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Long-Term Culture of Mouse Fetal Hepatic Stem/Progenitor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30536085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8961-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Mouse fetal liver includes abundant hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Easy expansion with passage of HSPCs is necessary to obtain steady data. However, it is often difficult to enrich only HSPCs, and HSPCs can die when usual trypsin is used for replating. Here, we introduce serum-free long-term culture with passage of HSPCs using fetal mouse liver without a cell sorter.
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Huang J, Zhao X, Wang J, Cheng Y, Wu Q, Wang B, Zhao F, Meng L, Zhang Y, Jin M, Xu H. Distinct roles of Dlk1 isoforms in bi-potential differentiation of hepatic stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:31. [PMID: 30646961 PMCID: PMC6334473 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fully understanding the developmental process of hepatic stem cells (HSCs) and the mechanisms of their committed differentiation is essential for optimizing the generation of functional hepatocytes for cell therapy in liver disease. Delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1), primarily the membrane-bound form (Dlk1M), is generally used as a surface marker for fetal hepatic stem cell isolation, while its soluble form (Dlk1S) and the functional roles of different Dlk1 isoforms in HSC differentiation remain to be investigated. METHODS Hepatic spheroid-derived cells (HSDCs) were isolated from E12.5 mouse livers to obtain Dlk1+ and Dlk1-subpopulations. Colony formation, BrdU staining, and CCK8 assays were used to evaluate the cell proliferation capacity, and hepatic/cholangiocytic differentiation and osteogenesis/adipogenesis were used to assess the multipotency of the two subpopulations. Transformation of Dlk1+ cells into Dlk1- cells was detected by FACS, and the expression of Dlk1 isoforms were measured by western blot. The distinct roles and regulatory mechanisms of Dlk1 isoforms in HSC differentiation were investigated by overexpressing Dlk1M. RESULTS HSDCs were capable of differentiating into liver and mesenchymal lineages, comprising Dlk1+ and Dlk1- subpopulations. Dlk1+ cells expressed both Dlk1M and Dlk1S and lost expression of Dlk1M during passaging, thus transforming into Dlk1- cells, which still contained Dlk1S. Dlk1- cells maintained a self-renewal ability similar to that of Dlk1+ cells, but their capacity to differentiate into cholangiocytes was obviously enhanced. Forced expression of Dlk1M in Dlk1- cells restored their ability to differentiate into hepatocytes, with an attenuated ability to differentiate into cholangiocytes, suggesting a functional role of Dlk1 in regulating HSC differentiation in addition to acting as a biomarker. Further experiments illustrated that the regulation of committed HSC differentiation by Dlk1 was mediated by the AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, bFGF was found to serve as an important inducement for the loss of Dlk1M from Dlk1+ cells, and autophagy might be involved. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study uncovered the differential expression and regulatory roles of Dlk1 isoforms in the commitment of HSC differentiation and suggested that Dlk1 functions as a key regulator that instructs cell differentiation rather than only as a marker of HSCs. Thus, our findings expand the current understanding of the differential regulation of bi-potential HSC differentiation and provide a fine-tuning target for cell therapy in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefang Huang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Yiji Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lijun Meng
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Min Jin
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Huanbai Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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Ogawa T, Li Y, Lua I, Hartner A, Asahina K. Isolation of a unique hepatic stellate cell population expressing integrin α8 from embryonic mouse livers. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:867-881. [PMID: 29665133 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play an important role in liver fibrogenesis. However, little is known about their phenotype and role in liver development. The aim of this study is to identify specific markers for embryonic HSCs. RESULTS Using antibodies against ALCAM and PDPN, we separated mesothelial cells (MCs) and HSCs from developing livers and identified integrin α8 (ITGA8) as a marker for embryonic desmin+ HSCs that are preferentially localized near the developing liver surface and α-smooth muscle actin+ perivascular mesenchymal cells around the vein. A cell lineage-tracing study revealed that upon differentiation, MC-derived HSCs or perivascular mesenchymal cells express ITGA8 during liver development. Using anti-ITGA8 antibodies, we succeeded in isolating MC-derived HSCs and perivascular mesenchymal cells from embryonic livers. In direct co-culture, ITGA8+ mesenchymal cells promoted the expression of hepatocyte and cholangiocyte markers in hepatoblasts. In the normal adult liver, expression of ITGA8 was restricted to portal fibroblasts in the portal triad. Upon liver injury, myofibroblasts increased the expression of ITGA8. CONCLUSIONS ITGA8 is a specific cell surface marker of MC-derived HSCs and perivascular mesenchymal cells in the developing liver. Our data suggest that ITGA8+ mesenchymal cells maintain the phenotype of hepatoblast in liver development. Developmental Dynamics 247:867-881, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ogawa
