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Molecular Genetics in the Multidisciplinary Management of Sarcoma. Sarcoma 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-9414-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Mantilla JG, Ricciotti RW, Chen E, Hoch BL, Liu YJ. Detecting disease‐defining gene fusions in unclassified round cell sarcomas using anchored multiplex PCR/targeted RNA next‐generation sequencing—Molecular and clinicopathological characterization of 16 cases. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:713-722. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jose G. Mantilla
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | | | - Eleanor Chen
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Benjamin L. Hoch
- Department of PathologyUniversity of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Yajuan J. Liu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Washington Seattle Washington
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Liu Y, Qi S, Meng L, Zhang L, Pang Y, Cui W, Du J, Li Z, Liu Q, Shang H, Liu C, Li F. GEFT aberrant expression in soft tissue sarcomas. Transl Cancer Res 2019; 8:141-149. [PMID: 35116743 PMCID: PMC8798328 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.01.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Guanine nucleotide exchange factor T (GEFT) exhibits high amplification level using high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization in rhabdomyosarcoma. The overexpression rate of GEFT protein is higher in rhabdomyosarcoma than in normal striated muscle tissues. This study evaluated the aberrant expression of GEFT in multiple subtypes of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and compared the differences in clinical pathology, histological feature and expression levels of GEFT protein and mRNA between chromosomal translocation-associated sarcomas (CTAS) and non-chromosomal translocation-associated sarcomas (NCTAS). Methods GEFT protein expression was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tissue microarrays. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of GEFT mRNA. Results The rates of GEFT positive expression (196/219, 89.50%) and overexpression (113/219, 51.60%) were higher in multiple subtypes of STS than in normal striated muscle tissues. The rates of GEFT positive expression and overexpression in all subtypes of STS detected were significantly higher than that in the controls. No difference of GEFT expression was detected between CTAS and NCTAS. Conclusions The abnormal expression of GEFT exists in various subtypes of STS, which may play an important role in tumorigenesis of STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Shengnan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Lian Meng
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Yuwen Pang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Wenwen Cui
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Hao Shang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832002, China.,Department of Pathology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
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Vargas AC, Selinger C, Satgunaseelan L, Cooper WA, Gupta R, Stalley P, Brown W, Soper J, Schatz J, Boyle R, Thomas DM, Tattersall MH, Bhadri V, Maclean F, Bonar SF, Scolyer RA, Karim RZ, McCarthy SW, Mahar A, O'Toole SA. FISH analysis of selected soft tissue tumors: Diagnostic experience in a tertiary center. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2018; 15:38-47. [DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wustrack R, Cooper K, Weber K. Molecular Markers in Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumors. JBJS Rev 2016; 4:01874474-201608000-00005. [PMID: 27603273 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.15.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Many sarcomas such as osteosarcoma have complex molecular compositions and behaviors that make standardized treatment difficult for patients with these tumors. Chromosomal translocations are noted in specific bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, and there are molecular tests (polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) used for accurate diagnosis. The translocations noted in sarcomas may allow future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Wustrack
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kumarasen Cooper
- Departments of Pathology (K.C.) and Orthopaedic Surgery (K.W.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristy Weber
- Departments of Pathology (K.C.) and Orthopaedic Surgery (K.W.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Ortiz MV, Kobos R, Walsh M, Slotkin EK, Roberts S, Berger MF, Hameed M, Solit D, Ladanyi M, Shukla N, Kentsis A. Integrating Genomics Into Clinical Pediatric Oncology Using the Molecular Tumor Board at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1368-74. [PMID: 27082517 PMCID: PMC5429592 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric oncologists have begun to leverage tumor genetic profiling to match patients with targeted therapies. At the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), we developed the Pediatric Molecular Tumor Board (PMTB) to track, integrate, and interpret clinical genomic profiling and potential targeted therapeutic recommendations. PROCEDURE This retrospective case series includes all patients reviewed by the MSKCC PMTB from July 2014 to June 2015. Cases were submitted by treating oncologists and potential treatment recommendations were based upon the modified guidelines of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS There were 41 presentations of 39 individual patients during the study period. Gliomas, acute myeloid leukemia, and neuroblastoma were the most commonly reviewed cases. Thirty nine (87%) of the 45 molecular sequencing profiles utilized hybrid-capture targeted genome sequencing. In 30 (73%) of the 41 presentations, the PMTB provided therapeutic recommendations, of which 19 (46%) were implemented. Twenty-one (70%) of the recommendations involved targeted therapies. Three (14%) targeted therapy recommendations had published evidence to support the proposed recommendations (evidence levels 1-2), eight (36%) recommendations had preclinical evidence (level 3), and 11 (50%) recommendations were based upon hypothetical biological rationales (level 4). CONCLUSIONS The MSKCC PMTB enabled a clinically relevant interpretation of genomic profiling. Effective use of clinical genomics is anticipated to require new and improved tools to ascribe pathogenic significance and therapeutic actionability. The development of specific rule-driven clinical protocols will be needed for the incorporation and evaluation of genomic and molecular profiling in interventional prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V. Ortiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Kobos
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily K. Slotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael F. Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York , New York
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Meera Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York , New York
| | - David Solit
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York , New York
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Neerav Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Correspondence to: Alex Kentsis, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021.
