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Shishodia T, Grover P, Nagarajan K, Bhardwaj M, Chopra B. Development and Validation of Robust, Highly Sensitive and Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Estimation of Deferasirox and its Degradation Products. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:709-718. [PMID: 37070383 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, simple and highly sensitive stability-indicating reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic technique, coupled with a photodiode array detector, was developed and validated for the estimation of Deferasirox (DFS). The chromatographic separation was achieved using a C-18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) stationary phase and a mobile phase composed of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection was carried out at a wavelength of 245 nm with a constant injection volume of 10 μL throughout the analysis. With an R2 value of 0.9996, the calibration curve was determined to be linear over an appropriate concentration range of 50-500 ng/mL. According to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q1 (R2) guideline, DFS was evaluated under stress conditions that included hydrolytic (acid, alkali and neutral), oxidative and thermal degradation. The findings demonstrated that significant degradation was observed in acidic degradation conditions, whereas drug substance was found to be stable when exposed to neutral, basic, oxidative and thermal degradation. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The developed method was employed successfully to estimate the amount of DFS in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Shishodia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206, India
| | - Parul Grover
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206, India
| | - K Nagarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201206, India
| | - Monika Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmird 180001, India
| | - Bhawna Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana 135003, India
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Iron Chelators in Treatment of Iron Overload. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:4911205. [PMID: 35571382 PMCID: PMC9098311 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4911205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from iron overload can experience serious complications. In such patients, various organs, such as endocrine glands and liver, can be damaged. Although iron is a crucial element for life, iron overload can be potentially toxic for human cells due to its role in generating free radicals. In the past few decades, there has been a major improvement in the survival of patients who suffer from iron overload due to the application of iron chelation therapy in clinical practice. In clinical use, deferoxamine, deferiprone, and deferasirox are the three United States Food and Drug Administration-approved iron chelators. Each of these iron chelators is well known for the treatment of iron overload in various clinical conditions. Based on several up-to-date studies, this study explained iron overload and its clinical symptoms, introduced each of the above-mentioned iron chelators, and evaluated their advantages and disadvantages with an emphasis on combination therapy, which in recent studies seems a promising approach. In numerous clinical conditions, due to the lack of accurate indicators, choosing a standard approach for iron chelation therapy can be difficult; therefore, further studies on the issue are still required. This study aimed to introduce each of these iron chelators, combination therapy, usage doses, specific clinical applications, and their advantages, toxicity, and side effects.
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Nurchi VM, Crisponi G, Lachowicz JI, Medici S, Peana M, Zoroddu MA. Chemical features of in use and in progress chelators for iron overload. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 38:10-18. [PMID: 27365273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An excessive amount of iron may become extremely toxic both for its ability to generate reactive oxygen species, and for the lack of regulatory mechanisms for iron excretion in humans. Chelation therapy has been introduced in clinical practice in the 1970's to defend thalassemia patients from the effects of iron overload and it has dramatically changed both life expectancy and quality of life. The disadvantages of the drugs in clinical use make the research for new, more suitable iron chelating agents, urgent. This review defines the requirements of an iron chelator, then points out the principal chemical features of the iron chelators in use. Finally, a survey on the last ten years of the literature relative to iron chelators is done, and the most interesting ligands are presented, with particular emphasis to those that reached clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Marina Nurchi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato-Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Guido Crisponi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato-Cagliari, Italy
| | - Joanna I Lachowicz
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato-Cagliari, Italy
| | - Serenella Medici
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Lachowicz JI, Nurchi VM, Crisponi G, Jaraquemada-Pelaez MDG, Ostrowska M, Jezierska J, Gumienna-Kontecka E, Peana M, Zoroddu MA, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Niclós-Gutiérrez J, González-Pérez JM. Zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes with hydroxypyrone iron chelators. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 151:94-106. [PMID: 26281974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High stability of the complexes formed at physiological pH is one of the basic requisites that a good iron chelator must possess. At the same time the chelating agent must be selective toward iron, i.e., the stability of iron complexes must be significantly higher than that of the complexes formed with essential metal ions, in order that these last ones do not perturb iron chelation. In the frame of our research on iron chelators we have designed and synthesized a series of tetradentate derivatives of kojic acid, and examined their binding properties toward Fe(3+) and Al(3+). In this paper, for a characterization of the behavior of the proposed iron chelating agents in biological fluids, their complex formation equilibria with copper(II) and zinc(II) ions have been fully characterized together with a speciation study, showing the degree at which the iron chelators interfere with the homeostatic equilibria of these two essential metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Chemistry and Geology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Valeria Marina Nurchi
- Department of Chemistry and Geology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Guido Crisponi