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Center for the Advancement of Higher Education, Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuchang Li
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ingrid Lua
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrea Hartner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kinji Asahina
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis and Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Hui H, Ma W, Cui J, Gong M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, He T, Bi Y, He Y. Periodic acid‑Schiff staining method for function detection of liver cells is affected by 2% horse serum in induction medium. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8062-8068. [PMID: 28944920 PMCID: PMC5779889 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing a thorough understanding of experimental methods of hepatic differentiation in hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) should expand the knowledge of hepatocyte induction in vitro and may help to develop cell transplantation therapies for the clinical usage of HPCs in liver diseases. A previous induction method effectively induced differentiation and metabolic abilities in HPCs. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining is used to identify glycogen synthesis and hepatocyte function; however, this method failed to detect induced hepatocytes. The present study aimed to investigate the possible factors affecting the previous confusing results of PAS staining. Removal of single induction factors, including dexamethasone, hepatic growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 4 from the induction media did not restore PAS staining, whereas replacement of 2% horse serum (HS) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) significantly increased the number of PAS positive cells. Following 12 days of basal induction, replacing the induction medium with media containing 10% FBS for 12–72 h significantly improved PAS staining, but did not influence indocyanine green uptake. Furthermore, incubation in induction medium with 10% FBS following 12 days of normal induction did not affect the expression of hepatic markers and mature function of HPCs. Therefore, the present study suggested that 2% HS in the induction medium did not affect the hepatic function of induced cells, but did affect glycogen storage, whereas replacement of medium with 10% FBS in advance of PAS staining may restore the failure of PAS staining in low serum concentrations of induced hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Jiejie Cui
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Mengjia Gong
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Tongchuan He
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yang Bi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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5
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Yu L, Chen S, Luo N, He S. The C-terminus domain of the hepatitis B virus x protein stimulates the proliferation of mouse foetal hepatic progenitor cells, although it is not required for the formation of spheroids. Int J Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28627604 PMCID: PMC5505023 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus X (HBx) protein is an important factor in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The C-terminal region of HBx plays a major role in the replication of HBV. Notably, HBx promotes the expansion and tumourigenesis of hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) in mice. However, it remains unclear as to whether the C-terminal region of HBx is required for the stimulation fo the proliferation of mouse foetal HPCs (FHPCs). In our study, we used EpCAM+, CD133+ and CD49f+ FHPCs, which are bipotential clonogenic cells. These FHPCs transformed into mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes when cultured under conditions that facilitate differentiation. Compared with the FHPCs grown as monolayers, spherical cell proliferation occurred more rapidly. Furthermore, spherically cultured FHPCs can grow in semi-solid agar and tend to maintain the morphology and characteristics of stem cells compared with growth in rat tail collagen. Notably, we also demonstrate that the C-terminus of HBx stimulates the proliferation of FHPCs, but is not required for the formation of spheroids, similar to hepatic cancer stem cells. These findings enhance our understanding of the HBx-induced tumourigenicity of FHPCs and may aid in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Na Luo
- Department of ICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Song He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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6
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Li XY, Yang X, Zhao QD, Han ZP, Liang L, Pan XR, Zhu JN, Li R, Wu MC, Wei LX. Lipopolysaccharide promotes tumorigenicity of hepatic progenitor cells by promoting proliferation and blocking normal differentiation. Cancer Lett 2017; 386:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
