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Xiao J, Cao S, Wang J, Li P, Cheng Q, Zhou X, Dong J, Li Y, Zhao X, Xu Z, Yang L. Leptin-mediated suppression of lipoprotein lipase cleavage enhances lipid uptake and facilitates lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024. [PMID: 38958445 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is the primary mode of metastasis in gastric cancer (GC). However, the precise mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. Tumor cells necessitate lipid metabolic reprogramming to facilitate metastasis, yet the role of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a pivotal enzyme involved in exogenous lipid uptake, remains uncertain in tumor metastasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of lipid metabolic reprogramming during LNM of GC as well as the role of LPL in this process. METHODS Intracellular lipid levels were quantified using oil red O staining, BODIPY 493/503 staining, and flow cytometry. Lipidomics analysis was employed to identify alterations in intracellular lipid composition following LPL knockdown. Protein expression levels were assessed through immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The mouse popliteal LNM model was utilized to investigate differences in LNM. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were employed to examine protein associations. In vitro phosphorylation assays and Phos-tag sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assays were conducted to detect angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) phosphorylation. RESULTS We identified that an elevated intracellular lipid level represents a crucial characteristic of node-positive (N+) GC and further demonstrated that a high-fat diet can expedite LNM. LPL was found to be significantly overexpressed in N+ GC tissues and shown to facilitate LNM by mediating dietary lipid uptake within GC cells. Leptin, an obesity-related hormone, intercepted the effect exerted by ANGPTL4/Furin on LPL cleavage. Circulating leptin binding to the leptin receptor could induce the activation of inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1) kinase, leading to the phosphorylation of ANGPTL4 at the serine 30 residue and subsequently reducing its binding affinity with LPL. Moreover, our research revealed that LPL disrupted lipid homeostasis by elevating intracellular levels of arachidonic acid, which then triggered the cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway, thereby promoting tumor lymphangiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Leptin-induced phosphorylation of ANGPTL4 facilitates LPL-mediated lipid uptake and consequently stimulates the production of PGE2, ultimately facilitating LNM in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shuqing Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Pengyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Santiso A, Heinemann A, Kargl J. Prostaglandin E2 in the Tumor Microenvironment, a Convoluted Affair Mediated by EP Receptors 2 and 4. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:388-413. [PMID: 38697857 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) system in cancer progression has long been recognized. PGE2 functions as an autocrine and paracrine signaling molecule with pleiotropic effects in the human body. High levels of intratumoral PGE2 and overexpression of the key metabolic enzymes of PGE2 have been observed and suggested to contribute to tumor progression. This has been claimed for different types of solid tumors, including, but not limited to, lung, breast, and colon cancer. PGE2 has direct effects on tumor cells and angiogenesis that are known to promote tumor development. However, one of the main mechanisms behind PGE2 driving cancerogenesis is currently thought to be anchored in suppressed antitumor immunity, thus providing possible therapeutic targets to be used in cancer immunotherapies. EP2 and EP4, two receptors for PGE2, are emerging as being the most relevant for this purpose. This review aims to summarize the known roles of PGE2 in the immune system and its functions within the tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has long been known to be a signaling molecule in cancer. Its presence in tumors has been repeatedly associated with disease progression. Elucidation of its effects on immunological components of the tumor microenvironment has highlighted the potential of PGE2 receptor antagonists in cancer treatment, particularly in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapeutics. Adjuvant treatment could increase the response rates and the efficacy of immune-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santiso
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kargl
