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Pang F, Long Q, Wei M. Immune evasion strategies of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1282526. [PMID: 37900320 PMCID: PMC10613064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1282526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a significant pathogen that causes great economic losses in the global livestock industry. During the long-term interactions between BVDV and its hosts, the virus has evolved multiple strategies to evade the host's innate immunity and adaptive immunity, thereby promoting viral survival and replication. This review focuses on the most recent research on immune evasion strategies employed by BVDV, including evading type I IFN signaling pathway, evading host adaptive immunity, mediating NF-κB signaling pathway, mediating cell apoptosis and inducing autophagy. Unraveling BVDV's immune evasion strategies will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of BVDV and contribute to the development of more effective therapies for the prevention, control and eradication of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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2
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Identification of differentially expressed gene pathways between cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic BVDV-1 strains by analysis of the transcriptome of infected primary bovine cells. Virology 2021; 567:34-46. [PMID: 34953294 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), belonging to the Pestivirus genus, is characterized by the presence of two biotypes, cytopathogenic (cp) or non-cytopathogenic (ncp). For a better understanding of the host pathogen interactions, we set out to identify transcriptomic signatures of bovine lung primary cells (BPCs) infected with a cp or a ncp strain. For this, we used both a targeted approach by reverse transcription droplet digital PCR and whole genome approach using RNAseq. Data analysis showed 3571 differentially expressed transcripts over time (Fold Change >2) and revealed that the most deregulated pathways for cp strain are signaling pathways involved in responses to viral infection such as inflammatory response or apoptosis pathways. Interestingly, our data analysis revealed a deregulation of Wnt signaling pathway, a pathway described in embryogenesis, that was specifically seen with the BVDV-1 cp but not the ncp suggesting a role of this pathway in viral replication.
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Marchica V, Franceschi V, Vescovini R, Storti P, Vicario E, Toscani D, Zorzoli A, Airoldi I, Dalla Palma B, Campanini N, Martella E, Mancini C, Costa F, Donofrio G, Giuliani N. Bovine pestivirus is a new alternative virus for multiple myeloma oncolytic virotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:89. [PMID: 32653014 PMCID: PMC7353805 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oncolytic viruses have shown promising results for the treatment of multiple myeloma. However, the use of human viruses is limited by the patients' antiviral immune response. In this study, we investigated an alternative oncolytic strategy using non-human pathogen viruses as the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that were able to interact with CD46. METHODS We treated several human myeloma cell lines and non-myeloma cell lines with BVDV to evaluate the expression of CD46 and to study the effect on cell viability by flow cytometry. The possible synergistic effect of bortezomib in combination with BVDV was also tested. Moreover, we infected the bone marrow mononuclear cells obtained from myeloma patients and we checked the BVDV effect on different cell populations, defined by CD138, CD14, CD3, CD19, and CD56 expression evaluated by flow cytometry. Finally, the in vivo BVDV effect was tested in NOD-SCID mice injected subcutaneously with myeloma cell lines. RESULTS Human myeloma cells were selectively sensitive to BVDV treatment with an increase of cell death and, consequently, of apoptotic markers. Consistently, bone marrow mononuclear cells isolated from myeloma patients treated with BVDV, showed a significant selective decrease of the percentage of viable CD138+ cells. Interestingly, bortezomib pre-treatment significantly increased the cytotoxic effect of BVDV in myeloma cell lines with a synergistic effect. Finally, the in vitro data were confirmed in an in vivo myeloma mouse model showing that BVDV treatment significantly reduced the tumoral burden compared to the vehicle. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data indicate, for the first time, a direct oncolytic effect of the BVDV in human myeloma cells suggesting its possible use as novel alternative anti-myeloma virotherapy strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosanna Vescovini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Storti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Vicario
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Denise Toscani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessia Zorzoli
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Irma Airoldi
- Stem Cell Laboratory and Cell Therapy Center, IRCCS "Istituto Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Dalla Palma
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Hematology, "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma", Parma, Italy
| | | | - Eugenia Martella
- Pathology, "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma", Parma, Italy
| | - Cristina Mancini
- Pathology, "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma", Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Costa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Nicola Giuliani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
- Hematology, "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma", Parma, Italy.