- Department of Chemistry and Geology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Małgorzata Ostrowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie Street 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Julia Jezierska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie Street 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Duane Choquesillo-Lazarte
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, IACT, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Av. de las Palmeras 4, E-18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Niclós-Gutiérrez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Cartuja, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa Maria González-Pérez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Cartuja, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Crespo-Alonso M, Sanna G, Zoroddu MA, Alberti G, Biesuz R. A Speciation Study on the Perturbing Effects of Iron Chelators on the Homeostasis of Essential Metal Ions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133050. [PMID: 26192307 PMCID: PMC4508027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of reports have appeared in literature calling attention to the depletion of essential metal ions during chelation therapy on β-thalassaemia patients. We present a speciation study to determine how the iron chelators used in therapy interfere with the homeostatic equilibria of essential metal ions. This work includes a thorough analysis of the pharmacokinetic properties of the chelating agents currently in clinical use, of the amounts of iron, copper and zinc available in plasma for chelation, and of all the implied complex formation constants. The results of the study show that a significant amount of essential metal ions is complexed whenever the chelating agent concentration exceeds the amount necessary to coordinate all disposable iron--a frequently occurring situation during chelation therapy. On the contrary, copper and zinc do not interfere with iron chelation, except for a possible influence of copper on iron speciation during deferiprone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Crisponi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valeria Marina Nurchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Miriam Crespo-Alonso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gavino Sanna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Crisponi G, Nurchi VM, Zoroddu MA. Iron Chelating Agents for Iron Overload Diseases. THALASSEMIA REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.4081/thal.2014.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although iron is an essential element for life, an excessive amount may become extremely toxic both for its ability to generate reactive oxygen species, and for the lack in humans of regulatory mechanisms for iron excretion. Chelation therapy has been introduced in clinical practice in the seventies of last century to defend thalassemic patients from the effects of iron overload and, in spite of all its limitations, it has dramatically changed both life expectancy and quality of life of patients. It has to be considered that the drugs in clinical use present some disadvantages too, this makes urgent new more suitable chelating agents. The requirements of an iron chelator have been better and better defined over the years and in this paper they will be discussed in detail. As a final point the most interesting ligands studied in the last years will be presented.
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Díaz-García JD, Gallegos-Villalobos A, Gonzalez-Espinoza L, Sanchez-Niño MD, Villarrubia J, Ortiz A. Deferasirox nephrotoxicity-the knowns and unknowns. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:574-86. [PMID: 25048549 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In 2005, the oral iron chelator deferasirox was approved by the FDA for clinical use as a first-line therapy for blood-transfusion-related iron overload. Nephrotoxicity is the most serious and frequent adverse effect of deferasirox treatment. This nephrotoxicity can present as an acute or chronic decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Features of proximal tubular dysfunction might also be present. In clinical trials and observational studies, GFR is decreased in 30-100% of patients treated with deferasirox, depending on dose, method of assessment and population studied. Nephrotoxicity is usually nonprogressive and/or reversible and rapid iron depletion is one of several risk factors. Scarce data are available on the molecular mechanisms of nephrotoxicity and the reasons for the specific proximal tubular sensitivity to the drug. Although deferasirox promotes apoptosis of cultured proximal tubular cells, the trigger has not been well characterized. Observational studies are required to track current trends in deferasirox prescription, assess the epidemiology of deferasirox nephrotoxicity in routine clinical practice, explore the effect on outcomes of various monitoring and dose-adjustment protocols and elucidate the long-term consequences of the different features of nephrotoxicity. Deferasirox nephrotoxicity can be more common in the elderly; thus, specific efforts should be dedicated to investigate the effect of deferasirox use in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Daniel Díaz-García
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | - Jesus Villarrubia
- Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo km. 9,100, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Unidad de Diálisis, Fundación Jiménez Díaz-IRSIN, Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Identification, characterization and quantification of a new impurity in deferasirox active pharmaceutical ingredient by LC–ESI–QT/MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 63:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhou T, Ma Y, Kong X, Hider RC. Design of iron chelators with therapeutic application. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6371-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Grangé S, Bertrand DM, Guerrot D, Eas F, Godin M. Acute renal failure and Fanconi syndrome due to deferasirox. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:2376-8. [PMID: 20466673 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deferasirox is the first oral iron chelator and, as such, is widely used for the treatment of chronic iron overload. However, recent data from large studies confirmed the renal toxicity of deferasirox. We report a case of Fanconi syndrome associated with acute renal failure in a patient receiving deferasirox. In particular, new insights regarding the pathophysiology of the renal disease due to this treatment are discussed. This case highlights the importance of a careful monitoring of kidney function, markers of proximal tubulopathy and ferritinaemia in patients receiving deferasirox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Grangé
- Nephrology Department, Rouen University Hospital, 1 Avenue de Germont, 76031 Rouen Cedex, Rouen, France.
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