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Koca M, Anıl B, Nişancı B, Bayır Y, Ercan Z, Özakar E. Synthesis of New Ester Derivatives of Salicylic Acid and Evaluation of Their COX Inhibitory Potential. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200509. [PMID: 36514919 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid is an NSAID with serious side effects on the GIS. The side effects of salicylic acid on the GIS are slightly reduced by acetylating salicylic acid. 12 new ester analogs of salicylic acid were synthesized with high yields in this study. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and HRMS spectra. The inhibitory potential of the compounds was evaluated on COXs by in vitro and in silico studies. The COX2 inhibitory activity of the most potent inhibitor MEST1 (IC50 : 0.048 μM) was found to be much higher than the COX2 inhibitory activity of aspirin (IC50 : 2.60 μM). In docking studies, the strongest inhibitor among the compounds synthesized was predicted to be MEST1, with the lowest binding energy. Docking studies revealed that MEST1 extends from the hydrophobic channel to the top of the cyclooxygenase active site, forming various interactions with residues in the binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Koca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Barış Anıl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Bilal Nişancı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Yasin Bayır
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ercan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Emrah Özakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
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4
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Leão RP, Cruz JV, da Costa GV, Cruz JN, Ferreira EFB, Silva RC, de Lima LR, Borges RS, dos Santos GB, Santos CBR. Identification of New Rofecoxib-Based Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors: A Bioinformatics Approach. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E209. [PMID: 32858871 PMCID: PMC7559105 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase-2 receptor is a therapeutic target for planning potential drugs with anti-inflammatory activity. The selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor rofecoxib was selected as a pivot molecule to perform virtual ligand-based screening from six commercial databases. We performed the search for similarly shaped Rapid Overlay of Chemical Structures (ROCS) and electrostatic (EON) compounds. After, we used pharmacokinetic and toxicological parameters to determine the best potential compounds, obtained through the softwares QikProp and Derek, respectively. Then, the compounds proceeded to the molecular anchorage study, which showed promising results of binding affinity with the hCOX-2 receptor: LMQC72 (∆G = -11.0 kcal/mol), LMQC36 (∆G = -10.6 kcal/mol), and LMQC50 (∆G = -10.2 kcal/mol). LMQC72 and LMQC36 showed higher binding affinity compared to rofecoxib (∆G = -10.4 kcal/mol). Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to evaluate the interaction of the compounds with the target hCOX-2 during 150 ns. In all MD simulation trajectories, the ligands remained interacting with the protein until the end of the simulation. The compounds were also complexing with hCOX-2 favorably. The compounds obtained the following affinity energy values: rofecoxib: ΔGbind = -45.31 kcal/mol; LMQC72: ΔGbind = -38.58 kcal/mol; LMQC36: ΔGbind = -36.10 kcal/mol; and LMQC50: ΔGbind = -39.40 kcal/mol. The selected LMQC72, LMQC50, and LMQC36 structures showed satisfactory pharmacokinetic results related to absorption and distribution. The toxicological predictions of these compounds did not display alerts for possible toxic groups and lower risk of cardiotoxicity compared to rofecoxib. Therefore, future in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm the anti-inflammatory potential of the compounds selected here with bioinformatics approaches based on rofecoxib ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozires P. Leão
- Graduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (R.P.L.); (R.C.S.); (L.R.d.L.); (R.S.B.)
- Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.; (J.V.C.); (G.V.d.C.); (J.N.C.); (E.F.B.F.)
| | - Josiane V. Cruz
- Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.; (J.V.C.); (G.V.d.C.); (J.N.C.); (E.F.B.F.)
| | - Glauber V. da Costa
- Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.; (J.V.C.); (G.V.d.C.); (J.N.C.); (E.F.B.F.)
| | - Jorddy N. Cruz
- Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.; (J.V.C.); (G.V.d.C.); (J.N.C.); (E.F.B.F.)
| | - Elenilze F. B. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.; (J.V.C.); (G.V.d.C.); (J.N.C.); (E.F.B.F.)
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of State of Amapá, Macapá 68900-070, AP, Brazil
| | - Raí C. Silva
- Graduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (R.P.L.); (R.C.S.); (L.R.d.L.); (R.S.B.)
- Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.; (J.V.C.); (G.V.d.C.); (J.N.C.); (E.F.B.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14090-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcio R. de Lima
- Graduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (R.P.L.); (R.C.S.); (L.R.d.L.); (R.S.B.)
- Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.; (J.V.C.); (G.V.d.C.); (J.N.C.); (E.F.B.F.)
| | - Rosivaldo S. Borges
- Graduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (R.P.L.); (R.C.S.); (L.R.d.L.); (R.S.B.)
| | - Gabriela B. dos Santos
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém 68040-255, PA, Brazil;
| | - Cleydson B. R. Santos
- Graduate Program in Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Health Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (R.P.L.); (R.C.S.); (L.R.d.L.); (R.S.B.)
- Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68902-280, AP, Brazil.; (J.V.C.); (G.V.d.C.); (J.N.C.); (E.F.B.F.)
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Serrage H, Heiskanen V, Palin WM, Cooper PR, Milward MR, Hadis M, Hamblin MR. Under the spotlight: mechanisms of photobiomodulation concentrating on blue and green light. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1877-1909. [PMID: 31183484 PMCID: PMC6685747 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00089e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) describes the application of light at wavelengths ranging from 400-1100 nm to promote tissue healing, reduce inflammation and promote analgesia. Traditionally, red and near-infra red (NIR) light have been used therapeutically, however recent studies indicate that other wavelengths within the visible spectrum could prove beneficial including blue and green light. This review aims to evaluate the literature surrounding the potential therapeutic effects of PBM with particular emphasis on the effects of blue and green light. In particular focus is on the possible primary and secondary molecular mechanisms of PBM and also evaluation of the potential effective parameters for application both in vitro and in vivo. Studies have reported that PBM affects an array of molecular targets, including chromophores such as signalling molecules containing flavins and porphyrins as well as components of the electron transport chain. However, secondary mechanisms tend to converge on pathways induced by increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Systematic evaluation of the literature indicated 72% of publications reported beneficial effects of blue light and 75% reported therapeutic effects of green light. However, of the publications evaluating the effects of green light, reporting of treatment parameters was uneven with 41% failing to report irradiance (mW cm-2) and 44% failing to report radiant exposure (J cm-2). This review highlights the potential of PBM to exert broad effects on a range of different chromophores within the body, dependent upon the wavelength of light applied. Emphasis still remains on the need to report exposure and treatment parameters, as this will enable direct comparison between different studies and hence enable the determination of the full potential of PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Serrage
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
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Sosorburam D, Wu ZG, Zhang SC, Hu P, Zhang HY, Jiang T, Ahiasi-Mensah J, He X. Therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese herbal prescriptions for primary dysmenorrhea. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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7
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Morales-Sosa M, Orozco-Suárez S, Vega-García A, Caballero-Chacón S, Feria-Romero IA. Immunomodulatory effect of Celecoxib on HMGB1/TLR4 pathway in a recurrent seizures model in immature rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 170:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Perloy A, Schouten LJ, van den Brandt PA, Godschalk R, van Schooten FJ, Hogervorst JGF. The Role of Genetic Variants in the Association between Dietary Acrylamide and Advanced Prostate Cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:620-631. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1460682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Perloy
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J. Schouten
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Piet A. van den Brandt
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Godschalk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM – School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM – School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke G. F. Hogervorst
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW – School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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9
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Xiao L, Liu HW, Di H, Chen LX, Zhou Q, Yu X, Jing H, Tang S. Angtensin II elicits a cAMP-dependent intestinal anion secretion by stimulating PGE2 release through AT1 subtype receptors in rat ileum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 494:207-212. [PMID: 29032204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A growing literature has demonstrated that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) involves in gut function. Angiotensin II (AngII) stimulates Cl- secretion in intestine epithelial cells. However, the underlying signal pathway remains unexplored. Here, we explored that serosal application of Ang II (5 × 10-8 M) significantly increased the baseline Isc compared to the control group in rat ileum. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) failed to suppress Isc evoked by Ang II. However, the Ang II-evoked Isc was significantly suppressed by the ATR1 antagonist losartan instead of ATR2 antagonist PD123319. Of interest, both cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 inhibitor SC560 and COX-2 specific inhibitor ns398 blocked the Ang II-evoked Isc. Preincubation of submucosa/mucosa preparations with Ang II for 10 min significantly increased PGE2 production, which was abolished by either COX-1 or COX-2 inhibitor. In addition, the Ang II-induced PGE2 release was also attenuated by ATR1 receptor antagonist rather than selective ATR2 receptor antagonist. Furthermore, preincubation of tissues for 15 min with forskolin, a cAMP activator, markedly blocked the Isc evoked by AngII, while intracellular Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin, L-type Ca2+ channel blocker nicadipine or the epithelial Na+ channel blocker amiloride didn't show such function. These results suggest that Ang II evokes cAMP-activated intestinal anion secretion by stimulating PGE2 release through activation of ATR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Wei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Di