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Bridge JA. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction molecular testing of cytology specimens: Pre-analytic and analytic factors. Cancer Cytopathol 2016; 125:11-19. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Bridge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha Nebraska
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Synovial Sarcoma Microvesicles Harbor the SYT-SSX Fusion Gene Transcript: Comparison of Different Methods of Detection and Implications in Biomarker Research. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6146047. [PMID: 27069481 PMCID: PMC4812493 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6146047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive soft-tissue malignancy. This study examines the presence of the SYT-SSX fusion transcript in synovial sarcoma microvesicles as well as its potential role as a biomarker for synovial sarcoma. Patients and Methods. Microvesicle release of synovial sarcoma cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy. RNA-content was analyzed by qPCR, nested PCR, nested qPCR, and droplet digital PCR to compare their sensitivity for detection of the SYT-SSX fusion gene transcript. Whole blood RNA, RNA of mononuclear cells, and microvesicle RNA of synovial sarcoma patients were analyzed for the presence of the fusion gene transcripts. Results. Electron microscopic analysis revealed synovial sarcoma cells releasing membrane-enclosed microvesicles. In vitro, the SYT-SSX fusion gene transcript was detected in both synovial sarcoma cells and microvesicles. Nested qPCR proved to be the most sensitive in detecting the SYT-SSX fusion gene mRNA. In contrast, the fusion gene transcript was not detected in peripheral blood cells and microvesicles of synovial sarcoma patients. Conclusion. Synovial sarcoma cells release microvesicles harboring the SYT-SSX fusion transcript. Nested qPCR proved to be the most sensitive in detecting the SYT-SSX fusion gene mRNA; however, more sensitive assays are needed to detect cancer-specific microvesicles in the peripheral blood of cancer patients.
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Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Pancreas: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Surg 2015; 2015:276869. [PMID: 26101685 PMCID: PMC4460232 DOI: 10.1155/2015/276869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are presented as rare malignant neoplasms. In unusual cases, those neoplasms may arise in solid organs containing neuroendocrine cells, such as the pancreas. Herein the case of a 28-year-old patient that underwent gastroduodenopancreatectomy after the diagnosis of a huge mass (PNET) located in both head and body of the pancreas is reported. This is the 19th case of pancreatic PNET reported in literature.
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Skubitz KM, Skubitz APN, Xu WW, Luo X, Lagarde P, Coindre JM, Chibon F. Gene expression identifies heterogeneity of metastatic behavior among high-grade non-translocation associated soft tissue sarcomas. J Transl Med 2014; 12:176. [PMID: 24950699 PMCID: PMC4082412 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The biologic heterogeneity of soft tissue sarcomas (STS), even within histological subtypes, complicates treatment. In earlier studies, gene expression patterns that distinguish two subsets of clear cell renal carcinoma (RCC), serous ovarian carcinoma (OVCA), and aggressive fibromatosis (AF) were used to separate 73 STS into two or four groups with different probabilities of developing metastatic disease (PrMet). This study was designed to confirm our earlier observations in a larger independent data set. Methods We utilized these gene sets, hierarchical clustering (HC), and Kaplan-Meier analysis, to examine 309 STS, using Affymetrix chip expression profiling. Results HC using the combined AF-, RCC-, and OVCA-gene sets identified subsets of the STS samples. Analysis revealed differences in PrMet between the clusters defined by the first branch point of the clustering dendrogram (p = 0.048), and also among the four different clusters defined by the second branch points (p < 0.0001). Analysis also revealed differences in PrMet between the leiomyosarcomas (LMS), dedifferentiated liposarcomas (LipoD), and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas (UPS) (p = 0.0004). HC of both the LipoD and UPS sample sets divided the samples into two groups with different PrMet (p = 0.0128, and 0.0002, respectively). HC of the UPS samples also showed four groups with different PrMet (p = 0.0007). HC found no subgroups of the LMS samples. Conclusions These data confirm our earlier studies, and suggest that this approach may allow the identification of more than two subsets of STS, each with distinct clinical behavior, and may be useful to stratify STS in clinical trials and in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Skubitz
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Cerrone M, Cantile M, Collina F, Marra L, Liguori G, Franco R, De Chiara A, Botti G. Molecular strategies for detecting chromosomal translocations in soft tissue tumors (review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1379-91. [PMID: 24714847 PMCID: PMC4055444 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of soft tissue tumors are characterized by chromosomal aberrations, in particular, translocations and amplifications, which appear to be highly specific. The identification of fusion transcripts not only supports the diagnosis, but provides the basis for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking the aberrant activity of chimeric proteins. Molecular biology, and in particular, cytogenetic and qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction technologies, allow with high efficiency and specificity, the determination of specific fusion transcripts resulting from chromosomal translocations, as well as the analysis of gene amplifications. In this review, various molecular techniques that allow the identification of translocations and consequent fusion transcripts generated are discussed in the broad spectrum of soft tissue tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Laura Marra
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, INT Pascale Foundation, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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Ueda T, Kakunaga S, Ando M, Yonemori K, Sugiura H, Yamada K, Kawai A. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of trabectedin, a DNA minor groove binder, administered as a 24-h continuous infusion in Japanese patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:691-9. [PMID: 24696229 PMCID: PMC4101250 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Trabectedin is a novel anticancer agent used to treat soft tissue sarcoma (STS). This phase I study of trabectedin was performed to determine the recommended dose for phase II studies in Japanese patients with STS. Methods Patients who had STS refractory to, or who could not tolerate, anthracycline-based chemotherapy were enrolled. The starting dose of trabectedin was 0.9 mg/m2, given as a 24-h continuous infusion every 21 days. The dose was escalated to 1.2 mg/m2 and then to 1.5 mg/m2, using a “3 + 3” cohort expansion design. Plasma samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis. Results Fifteen patients received 1 of 3 dose levels of trabectedin. Dose-limiting toxicity occurred in two of three patients at 1.5 mg/m2: 1 had a grade 3 increase in creatine phosphokinase and grade 3 anorexia, and the other had grade 4 platelet count decreased. Frequent grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs) included elevations of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and decrease in neutrophil count. The frequency and severity of AEs were clearly greater at 1.5 mg/m2 than at the lower doses. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the area under the concentration-time curve at a dose of 1.2 mg/m2 was adequate to produce antitumor activity. A partial response was obtained in three patients with translocation-related sarcomas (1 each with myxoid liposarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma). Conclusions The recommended dose of trabectedin for phase II studies is 1.2 mg/m2 in Japanese patients with STS. Trabectedin may be especially effective against translocation-related sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ueda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka National Hospital, 2-1-14 Hoenzaka, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan,
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Bridge JA. The role of cytogenetics and molecular diagnostics in the diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors. Mod Pathol 2014; 27 Suppl 1:S80-97. [PMID: 24384855 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soft-tissue sarcomas are rare, comprising <1% of all cancer diagnoses. Yet the diversity of histological subtypes is impressive with >100 benign and malignant soft-tissue tumor entities defined. Not infrequently, these neoplasms exhibit overlapping clinicopathologic features posing significant challenges in rendering a definitive diagnosis and optimal therapy. Advances in cytogenetic and molecular science have led to the discovery of genetic events in soft-tissue tumors that have not only enriched our understanding of the underlying biology of these neoplasms but have also proven to be powerful diagnostic adjuncts and/or indicators of molecular targeted therapy. In particular, many soft-tissue tumors are characterized by recurrent chromosomal rearrangements that produce specific gene fusions. For pathologists, identification of these fusions as well as other characteristic mutational alterations aids in precise subclassification. This review will address known recurrent or tumor-specific genetic events in soft-tissue tumors and discuss the molecular approaches commonly used in clinical practice to identify them. Emphasis is placed on the role of molecular pathology in the management of soft-tissue tumors. Familiarity with these genetic events provides important ancillary testing for pathologists to include in their diagnostic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Bridge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Rekhi B, Vogel U, Basak R, Desai SB, Jambhekar NA. Clinicopathological and Molecular Spectrum of Ewing Sarcomas/PNETs, Including Validation of EWSR1 Rearrangement by Conventional and Array FISH Technique in Certain Cases. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 20:503-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The study of sarcoma pathology is a rapidly evolving field. The continued refinement of classic diagnostic techniques in conjunction with the molecular diagnostics has resulted in an abundance of data regarding this diverse and rare group of tumors. We anticipate that cutting edge technology including next generation sequencing will continue to further our understanding of saromagenesis and enable more precise classification and diagnosis of sarcomas in the future.
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Holubova M, Leba M, Sedmikova M, Vannucci L, Horak V. Characterization of three newly established rat sarcoma cell clones. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 48:610-8. [PMID: 23150138 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of new animal models using selected cell lines with different behaviour is very important for cancer investigations. In this study, we describe three morphologically distinct rat sarcoma clones-C4, C7 and D6-isolated from the R5-28 cell line. Cells of all clones expressed vimentin, fibronectin, laminin, collagen IV and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. However, desmin, cytokeratins 8 and 18, ZO-1 and desmoplakins I and II were not detected. Significant proliferative capacity was documented by proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and BrdU positivity. Karyotype of the C4, C7 and D6 cells greatly differed from diploid chromosome number of normal rat somatic cells. High expression of three cytokines-monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-was observed in all three clones. However, they varied in concentration of chemokines associated with neutrophil migration and activation-cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant 2 and lipopolysaccharide induced CXC chemokine. The C4 clone showed spontaneous tumour regression in vivo that was associated with significant changes in lymphocyte subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Holubova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, AS CR v.v.i., 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic.
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A retrospective analysis of antitumour activity with trabectedin in translocation-related sarcomas. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:3036-44. [PMID: 22749255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Approximately 20% of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) have subtype-specific chromosomal translocations; these generate chimeric oncoproteins which can act as abnormal transcription factors. Since trabectedin can bind to DNA and displace transcription factors, antitumour activity was explored in translocation-related sarcoma (TRS) subtypes. METHODS The current retrospective pooled analysis includes data from 81 patients with TRS treated in 8 phase II trials. RESULTS TRS subtypes were: synovial sarcoma (SS, n=45), myxoid-round cell liposarcoma (MRC-L-sarcoma, n=27), alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS, n=4), endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS, n=3) and clear cell sarcoma (CCS, n=2). All but one patient had received prior chemotherapy (median of 2 lines). Patients received a median of 4 trabectedin cycles (range, 1-48; median dose intensity=0.40 mg/m(2)/week). Partial responses according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) occurred in 8 patients (ORR=10%; 95% CI, 4-19%): four in MRC-L-sarcoma; three in SS and one in ESS. Tumour control rate (ORR plus stable disease) was 59% (95% CI, 48-70%). Median PFS was 4.1 months (6-month PFS rate=40%). Median overall survival was 17.4 months (survival rate at 12 months=60%). Trabectedin had a manageable safety profile. CONCLUSION Trabectedin demonstrates encouraging disease control in TRS. Since these promising results were generally noted in patients following chemotherapy, a phase III randomised trial in first-line is ongoing to compare trabectedin with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in patients with TRS.
