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Malone CJ, Oksanen A, Mukaratirwa S, Sharma R, Jenkins E. From wildlife to humans: The global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes in wildlife and wildlife-associated human trichinellosis. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100934. [PMID: 38651034 PMCID: PMC11033181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Zoonotic nematodes of the genus Trichinella are foodborne parasites that have a global distribution in wild carnivores and omnivores, with spillover and spillback into domestic livestock and people, with concomitant trade and health consequences. Historically, most human cases were linked to domestic pigs infected with Trichinella spiralis, but under current high biosecurity swine production in many countries, wildlife have become a more important source of human trichinellosis. The aim of this review is to update the global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes reported in wildlife, as well as reported human outbreaks from the consumption of wildlife. Using several online databases and by "snowballing" references, hundreds of reports of Trichinella spp. in wildlife published between January 1991 and December 2023 provide an important update to the host and geographic range for each of the recognized 13 species/genotypes, grouped by continent. Surveillance effort was highest in Europe and North America, while Africa, Asia, Central and South America have had limited surveillance, in some instances with human cases serving as sentinels of transmission in a region. Dozens of human outbreaks are described, with wild boars (Sus scrofa) being the most frequently implicated wildlife species in human outbreaks globally. Bears are an important source of infection in North America, for wildlife tourism, and importation of bear meat has also been implicated in multicountry outbreaks. The largest study limitation was the dearth of molecular identification of larvae in both wildlife surveillance studies and human outbreaks, particulary in under-studied regions. We highlight the need for enhanced molecular epidemiological approaches to outbreaks of this important foodborne parasite, and emphasize the need for a One Health approach to manage Trichinella spp. which transmit among terrestrial and marine wildlife (including migratory birds), pigs, horses, and people, often across large geographic scales and borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody J. Malone
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590, Oulu, Finland
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Centre for One Health, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Balić D, Marucci G, Krajina M, Benić M, Mihaljević Ž, Andreanszky T, Sukalić T, Lukačević D, Miškić T, Škrivanko M. Is golden jackal (Canis aureus) the most important indicator species of Trichinella infection in Croatia? Vet Parasitol 2024:110239. [PMID: 38955641 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Epidemiologic monitoring of wild animals is always an important step in defining potential zoonoses that can threaten humans. Particular emphasis should be given to those zoonotic agents permanently cycling within wild animal populations and represent a permanent reservoir for other wild or domesticated animals that can be direct sources of disease for humans. In Croatia, there are two European jackal populations: the Dalmatian population (DP) that has been inhabiting the islands and coastal area along the Adriatic Sea since medieval times, and the South East European population (SEEP) that is found in continental Croatia. Research on Trichinella infections in jackal populations in Croatia was conducted from 2008 to 2022. During this 15-year period, we tested 186 jackal samples and confirmed infection in 47 individuals (25.3 %). The dominant species was T. spiralis, identified in 28 samples (60 %), T. britovi was found in 13 samples (28 %), while for six samples (12 %) the PCR test was unsuccessful. In both populations, the Trichinella species of the domestic cycle (T. spiralis) was found, though in varying ratios: in DP the ratio of identified species was 10:6 in favour of T. britovi, as opposed to 22:3 in favour of T. spiralis in SEEP. The frequency of infection with parasites from the genus Trichinella was significantly different in DP (22.9 %) than in SEEP (26.7 %) (p<0.001), while the larval count in analysed tissue did not differ by type of Trichinella species (p=0.1028). Infected jackals were found in nine of ten tested counties. The results were analysed statistically and the origin of tested and positive samples shown on a map of Croatia. Based on these findings, both jackal populations can be considered to represent an exceptionally important indicators of parasites from the genus Trichinella in Croatia, both for the sylvatic and domestic cycles. There is an evident need for epidemiological monitoring for members of both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Balić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Department Vinkovci, J. Kozarca 24, Vinkovci 32100, Croatia.