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Zhang J, Han Y, Shi H, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhou L, Liu J, Zhang J, Ji Z, Jing Z, Ma J, Shi D, Feng L. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus-induced apoptosis is caspase- and cyclophilin D- dependent. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:439-456. [PMID: 32090691 PMCID: PMC7054944 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1722758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), a newly discovered enteric coronavirus, is the aetiological agent that causes severe clinical diarrhea and intestinal pathological damage in piglets. To understand the effect of SADS-CoV on host cells, we characterized the apoptotic pathways and elucidated mechanisms underlying the process of apoptotic cell death after SADS-CoV infection. SADS-CoV-infected cells showed evidence of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The use of a pan-caspase inhibitor resulted in the inhibition of SADS-CoV-induced apoptosis and reduction in SADS-CoV replication, suggestive of the association of a caspase-dependent pathway. Furthermore, SADS-CoV infection activated the initiators caspase-8 and -9 and upregulated FasL and Bid cleavage, demonstrating a crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. However, the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Cytochrome c (Cyt c) relocalized to the mitochondria and cytoplasm, respectively, after infection by SADS-CoV. Moreover, Vero E6 and IPI-2I cells treated with cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, were completely protected from SADS-CoV-induced apoptosis and viral replication, suggesting the involvement of cyclophilin D (CypD) in these processes. Altogether, our results indicate that caspase-dependent FasL (extrinsic)- and mitochondria (intrinsic)- mediated apoptotic pathways play a central role in SADS-CoV-induced apoptosis that facilitates viral replication. In summary, these findings demonstrate mechanisms by which SADS-CoV induces apoptosis and improve our understanding of SADS-CoV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuru Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Kumi RO, Issahaku AR, Soremekun OS, Agoni C, Olotu FA, Soliman MES. From the Explored to the Unexplored: Computer-Tailored Drug Design Attempts in the Discovery of Selective Caspase Inhibitors. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2019; 22:432-444. [PMID: 31560284 DOI: 10.2174/1386207322666190927143026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological roles of caspases have made them attractive targets in the treatment and amelioration of neurologic diseases. In normal conditions, the expression of caspases is regulated in the brain, while at the onset of neurodegeneration, such as in Alzheimer's disease, they are typically overexpressed. Till date, several therapeutic efforts that include the use of small endogenous binders have been put forward to curtail dysfunctionalities that drive aberrant death in neuronal cells. Caspases are highly homologous, both in structure and in sequence, which leaves us with the question: is it possible to specifically and individually target caspases, while multiple therapeutic attempts to achieve selective targeting have failed! Based on antecedent events, the use of Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) methods has significantly contributed to the design of small molecule inhibitors, especially with selective target ability and reduced off-target therapeutic effects. Interestingly, we found out that there still exists an enormous room for the integration of structure/ligand-based drug design techniques towards the development of highly specific reversible and irreversible caspase inhibitors. Therefore, in this review, we highlight drug discovery approaches that have been directed towards caspase inhibition in addition to an insightful focus on applicable CADD techniques for achieving selective targeting in caspase research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ransford O Kumi
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Abdul R Issahaku
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Opeyemi S Soremekun
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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6
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Lee H, Shin EA, Lee JH, Ahn D, Kim CG, Kim JH, Kim SH. Caspase inhibitors: a review of recently patented compounds (2013-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 28:47-59. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1378426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Lee
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ah Shin
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- Department of East West Medical Science, Graduate School of East West Medical Science Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Deoksoo Ahn
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Geun Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Ha Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Transcriptomic analysis of responses to cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1) infection in MDBK cells. Mol Immunol 2016; 71:192-202. [PMID: 26919728 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is responsible for significant economic losses in the dairy and cattle industry; however, little is known about the protective and pathological responses of hosts to infection. The present study determined the principal molecular markers implicated in viral infection through meta-transcriptomic analysis using MDBK cells infected for two hours with a field isolate of BVDV-1. While several immune regulator genes were induced, genes involved in cell signaling, metabolic processes, development, and integrity were down-regulated, suggesting an isolation of infected cells from cell-to-cell interactions and responses to external signals. Analysis through RT-qPCR confirmed the expression of more than one hundred markers. Interestingly, there was a significant up-regulation of two negative NF-κB regulators, IER3 and TNFAIP3, indicating a possible blocking of this signaling pathway mediated by BVDV-1 infection. Additionally, several genes involved in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species were down-regulated, suggesting increased oxidative stress. Notably, a number of genes involved in cellular growth and development were also regulated during infection, including MTHFD1L, TGIF1, and Brachyury. Moreover, there was an increased expression of the genes β-catenin, caprin-2, GSK3β, and MMP-7, all of which are crucial to the Wnt signaling pathway that is implicated in the embryonic development of a variety of organisms. This meta-transcriptomic analysis provides the first data towards understanding the infection mechanisms of cytopathic BVDV-1 and the putative molecular relationship between viral and host components.