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Li-Xin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyan Jing
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, China
| | - Shuhai Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Montrose DC, Nakanishi M, Murphy RC, Zarini S, McAleer JP, Vella AT, Rosenberg DW. The role of PGE2 in intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 116-117:26-36. [PMID: 25460828 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Release of the free fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) by cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and its subsequent metabolism by the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes produces a broad panel of eicosanoids including prostaglandins (PGs). This study sought to investigate the roles of these mediators in experimental models of inflammation and inflammation-associated intestinal tumorigenesis. Using the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of experimental colitis, we first investigated how a global reduction in eicosanoid production would impact intestinal injury by utilizing cPLA2 knockout mice. cPLA2 deletion enhanced colonic injury, reflected by increased mucosal ulceration and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Increased disease severity was associated with a significant reduction in the levels of several eicosanoid metabolites, including PGE2. We further assessed the precise role of PGE2 synthesis on mucosal injury and repair by utilizing mice with a genetic deletion of microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1), the terminal synthase in the formation of inducible PGE2. DSS exposure caused more extensive acute injury as well as impaired recovery in knockout mice compared to wild-type littermates. Increased intestinal damage was associated with both reduced PGE2 levels as well as altered levels of other eicosanoids including PGD2. To determine whether this metabolic redirection impacted inflammation-associated intestinal tumorigenesis, Apc(Min/+) and Apc(Min/+):mPGES-1(-/-) mice were exposed to DSS. DSS administration caused a reduction in the number of intestinal polyps only in Apc(Min/+):mPGES-1(-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the importance of the balance of prostaglandins produced in the intestinal tract for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and impacting tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Montrose
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Colon Cancer Prevention, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Colon Cancer Prevention, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Simona Zarini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Jeremy P McAleer
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Colon Cancer Prevention, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
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Hanly BK, Stokes AM, Bell AM, Johnson JR, Keowen ML, Paulsen DB, Sod GA, Moore RM. Use of serial laminar tissue collection via biopsy in conscious healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:697-702. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.6.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Gauthier ML, Pickering CR, Miller CJ, Fordyce CA, Chew KL, Berman HK, Tlsty TD. p38 Regulates Cyclooxygenase-2 in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and Is Activated in Premalignant Tissue. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1792-9. [PMID: 15753376 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immediate-early gene, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), is induced in a variety of inflammatory and neoplastic processes and is believed to play an important role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we identify an important upstream regulatory pathway of COX-2 expression in variant human mammary epithelial cells (vHMEC), which has been shown to exhibit phenotypes important for malignancy. We find that the stress-activated kinase, p38, is phosphorylated and activated in vHMEC compared with HMEC and is responsible for the expression of COX-2 in vHMEC as cells grow in culture. Furthermore in this capacity, p38 acts to stabilize the COX-2 transcript rather than activate COX-2 transcription. Inhibition of p38 kinase, using a chemical inhibitor, down-regulates COX-2 and decreases cell survival. Examination of archived tissue from women with ductal carcinoma in situ reveals epithelial cells that not only overexpress COX-2 but also have an abundance of activated phospho-p38 in the nucleus and cytoplasm, mirroring the expression observed in vitro. These epithelial cells are found within premalignant lesions as well as in fields of morphologically normal tissue that surround the lesions. In contrast, low phospho-p38 staining was observed in the majority of normal tissue obtained from reduction mammoplasty. These data help define the regulation of COX-2 expression in early carcinogenesis and provide alternative candidates for targeted prevention of COX-2-induced phenotypes and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona L Gauthier