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Marija Krajina
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Department Vinkovci, J. Kozarca 24, Vinkovci 32100, Croatia
| | - Miroslav Benić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Savska 143, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Željko Mihaljević
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Department for Pathology, Savska 143, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Tibor Andreanszky
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Department Rijeka, Podmurvice 29, 51 000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Sukalić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Department Križevci, Ivana Zakmardija Dijankovečkog 10, Križevci 48260, Croatia
| | - Damir Lukačević
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Department Split, Poljička cesta 33, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Tihana Miškić
- Ministry of Agriculture, Planinska ulica 2a, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Mario Škrivanko
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Department Vinkovci, J. Kozarca 24, Vinkovci 32100, Croatia
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Borhani M, Fathi S, Harandi MF, Simsek S, Ahmed H, Wu X, Liu M. Trichinella infections in animals and humans of Iran and Turkey. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1088507. [PMID: 36817781 PMCID: PMC9932804 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1088507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is considered as a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by different species of the small nematodes of the genus Trichinella. The present study aimed to provide a broad review for exploring Trichinella sp. infection in humans and animals of Iran and Turkey. Additionally, we aimed to explore bases for trichinellosis prevention and control. Two reports of human trichinellosis following the consumption of meat of wild boar are available in the northern Iran. A large outbreak of trichinellosis and some other sporadic cases are reported mainly as a result of eating wild boar or pork meat from Turkey, where T. britovi is present. Field studies show that Trichinella sp. infections occur in wild carnivores of Iran, particularly the golden jackal (Canis aureus) as the most frequently infected species. T. britovi has been reported to be present elsewhere in Iran in wild mammals, where wild boar is the main source of Trichinella sp. infection. In Turkey, Trichinella spp. has been reported from animals including both domesticated and wild pigs and gray wolf (Canis lupus). However, current data on the distribution of Trichinella taxa are fragmentary in the Anatolian region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Borhani
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Saeid Fathi
- Department of Parasite Vaccine Research and Production, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, Elaziğ, Türkiye
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Mingyuan Liu,
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Crisóstomo-Jorquera V, Landaeta-Aqueveque C. The genus Trichinella and its presence in wildlife worldwide: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1269-e1279. [PMID: 35398980 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The genus Trichinella has a worldwide distribution, infecting people, domestic animals, and wildlife. It includes 13 genotypes, which are geographically delimited; Trichinella is transmitted to people through the ingestion of undercooked meat. Historically, it has been associated with pigs, but most Trichinella species affect wildlife, and cases of trichinellosis due to the consumption of game meat have been emerging. Therefore, it is important to monitor the sources of transmission to domestic animals and humans. The objective of this work was to analyse reports of Trichinella spp. in wild/feral animals around the world to identify the needs of future research in the epidemiology of the sylvatic cycle. A search of studies published until 2021 was conducted using Web of Science and SciELO. In the Palearctic, the most commonly studied hosts were wild boars and red foxes, and hosts with the highest prevalence rates were polar bears and martens. In the Nearctic, red foxes and black bears were the most frequently studied hosts, and the highest prevalence was found for wolverines and brown bears. In the Neotropics, positive reports were only identified in two countries, with wild boars being the most commonly studied species, and armadillos featuring the highest prevalence. In the Afrotropics, Trichinella limits its presence to Sub-Saharan Africa, where lions are the most studied hosts, and spotted hyenas have the highest prevalence. In the Indo-Malaya and Australasia ecozones, information on wildlife is scarce; the Norwegian rat is the most frequently studied host, and the Tasmanian devil has the highest prevalence of infection. In the last decade, research on world wildlife has increased which is associated with more frequent trichinellosis outbreaks caused by the consumption of wild meat. The results suggest the need to increase research in developing countries, particularly where more diverse sources of meat are available for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Crisóstomo-Jorquera
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
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Sharma R, Harms NJ, Kukka PM, Jung TS, Parker SE, Ross S, Thompson P, Rosenthal B, Hoberg EP, Jenkins EJ. High prevalence, intensity, and genetic diversity of Trichinella spp. in wolverine (Gulo gulo) from Yukon, Canada. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:146. [PMID: 33685525 PMCID: PMC7938582 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Species of Trichinella are globally important foodborne parasites infecting a number of domestic and wild vertebrates, including humans. Free-ranging carnivores can act as sentinel species for detection of Trichinella spp. Knowledge of the epidemiology of these parasites may help prevent Trichinella spp. infections in northern Canadian animals and people. Previous research on Trichinella spp. in wildlife from Yukon did not identify risk factors associated with infection, or the diversity and identity of species of Trichinella in regional circulation, based on geographically extensive sampling with large sample sizes. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence, infection intensity, risk factors, and species or genotypes of Trichinella in wolverine (Gulo gulo) in two regions of Yukon, Canada, from 2013–2017. A double separatory funnel digestion method followed by mutiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP were used to recover and identify species of Trichinella, respectively. Results We found larvae of Trichinella in the tongues of 78% (95% CI 73–82) of 338 wolverine sampled. The odds of adult (≥ 2 years) and yearling (1 year) wolverine being Trichinella spp.-positive were four and two times higher, respectively, compared to juveniles (<1 year). The odds of Trichinella spp. presence were three times higher in wolverine from southeast than northwest Yukon. The mean intensity of infection was 22.6 ± 39 (SD, range 0.1–295) larvae per gram. Trichinella T6 was the predominant genotype (76%), followed by T. nativa (8%); mixed infections with Trichinella T6 and T. nativa (12%) were observed. In addition, T. spiralis was detected in one wolverine. Out of 22 isolates initially identified as T. nativa in multiplex PCR, 14 were analyzed by PCR-RFLP to distinguish them from T. chanchalensis, a recently discovered cryptic species, which cannot be distinguished from the T. nativa on multiplex PCR. Ten isolates were identified either as T. chanchalensis alone (n = 7), or mixed infection with T. chanchalensis and T. nativa (n = 2) or T. chanchalensis and Trichinella T6 (n = 1)]. Conclusions Wolverine hosted high prevalence, high larval intensity, and multiple species of Trichinella, likely due to their scavenging habits, apex position in the food chain, and wide home range. Wolverine (especially adult males) should be considered as a sentinel species for surveys for Trichinella spp. across their distributional range.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - N Jane Harms