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8
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Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) continues to be of economic significance to the livestock industry in terms of acute disease and fetal loss. Many of the lesions relating to BVDV infection have been well described previously. The virus is perpetuated in herds through the presence of calves that are persistently infected. Relationships between various species and biotypes of BVDV and host defenses are increasingly understood. Understanding of the host defense mechanisms of innate immunity and adaptive immunity continues to improve, and the effects of the virus on these immune mechanisms are being used to explain how persistent infection develops. The noncytopathic biotype of BVDV plays the major role in its effects on the host defenses by inhibiting various aspects of the innate immune system and creation of immunotolerance in the fetus during early gestation. Recent advances have allowed for development of affordable test strategies to identify and remove persistently infected animals. With these improved tests and removal strategies, the livestock industry can begin more widespread effective control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. W. Brodersen
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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9
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Hilbe M, Girao V, Bachofen C, Schweizer M, Zlinszky K, Ehrensperger F. Apoptosis in Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-induced mucosal disease lesions: a histological, immunohistological, and virological investigation. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:46-55. [PMID: 22700847 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812447826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cattle persistently infected with a noncytopathic Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are at risk of developing fatal "mucosal disease" (MD). The authors investigated the role of various apoptosis pathways in the pathogenesis of lesions in animals suffering from MD. Therefore, they compared the expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and Bcl-2L1 (Bcl-x) in tissues of 6 BVDV-free control animals, 7 persistently infected (PI) animals that showed no signs of MD (non-MD PI animals), and 11 animals with MD and correlated the staining with the localization of mucosal lesions. Caspase-3 and -9 staining were markedly stronger in MD cases and were associated with mucosal lesions, even though non-MD PI animals and negative controls also expressed caspase-9. Conversely, caspase-8 was not elevated in any of the animals analyzed. Interestingly, Bcl-x also colocalized with mucosal lesions in the MD cases. However, Bcl-x was similarly expressed in tissues from all 3 groups, and thus, its role in apoptosis needs to be clarified. This study clearly illustrates ex vivo that the activation of the intrinsic, but not the extrinsic, apoptosis pathway is a key element in the pathogenesis of MD lesions observed in cattle persistently infected with BVDV. However, whether direct induction of apoptosis in infected cells or indirect effects induced by the virus are responsible for the lesions observed remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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10
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Gamlen T, Richards KH, Mankouri J, Hudson L, McCauley J, Harris M, Macdonald A. Expression of the NS3 protease of cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus results in the induction of apoptosis but does not block activation of the beta interferon promoter. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:133-44. [PMID: 19793904 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.016170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; genus Pestivirus) can exist as two biotypes, cytopathogenic (CP) and non-cytopathogenic (NCP). The CP form differs from NCP by the continual expression of free non-structural protein 3 (NS3). CP BVDV infection of cultured cells induces apoptosis, whereas NCP BVDV infection has been reported to block the induction of beta interferon (IFN-beta). To investigate the viral mechanisms underlying these effects, NS3 or NS2-3 proteins of NCP and CP BVDV biotypes, together with the cognate NS3 co-factor NS4A, were expressed in cells, and their effect on apoptosis and induction of IFN-beta was investigated. Expression of NS3/4A resulted in increased activity of caspase-9 and caspase-3, indicating induction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Mutational analysis revealed that a protease-inactive NS3/4A was unable to induce apoptosis, suggesting that NS3 protease activity is required for initiation of apoptosis during CP BVDV infection. The ability of NS2-3 to modulate activation of the IFN-beta promoter was also investigated. These studies confirmed that, unlike the related hepatitis C virus and GB virus-B, BVDV proteases are unable to inhibit TLR3- and RIG-I-dependent activation of the IFN-beta promoter. These data suggest that BVDV NS3/4A is responsible for regulating the levels of cellular apoptosis and provide new insights regarding the viral elements associated with CP biotype pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Gamlen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Yamane D, Zahoor MA, Mohamed YM, Azab W, Kato K, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Inhibition of sphingosine kinase by bovine viral diarrhea virus NS3 is crucial for efficient viral replication and cytopathogenesis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13648-13659. [PMID: 19293152 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807498200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid implicated in diverse cellular