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Coffin CM, Alaggio R, Dehner LP. Some general considerations about the clinicopathologic aspects of soft tissue tumors in children and adolescents. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2012; 15:11-25. [PMID: 22375909 DOI: 10.2350/11-08-1081-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue tumors in children and adolescents are an important group of neoplasms, pseudoneoplasms, and tumefactive malformations with some distinctive clinicopathologic, genetic, syndromic, and therapeutic implications. In addition to the basic pathologic examination, there is the availability of diagnostic adjuncts in various settings based upon the histopathologic features that facilitate and/or corroborate a diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and an ever-increasing array of new technologies are available to address specific diagnostic questions and even potential therapeutic strategies. This review focuses upon some of the unique aspects of soft tissue tumors in children, including the classification, approach to the diagnosis, grading, clinical and pathologic staging, therapy-related changes, pathogenesis, and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M Coffin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Skubitz KM, Francis P, Skubitz APN, Luo X, Nilbert M. Gene expression identifies heterogeneity of metastatic propensity in high-grade soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer 2012; 118:4235-43. [PMID: 22252777 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic propensity of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is heterogeneous and may be determined by gene expression patterns that do not correlate well with morphology. The authors have reported gene expression patterns that distinguish 2 broad classes of clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC-gene set), and other patterns that can distinguish heterogeneity of serous ovarian carcinoma (OVCA-gene set) and aggressive fibromatosis (AF-gene set); however, clinical follow-up data were not available for these samples. METHODS In the current study, gene expression patterns in 73 samples of high-grade STS were examined using spotted cDNA microarray slides that contained ∼16,000 unique UniGene clusters. Approximately 50% of the genes present in the ccRCC-, OVCA-, and AF-gene sets were also represented in the data from this chip set, and these were combined to form a composite gene set of 278 probes. RESULTS Hierarchical clustering using this composite gene set suggested the existence of subsets of the STS samples. Analysis revealed differences in the time to development of metastatic disease between the clusters defined by the first branch point of the clustering dendrogram (P = .005), and also among the 4 different clusters defined by the second branch points (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS This approach suggests the existence of >2 subsets of high-grade pleomorphic STS, each with distinct clinical behavior. A composite gene set such as that described here may be useful to stratify STS in clinical trials, and may be of practical utility in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Skubitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of aggressive tumors that have a relatively poor prognosis. Although conventional therapeutic regimens can effectively cytoreduce the overall tumor mass, they fail to consistently achieve a curative outcome. Alternative gene-based approaches that counteract the underlying neoplastic process by eliminating the clonal aberrations that potentiate malignant behavior have been proposed. As compared to the accumulation of gene alterations associated with epithelial carcinomas, sarcomas are frequently characterized by the unique presence of a single chromosomal translocation in each histological subtype. Similar to the Philadelphia chromosome associated with CML, these clonal abnormalities result in the fusion of two independent unrelated genes to generate a unique chimeric protein that displays aberrant activity believed to initiate cellular transformation. Secondary gene mutations may provide an additional growth advantage that further contributes to malignant progression. The recent clinical success of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, STI571, suggests that therapeutic approaches specifically directed against essential survival factors in sarcoma cells may be effective. This review summarizes published approaches targeting a specific molecular mechanism associated with sarcomagenesis. The strategy and significance of published translational studies in six distinct areas are presented. These include: (1) the disruption of chimeric transcription factor activity; (2) inhibition of growth stimulatory post-translational modifications; (3) restoration of tumor suppressor function; (4) interference with angiogenesis; (5) induction of apoptotic pathways; and (6) introduction of toxic gene products. The potential for improving outcomes in sarcoma patients and the conceptual obstacles to be overcome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Olsen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 69198-6495 USA
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22
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Abstract
Abstract
Context.—Soft tissue pathology encompasses a remarkably diverse assortment of benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. Rendering a definitive diagnosis is complicated not only by the large volume of existing histologic subtypes (>100) but also frequently by the presence of overlapping clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and/or radiographic features. During the past 3 decades, mesenchymal tumor–specific, cytogenetic and molecular genetic abnormalities have demonstrated an increasingly important, ancillary role in mesenchymal tumor diagnostics.
Objectives.—To review molecular diagnostic tools available to the pathologist to further classify specific soft tissue tumor types and recurrent aberrations frequently examined. Advantages and limitations of individual approaches will also be highlighted.
Data Sources.—Previously published review articles, peer-reviewed research publications, and the extensive cytogenetic and molecular diagnostic experience of the authors to include case files of The University of Nebraska Medical Center.
Conclusions.—Cytogenetic and molecular genetic assays are used routinely for diagnostic purposes in soft tissue pathology and represent a powerful adjunct to complement conventional microscopy and clinicoradiographic evaluation in the formulation of an accurate diagnosis. Care should be taken, however, to recognize the limitations of these approaches. Ideally, more than one technical approach should be available to a diagnostic laboratory to compensate for the shortcomings of each approach in the assessment of individual specimens.
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Sun Y, Perera J, Rubin BP, Huang J. SYT-SSX1 (synovial sarcoma translocated) regulates PIASy ligase activity to cause overexpression of NCOA3 protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18623-32. [PMID: 21454665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.176693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are a major source of genetic abnormalities causally linked to certain malignancies. Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive soft tissue tumor characterized by a chromosomal translocation between chromosome 18 and X, generating oncoproteins such as SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2. The molecular mechanism underlying the oncogenic potential of SYT-SSX1/2 is not clear. Here we show that SYT-SSX1 leads to up-regulation of NCOA3, a protein critical for the formation of various cancers. The increase of NCOA3 is essential for SYT-SSX1-mediated synovial sarcoma formation. SYT-SSX1 does so by increasing the sumoylation of NCOA3 through interaction with a SUMO E3 ligase, PIASy, as well as the sumoylation of NEMO. NEMO has also been shown to physically interact with NCOA3. Increased sumoylation of NCOA3 leads to its increased steady state level and nuclear localization. Our findings represent the first example that an oncoprotein directly regulates substrate modification by a SUMO E3 ligase, and leads to overexpression of a protein essential for tumor formation. Such a mechanistic finding provides an opportunity to design specific therapeutic interventions to treat synovial sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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24
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[Molecular methods in the diagnosis of sarcoma]. DER PATHOLOGE 2010; 32:24-31. [PMID: 20978765 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-010-1395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of modern molecular techniques has gained importance in the diagnosis of sarcomas in recent years. Each of the analytical methods discussed here has its unique advantages and specific requirements. Cytogenetic screening methods which provide genome-wide information depend on the availability of fresh tissue. With the aid of fluorescence in situ hybridization and RT-polymerase chain reaction, specific events such as translocations in Ewing sarcoma, synovial sarcoma or alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, as well as gene amplifications in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma or radiation-induced angiosarcoma and deletions in rhabdoid tumors or well-differentiated spindle cell liposarcoma can be detected in fresh and formalin fixed tissues. Molecular methods including Sanger sequencing, pyrosequencing and high resolution melting provide information about specific molecular aberrations on gene level. Here we review the most important molecular techniques currently used in sarcoma diagnosis, describe their relevance for differential diagnosis and point out specific examples.