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0511, USA
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Nosho K, Yoshida M, Yamamoto H, Taniguchi H, Adachi Y, Mikami M, Hinoda Y, Imai K. Association of Ets-related transcriptional factor E1AF expression with overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases, COX-2 and iNOS in the early stage of colorectal carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:892-9. [PMID: 15695237 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now becoming clear that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in tumor development and growth. MMPs are overexpressed in a variety of premalignant tumor tissues, including colorectal adenoma. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the overexpression of MMPs in adenoma tissues. E1AF, an Ets family transcriptional factor, has been shown to play an important role in the expression of MMPs and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in advanced colorectal cancers. The aim of this study was to examine the E1AF expression and determine whether it is correlated with the expression of MMPs, COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in human colorectal adenoma and submucosal cancer (pT1). Using the semi-quantitative RT-PCR, 90 colorectal tumors, including 63 adenomas and 27 cancers (pT1), were analyzed for the expression of E1AF, MMPs, COX-2 and iNOS. Immunohistochemical analysis and in vitro transfection assays were also performed. E1AF mRNA was detected in 43 (47.8%) of the 90 colorectal tumors. E1AF overexpression was significantly correlated with histopathology. E1AF expression was correlated significantly with the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-7. Overexpression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA expression was observed in 42.2% and 66.7% of the 90 colorectal tumors, respectively. COX-2 was correlated significantly with size, gender, histopathology and E1AF. iNOS was correlated significantly with size, histopathology, E1AF and COX-2. The correlation of E1AF expression with COX-2 and iNOS expression was also demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Northern blot analysis of transfectants showed the effect of E1AF on COX-2 expression as well as iNOS on E1AF/COX-2 expression in colon cancer cell lines. The results suggest that E1AF, in conjunction with the expression of MMP-1, MMP-7, COX-2 and iNOS, plays an important role in the early stage of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Nosho
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, S.-1, W.-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
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Grzanna R, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger--an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. J Med Food 2005; 8:125-32. [PMID: 16117603 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory properties of ginger have been known and valued for centuries. During the past 25 years, many laboratories have provided scientific support for the long-held belief that ginger contains constituents with antiinflammatory properties. The original discovery of ginger's inhibitory effects on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the early 1970s has been repeatedly confirmed. This discovery identified ginger as an herbal medicinal product that shares pharmacological properties with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ginger suppresses prostaglandin synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. An important extension of this early work was the observation that ginger also suppresses leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. This pharmacological property distinguishes ginger from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This discovery preceded the observation that dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase may have a better therapeutic profile and have fewer side effects than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The characterization of the pharmacological properties of ginger entered a new phase with the discovery that a ginger extract (EV.EXT.77) derived from Zingiber officinale (family Zingiberaceae) and Alpina galanga (family Zingiberaceae) inhibits the induction of several genes involved in the inflammatory response. These include genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, and the inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2. This discovery provided the first evidence that ginger modulates biochemical pathways activated in chronic inflammation. Identification of the molecular targets of individual ginger constituents provides an opportunity to optimize and standardize ginger products with respect to their effects on specific biomarkers of inflammation. Such preparations will be useful for studies in experimental animals and humans.