- Department of Environment, Government of Yukon, P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada
| | - Piia M Kukka
- Department of Environment, Government of Yukon, P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada
| | - Thomas S Jung
- Department of Environment, Government of Yukon, P.O. Box 2703, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2C6, Canada.,Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 351 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB, T6H 3T1, Canada
| | - Sarah E Parker
- Centre for Applied Epidemiology, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Sasha Ross
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Peter Thompson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Eric P Hoberg
- Museum of Southwestern Biology and Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Emily J Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Grigoryan G, Aghayan SA, Gevorgyan H, Malkhasyan A, Vallee I, Karadjian G. The First Report of Trichinella britovi in Armenia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:452-456. [PMID: 33082812 PMCID: PMC7548463 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: More than a hundred species of mammals, birds, and reptiles are infected by nematodes of the Trichinella genus worldwide. Although, Trichinella spp. are widely distributed in neighboring countries including Georgia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iran, no study was conducted in Armenia since 1980’s. Methods: In 2017–2018, five muscle samples belonging to Armenian lynx, otter, wild boar, fox and wolf were tested for Trichinella spp. and recovered larvae were identified by multiplex PCR technique. Results: Twenty-six larvae/gram and one larva/gram were found in lynx and fox samples respectively. They were identified as T. britovi. Conclusion: So far only two species were identified in Armenia, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis, and this is the first time that T. britovi is reported in Armenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar Grigoryan
- Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sargis A Aghayan
- Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hasmik Gevorgyan
- Molecular Parasitology Research Group, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology, The National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Isabelle Vallee
- JRU BIPAR, Anses, Alfort Vet School, INRAE, World Animal Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Grégory Karadjian
- JRU BIPAR, Anses, Alfort Vet School, INRAE, World Animal Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Pozio E. How globalization and climate change could affect foodborne parasites. Exp Parasitol 2019; 208:107807. [PMID: 31751558 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne parasites, most of which are zoonotic, represent an important human health hazard. These pathogens which include both protozoa (e.g., Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxoplasma gondii) and helminths (e.g., liver and intestinal flukes, Fasciola spp., Paragonimus spp., Echinococcus spp., Taenia spp., Angiostrongylus spp., Anisakis spp., Ascaris spp., Capillaria spp., Toxocara spp., Trichinella spp., Trichostrongylus spp.), have accompanied the human species since its origin and their spread has often increased due to their behavior. Since both domesticated and wild animals play an important role as reservoirs of these pathogens the increase/decrease of their biomasses, migration, and passive introduction by humans can change their epidemiological patterns. It follows that globalization and climate change will have a tremendous impact on these pathogens modifying their epidemiological patterns and ecosystems due to the changes of biotic and abiotic parameters. The consequences of these changes on foodborne parasites cannot be foreseen as a whole due to their complexity, but it is important that biologists, epidemiologists, physicians and veterinarians evaluate/address the problem within a one health approach. This opinion, based on the author's experience of over 40 years in the parasitology field, takes into consideration the direct and indirect effects on the transmission of foodborne parasites to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Moazeni M, Khamesipour F, Anyona DN, Dida GO. Epidemiology of taeniosis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis in Iran: A systematic review. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:140-154. [PMID: 30575317 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this review was to establish the current epidemiology of taeniosis, cysticercosis and trichinellosis among humans and animals in Iran by carrying out a comprehensive assessment of published articles reporting on these foodborne zoonotic diseases across the country. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was used in the search for relevant published articles reporting on cysticercosis, taeniosis and trichinellosis in Iran using a number of appropriate key words. The search was conducted through PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, SCOPUS, WHOLIS, FAO and CDC. Published scientific articles including journals, books and book chapters reporting on cysticercosis, taeniosis and trichinellosis in Iran for the period between 1967 and 2018 were selected. RESULTS A total of 37 articles met the search criteria and were incorporated in this review. Of these, 10 (27%) reported on human taeniosis, 15 (40.5%) on cysticercosis (10 on Taenia saginata and five on Taenia spp. cysticercosis) and 12 (32.5%) on trichinellosis. T. saginata was implicated in all human taeniosis cases. All Taenia spp. cysticercosis cases were reported among domesticated pigs and wild animals. A case of neurocysticercosis was reported in a male patient at Shohada Hospital in Tehran. Eleven (91.7%) of the 12 studies reported on trichinellosis among wild animals, while one (8.3%) study detected anti-Trichinella IgG in 8 (2.2%) of the 364 at-risk human beings tested. Nevertheless, most of these studies were carried out in northern Iran. CONCLUSION This review found T. saginata to be the most prevalent and of greater economic and public health significance in Iran. However, T. solium and Trichinella spp. were of little significance to human health. More studies should focus on other regions besides northern Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moazeni
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Douglas N Anyona
- School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Gabriel O Dida
- Department of Community and Public Health, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
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