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25
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Lurkin A, Ducimetière F, Vince DR, Decouvelaere AV, Cellier D, Gilly FN, Salameire D, Biron P, de Laroche G, Blay JY, Ray-Coquard I. Epidemiological evaluation of concordance between initial diagnosis and central pathology review in a comprehensive and prospective series of sarcoma patients in the Rhone-Alpes region. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:150. [PMID: 20403160 PMCID: PMC2873387 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcomas are rare malignant tumors. Accurate initial histological diagnosis is essential for adequate management. We prospectively assessed the medical management of all patients diagnosed with sarcoma in a European region over a one-year period to identify the quantity of first diagnosis compared to central expert review (CER). Methods Histological data of all patients diagnosed with sarcoma in Rhone-Alpes between March 2005 and Feb 2006 were collected. Primary diagnoses were systematically compared with second opinion from regional and national experts. Results Of 448 patients included, 366 (82%) matched the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Of these, 199 (54%) had full concordance between primary diagnosis and second opinion (the first pathologist and the expert reached identical conclusions), 97 (27%) had partial concordance (identical diagnosis of conjonctive tumor but different grade or subtype), and 70 (19%) had complete discordance (different histological type or invalidation of the diagnosis of sarcoma). The major discrepancies were related to histological grade (n = 68, 19%), histological type (n = 39, 11%), subtype (n = 17, 5%), and grade plus subtype or grade plus histological type (n = 43, 12%). Conclusions Over 45% of first histological diagnoses were modified at second reading, possibly resulting in different treatment decisions. Systematic second expert opinion improves the quality of diagnosis and possibly the management of patients.
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Rubin BP, Antonescu CR, Gannon FH, Hunt JL, Inwards CY, Klein MJ, Kneisl JS, Montag AG, Peabody TD, Reith JD, Rosenberg AE, Krausz T. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with tumors of bone. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:e1-7. [PMID: 20367293 DOI: 10.5858/134.4.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Rubin
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Ohio 44195, USA.
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27
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Ladanyi M, Gorlick R. Molecular Pathology and Molecular Pharmacology of Osteosarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810009168647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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28
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Rubin BP, Cooper K, Fletcher CDM, Folpe AL, Gannon FH, Hunt JL, Lazar AJ, Montag AG, Peabody TD, Pollock RE, Reith JD, Qualman SJ, Rosenberg AE, Weiss SW, Krausz T. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with tumors of soft tissue. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:e31-9. [PMID: 20367297 DOI: 10.5858/134.4.e31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Rubin
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute and Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Collini P, Sorensen PH, Patel S, Blay JY, Issels RD, Maki RG, Eriksson M, del Muro XG. Sarcomas With Spindle Cell Morphology. Semin Oncol 2009; 36:324-37. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Bridge JA. Contribution of Cytogenetics to the Management of Poorly Differentiated Sarcomas. Ultrastruct Pathol 2009; 32:63-71. [DOI: 10.1080/01913120801897141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Madoz-Gúrpide J. Targeting sarcomas by proteomic approaches. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:758-73. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Doi H, Ichikawa S, Hiraoka A, Ichiryu M, Nakahara H, Ochi H, Tanabe A, Kodama A, Hasebe A, Miyamoto Y, Ninomiya T, Horiike N, Takamura K, Kawasaki H, Kameoka C, Kan M, Doi S, Soga Y, Tamura H, Maeda T, Asaki A, Seno S, Iguchi H, Hasegawa T. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the pancreas. Intern Med 2009; 48:329-33. [PMID: 19252356 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.48.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the pancreas, a member of Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors, is extremely rare. We treated a 37-year-old Japanese man who had a solitary pancreatic tumor 40 mm in diameter and multiple hepatic tumors with surgical resection. The PNET was positive for CD99 on immunohistochemical staining. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was also performed, which revealed a Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) 22q12 rearrangement. According to the Japan-Ewing protocol, chemotherapy with Ifomide (ifosfamide), etoposide, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide was given after surgery. To the best of our knowledge, to date 13 PNET cases have been reported with a mean age for all patients of 19.3 years old. Surgical resection was performed in most cases and some patients received postoperative chemotherapy. The clinicopathologic characteristics and management of this extremely rare disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Doi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama
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34
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Marella NRV, Zeitz MJ, Malyavantham KS, Pliss A, Matsui SI, Goetze S, Bode J, Raska I, Berezney R. Ladder-like amplification of the type I interferon gene cluster in the human osteosarcoma cell line MG63. Chromosome Res 2008; 16:1177-92. [PMID: 19005637 PMCID: PMC2990676 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-008-1267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the type I interferon (IFN) gene cluster (9p21.3) was studied in a human osteosarcoma cell line (MG63). Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) showed an amplification of approximately 6-fold which ended at both ends of the gene cluster with a deletion that extended throughout the 9p21.3 band. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) combined with fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) identified an arrangement of the gene cluster in a ladder-like array of 5-7 'bands' spanning a single chromosome termed the 'IFN chromosome'. Chromosome painting revealed that the IFN chromosome is derived from components of chromosomes 4, 8 and 9. Labelling with centromeric probes demonstrated a ladder-like amplification of centromeric 4 and 9 sequences that co-localized with each other and a similar banding pattern of chromosome 4, as well as alternating with the IFN gene clusters. In contrast, centromere 8 was not detected on the IFN chromosome. One of the amplified centromeric 9 bands was identified as the functional centromere based on its location at the chromosome constriction and immunolocalization of the CENP-C protein. A model is presented for the generation of the IFN chromosome that involves breakage-fusion-bridge events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha Rao V. Marella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Michael J. Zeitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Kishore S. Malyavantham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Artem Pliss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Sei-ichi Matsui
- SKY Core Resource Facility, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sandra Goetze
- HZI, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research/Epigenetic Regulation, Inhoffenstr. 7, -38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Juergen Bode
- HZI, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research/Epigenetic Regulation, Inhoffenstr. 7, -38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ivan Raska
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Albertov 4, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ronald Berezney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Primary desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the femur. Skeletal Radiol 2008; 37:857-62. [PMID: 18470511 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-008-0501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare malignant neoplasm typically involving the abdominal cavity of a young male. Extra-abdominal occurrence of this tumor is very rare. We report a 10-year-old girl with primary DSRCT arising within the left femur. The patient presented with knee pain, and radiological findings were strongly suggestive of osteogenic sarcoma. In addition to the typical microscopic appearance and immunophenotype, RT-PCR demonstrated the chimeric transcript of EWS-WT1, which is diagnostic of DSRCT. Pulmonary metastases were present at initial staging studies, but no abdominal or pelvic lesion was present. Despite chemotherapy and complete tumor excision, the patient developed progressive lung and bone metastases and died 3 years after initial presentation. This is the second reported case of primary DSRCT of bone with genetic confirmation.