functions including survival, proliferation, tumorigenesis, inflammation, and immunity. Sphingosine kinase (SphK) contributes to these functions by converting sphingosine to S1P. We report here that the nonstructural protein NS3 from bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a close relative of hepatitis C virus (HCV), binds to and inhibits the catalytic activity of SphK1 independently of its serine protease activity, whereas HCV NS3 does not affect SphK1 activity. Uncleaved NS2-3 from BVDV was also found to interact with and inhibit SphK1. We suspect that inhibition of SphK1 activity by BVDV NS3 and NS2-3 may benefit viral replication, because SphK1 inhibition by small interfering RNA, chemical inhibitor, or overexpression of catalytically inactive SphK1 results in enhanced viral replication, although the mechanisms by which SphK1 inhibition leads to enhanced viral replication remain unknown. A role of SphK1 inhibition in viral cytopathogenesis is also suggested as overexpression of SphK1 significantly attenuates the induction of apoptosis in cells infected with cytopathogenic BVDV. These findings suggest that SphK is targeted by this virus to regulate its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamane
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Muhammad A Zahoor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yassir M Mohamed
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Walid Azab
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Tohya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroomi Akashi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Tolnay AE, Reisenhauer C, Hansen T, Smirnova N, Van Campen H. Transplacental Infection with Non-Cytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Types 1b and 2: Viral Spread and Molecular Neuropathology. J Comp Pathol 2008; 138:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Voigt H, Wienhold D, Marquardt C, Muschko K, Pfaff E, Buettner M. Immunity against NS3 Protein of Classical Swine Fever Virus Does Not Protect against Lethal Challenge Infection. Viral Immunol 2007; 20:487-94. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Voigt
- Institute for Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Wienhold
- Institute for Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Marquardt
- Institute for Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Konstanze Muschko
- Institute for Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Pfaff
- Institute for Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Buettner
- Veterinary Medicine, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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14
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St-Louis MC, Archambault D. The equine arteritis virus induces apoptosis via caspase-8 and mitochondria-dependent caspase-9 activation. Virology 2007; 367:147-55. [PMID: 17583760 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously showed that equine arteritis virus (EAV), an arterivirus, induces apoptosis in vitro. To determine the caspase activation pathways involved in EAV-induced apoptosis, target cells were treated with peptide inhibitors of apoptosis Z-VAD-FMK (pan-caspase inhibitor), Z-IETD-FMK (caspase-8-specific inhibitor) or Z-LEHD-FMK (caspase-9-specific inhibitor) 4 h prior to infection with the EAV T1329 Canadian isolate. Significant inhibition of apoptosis was obtained with all peptide inhibitors used. Furthermore, apoptosis was inhibited in cells expressing the R1 subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (HSV2-R1) or hsp70, two proteins which are known to inhibit apoptosis associated with caspase-8 activation and cytochrome c release-dependent caspase-9 activation, respectively. Given the activation of Bid and the translocation of cytochrome c within the cytoplasm, the overall results indicate that EAV induces apoptosis initiated by caspase-8 activation and subsequent mitochondria-dependent caspase-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude St-Louis
- University of Québec at Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, PO Box 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Lee SM, Kleiboeker SB. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated pathway. Virology 2007; 365:419-34. [PMID: 17488647 PMCID: PMC7127477 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As with a number of other viruses, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been shown to induce apoptosis, although the mechanism(s) involved remain unknown. In this study we have characterized the apoptotic pathways activated by PRRSV infection. PRRSV-infected cells showed evidence of apoptosis including phosphatidylserine exposure, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, caspase activation (including caspase-8, 9, 3), and PARP cleavage. DNA fragmentation was dependent on caspase activation but blocking apoptosis by a caspase inhibitor did not affect PRRSV replication. Upregulation of Bax expression by PRRSV infection was followed by disruption of the mitochondria transmembrane potential, resulting in cytochrome c redistridution to the cytoplasm and subsequent caspase-9 activation. A crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways was demonstrated by dependency of caspase-9 activation on active caspase-8 and by Bid cleavage. Furthermore, in this study we provide evidence of the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress in apoptosis induced by PRRSV. Our data indicated that cell death caused by PRRSV infection involves necrosis as well as apoptosis. In summary, these findings demonstrate mechanisms by which PRRSV induces apoptosis and will contribute to an enhanced understanding of PRRSV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Myeong Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA
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