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15
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Sabichi AL, Subbarayan V, Llansa N, Lippman SM, Menter DG. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Suppresses Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Human Prostate Cells. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.1704.13.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies have found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression was low and inducible with cytokines in prostate cancer cells (in the absence of serum) and that, in contrast, COX-2 expression was high in normal prostate epithelial cells (EC). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) was expressed at high levels in the prostate cancer cell line PC-3 but not in ECs. In contrast to previous findings by others, PPAR-γ ligands did not induce PPAR-γ expression in EC or PC-3. The present study examined the relationship between PPAR-γ and COX-2 expression patterns in EC and PC-3 in the presence and absence of serum and/or the PPAR-γ agonist 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). We also evaluated the effects that the forced expression of PPAR-γ1 and PPAR-γ2 had on COX-2 in ECs. We found that expression of PPAR-γ and COX-2 protein was inversely correlated in ECs and PC-3. Low COX-2 expression in PC-3 was up-regulated by serum, and 15d-PGJ2 blocked serum-induced COX-2 expression and activity in a dose-dependent manner. 15d-PGJ2 had no effect on COX-2 expression in ECs or PPAR-γ expression in either cell type. However, forced expression of PPAR-γ1 or PPAR-γ2 in ECs suppressed the high level of endogenous COX-2. This effect was not isoform specific and was augmented by 15d-PGJ2. The present study showed that PPAR-γ activation can be an important regulator of COX-2 in prostate cells and may be an important target for prostate cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita L. Sabichi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vemparala Subbarayan
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Norma Llansa
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott M. Lippman
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David G. Menter
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Rossi DJ, Ylikorkala A, Korsisaari N, Salovaara R, Luukko K, Launonen V, Henkemeyer M, Ristimaki A, Aaltonen LA, Makela TP. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in a mouse model of Peutz-Jeghers polyposis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:12327-32. [PMID: 12218179 PMCID: PMC129444 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.192301399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating germ-line mutations of LKB1 lead to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). We have generated mice heterozygous for a targeted inactivating allele of Lkb1 and found that they develop severe gastrointestinal polyposis. In all cases, the polyps arising in the Lkb1+/- mice were found to be hamartomas that were histologically indistinguishable from polyps resected from PJS patients, indicating that Lkb1+/- mice model human PJS polyposis. No evidence for inactivation of the remaining wild-type Lkb1 allele in Lkb1+/- -associated polyps was observed. Moreover, polyps and other tissues in heterozygote animals exhibited reduced Lkb1 levels and activity, indicating that Lkb1 was haploinsufficient for tumor suppression. Analysis of the molecular mechanisms characterizing Lkb1+/- polyposis revealed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was highly up-regulated in murine polyps concomitantly with activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2). Subsequent examination of a large series of human PJS polyps revealed that COX-2 was also highly up-regulated in the majority of these polyps. These findings thereby identify COX-2 as a potential target for chemoprevention in PJS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick J Rossi
- Haartman Institute and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Tapiero H, Ba GN, Couvreur P, Tew KD. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and eicosanoids in human health and pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56:215-22. [PMID: 12199620 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids, obtained from plant material in the diet are the precursors in tissues of two families with opposing effects which are referred to as "essential fatty acids" (EFA): arachidonic acid (AA) and pentaene (eicosapentaenoic acid: EPA) and hexaene (docosahexaenoic acid: DHA) acids. The role of EFA is crucial, without a source of AA or compounds which can be converted into AA, synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) by a cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme would be compromised, and this would seriously affect many normal metabolic processes. COX, also known as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (Pghs) or as prostaglandin G/H synthase, is a key membrane bound enzyme responsible for the oxidation of AA to PGs. Two COX isoforms have been identified, COX-1 and COX-2 that form PGH2, a common precursor for the biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 (TxA2), prostacyclin (PGI2) and PGs (PGD2, PGE2, PGF2alpha. COX-1 enzyme is expressed constitutively in most cells and tissues. Its expression remains constant under either physiological or pathological conditions controlling synthesis of those PGs primarily involved in the regulation of homeostatic functions. In contrast, COX-2 is an intermediate response gene that encodes a 71-kDa protein. COX-2 is normally absent from most cells but highly inducible in certain cells in response to inflammatory stimuli resulting in enhanced PG release. PGs formed by COX-2 primarily mediate pain and inflammation but have multiple effects that can favour tumorigenesis. They are more abundant in cancers than in normal tissues from which the cancers arise. COX-2 is a participant in the pathway of colon carcinogenesis, especially when mutation of the APC (Adenomatous Polyposis Coli) tumour suppressor gene is the initiating event. In addition, COX-2 up-regulation and elevated PGE2 levels are involved in breast carcinogenesis. It seems that there is a correlation between COX-2 level of expression and the size of the tumours and their propensity to invade underlying tissue. Inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) of COX enzymes which significantly suppress PGE2 levels, reduced breast cancer incidence and protected against colorectal cancer. Therefore it is suggested that consumption of a diet enriched in n-3 PUFA (specifically EPA and DHA) and inhibition of COX-2 by NSAIDs may confer cardioprotective effects and provide a significant mechanism for the prevention and treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tapiero
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie CNRS UMR 8612, Chatenay Malabry, France.
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