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Bridge JA. Advantages and limitations of cytogenetic, molecular cytogenetic, and molecular diagnostic testing in mesenchymal neoplasms. J Orthop Sci 2008; 13:273-82. [PMID: 18528664 PMCID: PMC2778709 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-007-1215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Bridge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135 USA
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37
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Contribution of Molecular Biology and Markers to the Prognosis and Management of Patients With Soft Tissue Sarcoma. AJSP-REVIEWS AND REPORTS 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/pcr.0b013e31816dda47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Abstract
A large intra-abdominal mass was discovered in a 6-month-old boy during a routine well-child examination. Imaging studies revealed a solid mass which appeared to arise from the left lobe of the liver, extending caudally and filling the entire pelvis. At the time of surgical excision, the mass was found to be unassociated with the liver, but was instead localized to the omentum. Histologic examination revealed adipocytes of varying stages of maturation arranged in a lobular architecture, consistent with a lipoblastoma. This unusual tumor is only the eighth reported omental lipoblastoma [J. Hicks, A. Dilley, D. Patel, J. Barrish, S. Zhu, M. Brandt, Lipoblastoma and lipoblastomatosis in infancy and childhood: histologic, ultrastructural, and cytogenetic features. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 25 (2001) 321-333; J. Harrer, G. Hammon, T. Wagner, M. Bolkenius, Lipoblastoma and lipoblastomatosis: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg. 11 (2001) 342-349; S. Weiss and J. Goldblum, Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors, fourth ed., Mosby, St. Louis, MO, 2001, pp. 601-605, 670-686; S. Soin, S. Andronikou, R. Lisle, K. Platt, K. Lakhoo, Omental lipoblastoma in a child; diagnosis based in CT density measurements. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 28(1) (2006) 57-58; A. Prando, S. Wallace, J.L. Marins, R.M. Pereira, E.R. de Oliveira, M. Alvarenga, Sonographic features of benign intraperitoneal lipomatous tumors in children-report of 4 cases. Pediatr. Radiol. 20(8) (1990) 571-574; C. Blank, E. Schoenmakers, P. Rogalla, E. Huys, A. Van Rijk, N. Drieschner, J. Bullerdiek, Intragenic breakpoint within RAD51L1 in a t(6;14)(p21.3;q24) of a pulmonary chondroid hamartoma. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 95 (2001) 17-19; S. Ingraham, R. Lynch, S. Kathiresan, A. Buckler, A. Menon, hREC2, a RAD51-like gene, is disrupted by t(12;14)(q15;q24.1) in a uterine leiomyoma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 115 (1999) 56-61]. Cytogenetics revealed a karyotype of 46,XY,t(8;14)(q13;q24). While lipoblastomas characteristically involve 8q, only one prior case has been reported with 14q24 as its fusion partner [M. He, K. Das, M. Blacksin, J. Benevenia, M. Hameed, A translocation involving the placental growth factor gene is identified in an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 168 (2006) 150-154]. We report this unique case of an omental lipoblastoma with a focus on its unusual karyotype, as well as its differentiation from myxoid liposarcoma.
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Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal neoplasms. They can be grouped into 2 general categories, soft tissue sarcoma and primary bone sarcoma, which have different staging and treatment approaches. This review includes a discussion of both soft tissue sarcomas (malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, angiosarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, aggressive fibromatosis or desmoid tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and primary alveolar soft-part sarcoma) and primary bone sarcomas (osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, giant cell tumor, and chondrosarcoma). The 3 most important prognostic variables are grade, size, and location of the primary tumor. The approach to a patient with a sarcoma begins with a biopsy that obtains adequate tissue for diagnosis without interfering with subsequent optimal definitive surgery. Subsequent treatment depends on the specific type of sarcoma. Because sarcomas are relatively uncommon yet comprise a wide variety of different entities, evaluation by oncology teams who have expertise in the field is recommended. Treatment and follow-up guidelines have been published by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (www.nccn.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Skubitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School and Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, USA.
