os, twice daily, for 6 months)] or group B [(n = 20; meglumine antimoniate (100 mg/kg SC, once daily, for 28 days) and allopurinol (10 mg/kg, per os, twice daily, for 6 months)]. Clinical and clinicopathological evaluations, parasitic load measurement (lymph node and bone marrow microscopy, bone marrow real-time PCR), specific serology and leishmanin skin test (LST) were performed at baseline (time 1) and after 14 (time 2), 28 (time 3), 60 (time 4) and 180 (time 5) days. Both treatments were safe and resulted in significant clinical and clinicopathological improvement, reduction of parasitic load and of indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) titer and induction of positive LST. There was no significant difference between groups with regards to the primary outcome measures of the trial that included the proportion of dogs that presented severe treatment-related side effects, were cured and were parasitologically negative at time 5. However, some (proportion of dogs that presented no clinical signs, no hyperglobulinemia and negative serology at time 5) secondary outcome measures showed significant differences in favor of the meglumine antimoniate-allopurinol treatment arm. Treatment-related death occurred in one dog in each group, while injection site reactions appeared at a similar frequency in both groups. Due to the differences in some secondary outcome measures in association with the low power of this trial, it cannot be definitively concluded that the two treatments are equally effective. Therefore, the aminisodine-allopurinol combination cannot be proposed as a first-line treatment of CanL but rather as a second-line treatment that may be particularly useful to avoid repeated administration of meglumine antimoniate and in countries where the latter is not available or registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kasabalis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece; Veterinary Clinic "St. Modestos", Aerodromiou Str. 59A, GR-57013, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - K Apostolidis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - T Petanides
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - L V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - A Mataragka
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Votanikos, GR-11855, Athens, Greece
| | - J Ikonomopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Votanikos, GR-11855, Athens, Greece
| | - L S Leontides
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Animal Health Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 224 Trikalon Str., GR-43132, Karditsa, Greece.
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Gonçalves AAM, Leite JC, Resende LA, Mariano RMDS, Silveira P, Melo-Júnior OADO, Ribeiro HS, de Oliveira DS, Soares DF, Santos TAP, Marques AF, Galdino AS, Martins-Filho OA, Dutra WO, da Silveira-Lemos D, Giunchetti RC. An Overview of Immunotherapeutic Approaches Against Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: What Has Been Tested on Dogs and a New Perspective on Improving Treatment Efficacy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:427. [PMID: 31921703 PMCID: PMC6930146 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by digenetic protozoa of the genus Leishmania, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. Leishmania infantum is one of the species responsible for VL and the disease caused is considered a zoonosis whose main reservoir is the dog. Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) can lead to the death of the animal if left untreated. Furthermore, the available pharmocologial treatment for CVL presents numerous disadvantages, such as relapses, toxicity, drug resistance, and the fact treated animals continue to be reservoirs when treatment fails to achieve parasitological cure. Moreover, the available VL control methods have not been adequate when it comes to controlling parasite transmission. Advances in immune response knowledge in recent years have led to a better understanding of VL pathogenesis, allowing new treatments to be developed based on immune system activation, often referred to as immunotherapy. In fact, well-defined protocols have been described, ranging from the use of immunomodulators to the use of vaccines. This treatment, which can also be associated with chemotherapy, has been shown to be effective in restoring or inducing an adequate immune response to reduce parasitic burden, leading to clinical improvement. This review focuses on immunotherapy directed at dogs infected by L. infantum, including a literature review of what has already been done in dogs. We also introduce a promising strategy to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alice Maia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Costa Leite
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Aparecida Resende
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Reysla Maria da Silveira Mariano
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Patricia Silveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Otoni Alves de Oliveira Melo-Júnior
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Helen Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diana Souza de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diogo Fonseca Soares
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaiza Aline Pereira Santos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferreira Marques
- Laboratory of Immuno-Proteome and Parasite Biology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Monitoring Biomarkers, René Rachou Institute, FIOCRUZ-Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walderez Ornelas Dutra
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Denise da Silveira-Lemos
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Khantavee N, Chanthick C, Sookrung N, Prapasarakul N. Antibody levels to Malassezia pachydermatis and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in atopic dogs and their relationship with lesion scores. Vet Dermatol 2019; 31:111-115. [PMID: 31696563 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels to Malassezia or Staphylococcus species in human atopic dermatitis are related to the skin severity index; a similar association has not been reported in atopic dogs. OBJECTIVES To investigate serum levels of allergen-specific IgE, total specific IgG and IgG subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2) for M. pachydermatis and S. pseudintermedius, and to correlate them with the severity of dermatitis in dogs. ANIMALS Serum samples were collected from dogs categorized by age and disease status. Groups 1 and 2: <3-year-old healthy (n = 9) and atopic dogs (n = 9), respectively; and groups 3 and 4: ≥3-year-old healthy (n = 11) and atopic dogs (n = 14), respectively. METHODS AND MATERIALS Antibody levels were measured by ELISA. The Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI) was analyzed in relation to antibody levels. RESULTS Specific IgE and total IgG against M. pachydermatis and S. pseudintermedius were significantly increased in atopic dogs of all ages. Although differences between atopic and healthy dogs, with regard to specific IgG1 and IgG2 levels to each microbe, varied in significance within age groups. No significant relationships were found between the CADLI and any specific immunoglobulin levels for both microbe types. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE In dog skin, microbes may act as allergens triggering inflammatory responses via IgE- and IgG-dependent pathway(s). The affinity of the IgG subclass produced may vary according to antigen type. Specific IgE levels may be related to clinical disease in dogs and not to skin lesion severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathrada Khantavee
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanettee Chanthick
- Dermatology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholyothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchuk, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok-noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, 39 Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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10
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Strength and medium-term impact of HisAK70 immunization in dogs: Vaccine safety and biomarkers of effectiveness for ex vivo Leishmania infantum infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:137-143. [PMID: 31300103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
HisAK70 candidates have successfully been tested in cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniosis (VL) mouse models. Here, we analyse different biomarkers in dog trials after a heterologous immunization strategy with a HisAK70 candidate (plasmid DNA plus adoptive transfer of peripheral blood-derived dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with the same pathoantigen and CpG ODN as an adjuvant) to explore the antileishmanial activity in an ex vivo canine co-culture system in the presence of Leishmania infantum parasites. In the canine model, the heterologous HisAK70 vaccine could decrease the infection index in the DC-T cell co-culture system by up to 54% after 30 days and reach almost 67% after 100 days post-immunization, respectively, compared to those obtained in the control group of dogs. The observed security and potential to fight ex vivo L. infantum infection highlight a HisAK70 heterologous immunization strategy as a promising alternative to evaluate its effectiveness against canine VL.
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11
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Chaabouni A, Boubaker Elandoulsi R, Mhadhbi M, Gharbi M, Sassi A. Comparative analysis of the Leishmania infantum-specific antibody repertoires and the autoantibody repertoires between asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs. Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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