Transfection of small numbers of human endothelial cells by electroporation and synthetic amphiphiles

Effect of Experimental Electrical and Biological Parameters on Gene Transfer by Electroporation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The exact mechanisms of nucleic acid (NA) delivery with gene electrotransfer (GET) are still unknown, which represents a limitation for its broader use. Further, not knowing the effects that different experimental electrical and biological parameters have on GET additionally hinders GET optimization, resulting in the majority of research being performed using a trial-and-error approach. To explore the current state of knowledge, we conducted a systematic literature review of GET papers in in vitro conditions and performed meta-analyses of the reported GET efficiency. For now, there is no universal GET strategy that would be appropriate for all experimental aims. Apart from the availability of the required electroporation device and electrodes, the choice of an optimal GET approach depends on parameters such as the electroporation medium; type and origin of cells; and the size, concentration, promoter, and type of the NA to be transfected. Equally important are appropriate controls and the measurement or evaluation of the output pulses to allow a fair and unbiased evaluation of the experimental results. Since many experimental electrical and biological parameters can affect GET, it is important that all used parameters are adequately reported to enable the comparison of results, as well as potentially faster and more efficient experiment planning and optimization.

Adipose tissue-derived ECM hydrogels and their use as 3D culture scaffold

Adipose tissue has the therapeutic capacity in the form of a fat graft, for example, for treatment of irradiation-induced scars and difficult to heal dermal wounds. For large-scale clinical application, an off-the-shelf product is warranted. In recent years, ECM-derived hydrogels are postulated to harbour therapeutic capacity and might even replicate the beneficial effects of adipose tissue. In normal homeostasis, the natural ECM acts as a deposit of growth factors, that releases them over time. In the healing of lesions, this might promote cell accumulation and proliferation which in turn stimulates angiogenesis and repair. The decellularization of tissue and the generation of hydrogels may leave cytotoxic traces. Therefore, our research assessed the cytotoxic effect of human adipose tissue-derived ECM hydrogels on connective tissue cells i.e. fibroblasts. The results showed no cytotoxicity, meaning the hydrogels caused no cell death. Cell migration and survival were observed when cultured in ECM hydrogels and followed for 7 days. Cell survival in the hydrogel was confirmed with CFDA staining and also cells showed the ability to penetrate and migrate throughout the gel. We conclude that ECM hydrogels are promising to use as innovative therapy for wound healing.

Phosphate-buffered saline-based nucleofection of primary endothelial cells

Although various nonviral transfection methods are available, cell toxicity, low transfection efficiency, and high cost remain hurdles for in vitro gene delivery in cultured primary endothelial cells. Recently, unprecedented transfection efficiency for primary endothelial cells has been achieved due to the newly developed nucleofection technology that uses a combination of novel electroporation condition and specific buffer components that stabilize the cells in the electrical field. Despite superior transfection efficiency and cell viability, high cost of the technology has discouraged cardiovascular researchers from liberally adopting this new technology. Here we report that a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-based nucleofection method can be used for efficient gene delivery into primary endothelial cells and other types of cells. Comparative analyses of transfection efficiency and cell viability for primary arterial, venous, microvascular, and lymphatic endothelial cells were performed using PBS. Compared with the commercial buffers, PBS can support equally remarkable nucleofection efficiency to both primary and nonprimary cells. Moreover, PBS-mediated nucleofection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) showed more than 90% knockdown of the expression of target genes in primary endothelial cells. We demonstrate that PBS can be an unprecedented economical alternative to the high-cost buffers or nucleofection of various primary and nonprimary cells.

Rational modulation of neuronal processing with applied electric fields

Traditional approaches to electrical stimulation, using trains of supra-threshold pulses to trigger action potentials, may be replaced or augmented by using 'rational' sub-threshold stimulation protocols that incorporate knowledge of single neuron geometry, inhomogeneous tissue properties, and nervous system information coding. Sub-threshold stimulation, at intensities (well) below those sufficient to trigger action potentials, may none-the-less exert a profound effect on brain function through modulation of concomitant neuronal activity. For example, small DC fields may coherently polarize a network of neurons and thus modulate the simultaneous processing of afferent synaptic input as well as resulting changes in synaptic plasticity. Through 'activity-dependent plasticity', sub-threshold fields may allow specific targeting of pathological networks and are thus particularly suitable to overcome the poor anatomical focus of noninvasive (transcranial) electrical stimulation. Additional approaches to improve targeting in transcranial stimulation using novel electrode configurations are also introduced.

Lipid composition of virosomes modulates their fusion efficiency with cryopreserved bull sperm cells

Virosomes derived from different fusogenic enveloped viruses have been generated for potential application in gene targeting to sperm cells. Comparative characterization of reconstitution products revealed that virosomes derived from influenza viruses are superior to those generated from Sendai viruses, with respect to the fusion rates with cryopreserved bull sperm cells and to sperm cell vitality after fusion. Modulation of the lipid composition during virosome reconstitution affects fusion sites on target sperms and allows optimization of the fusion rate and sperm cell vitality. A fluorescence-based microscopic fusion assay combined with a vital cell stain revealed that about 90% of sperm cells fused with influenza virosomes containing exogenous cholesterol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. About 85% of the fused sperm cells remained vital. Such optimized influenza-derived virosomes provide the basis for ongoing experiments, which aim at eventually generating biologically active transgenic sperms.