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40
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Amary MFC, Berisha F, Bernardi FDC, Herbert A, James M, Reis-Filho JS, Fisher C, Nicholson AG, Tirabosco R, Diss TC, Flanagan AM. Detection of SS18-SSX fusion transcripts in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded neoplasms: analysis of conventional RT-PCR, qRT-PCR and dual color FISH as diagnostic tools for synovial sarcoma. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:482-96. [PMID: 17334349 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Synovial Sarcoma consistently harbors t(X;18) resulting in SS18-SSX1, SS18-SSX2 and rarely SS18-SSX4 fusion transcripts. Of 328 cases included in our study, synovial sarcoma was either the primary diagnosis or was very high in the differential diagnosis in 134 cases: of these, amplifiable cDNA was obtained from 131. SS18-SSX fusion products were found in 126 (96%) cases (74 SS18-SSX1, 52 SS18-SSX2), using quantitative and 120 by conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). One hundred and one cases in a tissue microarray, analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), revealed that 87 (86%) showed SS18 rearrangement: four RT-PCR positive cases, reported as negative for FISH, showed loss of one spectrum green signal, and 15 cases had multiple copies of the SS18 gene: both findings are potentially problematic when interpreting results. One of three cases, not analyzed by RT-PCR reaction owing to poor quality RNA, was positive by FISH. SS18-SSX1 was present in 56 monophasic and 18 biphasic synovial sarcoma: SS18-SSX2 was detected in 41 monophasic and 11 biphasic synovial sarcoma. Poorly differentiated areas were identified in 44 cases (31%). There was no statistically significant association between biphasic, monophasic and fusion type. Five cases were negative for SS18 rearrangement by all methods, three of which were pleural-sited neoplasms. Following clinical input, a diagnosis of mesothelioma was favored in one case, a sarcoma, not otherwise specified in another and a solitary fibrous tumor in the third case. The possibility of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor could not be excluded in the other two cases. We concluded that the employment of a combination of molecular approaches is a powerful aid to diagnosing synovial sarcoma giving at least 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity but results must be interpreted in the light of other modalities such as clinical findings and immunohistochemical data.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Formaldehyde
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Paraffin Embedding
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Synovial/genetics
- Sarcoma, Synovial/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Synovial/pathology
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/genetics
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/metabolism
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/pathology
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Tissue Fixation
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41
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Haldar M, Hancock JD, Coffin CM, Lessnick SL, Capecchi MR. A conditional mouse model of synovial sarcoma: insights into a myogenic origin. Cancer Cell 2007; 11:375-88. [PMID: 17418413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 12/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive soft-tissue malignancy marked by a unique t(X;18) translocation leading to expression of a chimeric SYT-SSX fusion protein. We report here a mouse model of synovial sarcoma based on conditional expression of the human SYT-SSX2. Using this model, we have identified myoblasts as a potential source of synovial sarcoma. Remarkably, within the skeletal muscle lineage, while expression of the oncoprotein in immature myoblasts leads to induction of synovial sarcoma with 100% penetrance, its expression in more differentiated cells induces myopathy without tumor induction. We also show that early widespread expression of the fusion protein disrupts normal embryogenesis, causing lethality.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Differentiation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, Lethal
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Integrases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Microarray Analysis
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Diseases/etiology
- Myoblasts, Skeletal/pathology
- Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5/genetics
- Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Synovial/genetics
- Sarcoma, Synovial/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Synovial/pathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Haldar
- Department of Human Genetics, The Center for Children, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Rubin BP, Fletcher CDM, Inwards C, Montag AG, Peabody T, Qualman SJ, Rosenberg AE, Weiss S, Krausz T. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with soft tissue tumors of intermediate malignant potential, malignant soft tissue tumors, and benign/locally aggressive and malignant bone tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130:1616-29. [PMID: 17076523 DOI: 10.5858/2006-130-1616-pfteos] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Rubin
- Anatomic Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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43
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Ranchère D. Comment classer un sarcome des tissus mous de l”enfant. Ann Pathol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0242-6498(06)78392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Bernstein M, Kovar H, Paulussen M, Randall RL, Schuck A, Teot LA, Juergens H. Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors: current management. Oncologist 2006; 11:503-19. [PMID: 16720851 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.11-5-503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is the second most frequent primary bone cancer, with approximately 225 new cases diagnosed each year in patients less than 20 years of age in North America. It is one of the pediatric small round blue cell tumors, characterized by strong membrane expression of CD99 in a chain-mail pattern and negativity for lymphoid (CD45), rhabdomyosarcoma (myogenin, desmin, actin) and neuroblastoma (neurofilament protein) markers. Pathognomonic translocations involving the ews gene on chromosome 22 and an ets-type gene, most commonly the fli1 gene on chromosome 11, are implicated in the great majority of cases. Clinical presentation is usually dominated by local bone pain and a mass. Imaging reveals a technetium pyrophosphate avid lesion that, on plain radiograph, is destructive, diaphyseal and classically causes layered periosteal calcification. Magnetic resonance best defines the extent of the lesion. Biopsy should be undertaken by an experienced orthopedic oncologist. Approximately three quarters of patients have initially localized disease. About two thirds survive disease-free. Management, preferably at a specialist center with a multi-disciplinary team, includes both local control-either surgery, radiation or a combination-and systemic chemotherapy. Chemotherapy includes cyclic combinations, incorporating vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, ifosfamide and occasionally actinomycin D. Topotecan in combination with cyclophosphamide has shown preliminary activity. Patients with initially metastatic disease fare less well, with about one quarter surviving. Studies incorporating intensive therapy followed by stem cell infusion show no clear benefit. New approaches include anti-angiogenic therapy, particularly since vascular endothelial growth factor is an apparent downstream target of the ews-fli1 oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bernstein
- Service of Hematology/Oncology, Ste-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, 3175 Cote Ste. Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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45
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The role of cytogenetics and molecular genetics in soft tissue tumour diagnosis—a realistic appraisal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdip.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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46
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Abstract
Innovative hypothesis-driven clinical trials have achieved major successes over the past several decades in treating children and adolescents with cancer. DNA-damaging cytotoxic agents have cured children with cancer. While the mission is not yet accomplished, chemotherapy has been validated. None of these drugs were designed specifically for a pediatric disease. Continued progress will require new strategies. Now being tested for adult cancers, these strategies include gene therapy, immunotherapy, cancer prevention, and signal transduction inhibitor (STI) therapy. Of these, the most promising is STI therapy, also known as molecular therapeutics or targeted therapy. For this therapy to succeed, components of signal transduction (i.e., candidate drug targets) must be identified, the targets relevant to cancers, and the drugs available for trial. Because STI therapy is biologically driven and because therapy will be tailored depending on the molecular profile of a specific patient's tumor, clinical pediatric oncologists will need to acquire greater understanding of signaling pathways and their therapeutic relevance. With examples drawn from pediatric oncology, the critical steps in the pre-clinical development of targeted therapy are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Corey
- Division of Pediatrics, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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47
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Yoshida K, Oikawa K, Takanashi M, Kuroda M. Detection of fusion genes in sarcomas using paraffin-embedded tissues. Neuropathology 2005; 25:263-8. [PMID: 16193845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2005.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many sarcomas are characterized by specific recurrent chromosomal translocations resulting in gene fusions. The genes involved in almost all of these translocations have been cloned, greatly changing sarcoma diagnosis. At the biological level, these chromosomal translocations produce highly specific fusion genes that encode key molecules for tumor development. The clinical correlation between these translocation-derived genetic markers and discrete histopathological entities has been remarkable. Today, detection of fusion genes plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of sarcomas that harbor atypical clinical or pathological presentations. The focus of this brief review is the recent impact that cytogenetic and molecular detection of these translocations has had on sarcoma diagnosis using paraffin-embedded sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Zou J, Ichikawa H, Blackburn ML, Hu HM, Zielinska-Kwiatkowska A, Mei Q, Roth GJ, Chansky HA, Yang L. The oncogenic TLS-ERG fusion protein exerts different effects in hematopoietic cells and fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6235-46. [PMID: 15988032 PMCID: PMC1168819 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.14.6235-6246.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic TLS-ERG fusion protein is found in human myeloid leukemia and Ewing's sarcoma as a result of specific chromosomal translocation. To unveil the potential mechanism(s) underlying cellular transformation, we have investigated the effects of TLS-ERG on both gene transcription and RNA splicing. Here we show that the TLS protein forms complexes with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and the serine-arginine family of splicing factors in vivo. Deletion analysis of TLS-ERG in both mouse L-G myeloid progenitor cells and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts revealed that the RNA Pol II-interacting domain of TLS-ERG resides within the first 173 amino acids. While TLS-ERG repressed expression of the luciferase reporter gene driven by glycoprotein IX promoter in L-G cells but not in NIH 3T3 cells, the fusion protein was able to affect splicing of the E1A reporter in NIH 3T3 cells but not in L-G cells. To identify potential target genes of TLS-ERG, the fusion protein and its mutants were stably expressed in both L-G and NIH 3T3 cells through retroviral transduction. Microarray analysis of RNA samples from these cells showed that TLS-ERG activates two different sets of genes sharing little similarity in the two cell lines. Taken together, these results suggest that the oncogenic TLS-ERG fusion protein transforms hematopoietic cells and fibroblasts via different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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49
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Covinsky M, Gong S, Rajaram V, Perry A, Pfeifer J. EWS-ATF1 fusion transcripts in gastrointestinal tumors previously diagnosed as malignant melanoma. Hum Pathol 2005; 36:74-81. [PMID: 15712185 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is classically a deep soft tissue tumor associated with tendons or aponeuroses, although cases of primary CCS of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract have recently been reported. Because it is difficult to distinguish CCS from metastatic melanoma based on morphology, immunohistochemical profile, and ultrastructural features, it is possible that some GI tumors diagnosed as metastatic melanoma actually represent primary GI CCS. Because the EWS-ATF1 fusion transcript and the associated t(12;22)(q13;q12) translocation occur in CCS but not cutaneous melanoma, we investigated the use of molecular-based testing for discriminating CCS from metastatic melanoma (MM) in GI tumors. METHODS Patients with GI tumors diagnosed as MM were identified from departmental files. The tumors were tested for the EWS-ATF1 fusion transcript by RT-PCR and for t(12;22)(q13;q12) by fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS Detailed review of medical records revealed that 16 (80%) of the 20 had a documented history of cutaneous melanoma. Two cases (10%) harbored the EWS-ATF1 fusion transcript, and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of t(12;22) in both cases. Of the 2 positive tumors, 1 developed in a patient who had no history of cutaneous melanoma, and the other developed in a patient with a remote history of vulvar melanoma. CONCLUSION Based on molecular genetic findings, a subset of GI tumors diagnosed as MM by routine histopathologic evaluation represents CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Covinsky
- Lauren V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
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50
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Huang HY, Illei PB, Zhao Z, Mazumdar M, Huvos AG, Healey JH, Wexler LH, Gorlick R, Meyers P, Ladanyi M. Ewing Sarcomas Withp53Mutation orp16/p14ARFHomozygous Deletion: A Highly Lethal Subset Associated With Poor Chemoresponse. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:548-58. [PMID: 15659501 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeEWS-FLI1 fusion type, p53 mutation, and homozygous deletion of p16/p14ARF have each been shown to be prognostically significant in Ewing sarcoma (ES). We provide the first combined prognostic analysis of these three molecular parameters in ES.Patients and MethodsWe studied 60 patients with ES (stage: localized in 54, metastatic in six). All cases were confirmed to contain the EWS-FLI1 (29 type 1, 12 type 2, 14 other types) or EWS-ERG fusions (five cases). Homozygous deletion of p16/p14ARF, and p53 mutations were determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization and Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) p53 GeneChip microarray hybridization, respectively.ResultsEight cases (13.3%) contained point mutations of p53, and eight cases (13.3%) showed p16/p14ARF deletion, including one case with both alterations. Among 32 cases with data on histologic chemoresponse, all 10 with alterations in p53 or p16/p14ARF showed a poor chemoresponse (P = .03). Variables predicting poorer overall survival included p53 mutation alone (P < .001), either p53 or p16/p14ARF alteration (P < .001), and stage (P < .01). In multivariate analysis, alterations of p53 and/or p16/p14ARF as a single variable, was the most adverse prognostic factor (P < .001), followed by stage (P = .04). In a multivariate analysis with alterations of p53 and p16/p14ARF as separate variables, both were significant (P < .001 and P = .03, respectively). Six cases with p16/p14ARF deletion were also studied for co-deletion of the contiguous methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene, and this was detected in four cases.ConclusionAlterations in p53 or p16/p14ARF are found in a fourth of ES cases and define a subset with highly aggressive behavior and poor chemoresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ying Huang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021, USA
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