The liver is a central regulator of metabolism, and liver failure thus constitutes a major health burden. Understanding how this complex organ develops during embryogenesis will yield insights into how liver regeneration can be promoted and how functional liver replacement tissue can be engineered. Recent studies of animal models have identified key signaling pathways and complex tissue interactions that progressively generate liver progenitor cells, differentiated lineages and functional tissues. In addition, progress in understanding how these cells interact, and how transcriptional and signaling programs precisely coordinate liver development, has begun to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this complexity. Here, we review the lineage relationships, signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that orchestrate hepatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gordillo
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Valerie Gouon-Evans
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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8
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Lu WY, Bird TG, Boulter L, Tsuchiya A, Cole AM, Hay T, Guest RV, Wojtacha D, Man TY, Mackinnon A, Ridgway RA, Kendall T, Williams MJ, Jamieson T, Raven A, Hay DC, Iredale JP, Clarke AR, Sansom OJ, Forbes SJ. Hepatic progenitor cells of biliary origin with liver repopulation capacity. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:971-983. [PMID: 26192438 PMCID: PMC4612439 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes and cholangiocytes self-renew following liver injury. Following severe injury hepatocytes are increasingly senescent, but whether hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) then contribute to liver regeneration is unclear. Here, we describe a mouse model where the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 is inducibly deleted in more than 98% of hepatocytes, causing apoptosis, necrosis and senescence with nearly all hepatocytes expressing p21. This results in florid HPC activation, which is necessary for survival, followed by complete, functional liver reconstitution. HPCs isolated from genetically normal mice, using cell surface markers, were highly expandable and phenotypically stable in vitro. These HPCs were transplanted into adult mouse livers where hepatocyte Mdm2 was repeatedly deleted, creating a non-competitive repopulation assay. Transplanted HPCs contributed significantly to restoration of liver parenchyma, regenerating hepatocytes and biliary epithelia, highlighting their in vivo lineage potency. HPCs are therefore a potential future alternative to hepatocyte or liver transplantation for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Lu
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Thomas G Bird
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Luke Boulter
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU
| | - Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Alicia M Cole
- The CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Trevor Hay
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff School of Biosciences, CF24 4HQ
| | - Rachel V Guest
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Davina Wojtacha
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Tak Yung Man
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Alison Mackinnon
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Rachel A Ridgway
- The CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Timothy Kendall
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU
| | - Michael J Williams
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - Thomas Jamieson
- The CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Alex Raven
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
| | - John P Iredale
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Clarke
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff School of Biosciences, CF24 4HQ
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU
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9
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Tsuchiya A, Lu WY, Weinhold B, Boulter L, Stutchfield BM, Williams MJ, Guest RV, Minnis-Lyons SE, MacKinnon AC, Schwarzer D, Ichida T, Nomoto M, Aoyagi Y, Gerardy-Schahn R, Forbes SJ. Polysialic acid/neural cell adhesion molecule modulates the formation of ductular reactions in liver injury. Hepatology 2014; 60:1727-40. [PMID: 24585441 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In severe liver injury, ductular reactions (DRs) containing bipotential hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) branch from the portal tract. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) marks bile ducts and DRs, but not mature hepatocytes. NCAM mediates interactions between cells and surrounding matrix; however, its role in liver development and regeneration is undefined. Polysialic acid (polySia), a unique posttranslational modifier of NCAM, is produced by the enzymes, ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV, and weakens NCAM interactions. The role of polySia with NCAM synthesizing enzymes ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV were examined in HPCs in vivo using the choline-deficient ethionine-supplemented and 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine diet models of liver injury and regeneration, in vitro using models of proliferation, differentiation, and migration, and by use of mouse models with gene defects in the polysialyltransferases (St8sia 2+/-4+/-, and St8sia2-/-4-/-). We show that, during liver development, polySia is required for the correct formation of bile ducts because gene defects in both the polysialyltransferases (St8sia2+/-4+/- and St8sia2-/-4-/- mice) caused abnormal bile duct development. In normal liver, there is minimal polySia production and few ductular NCAM+ cells. Subsequent to injury, NCAM+ cells expand and polySia is produced by DRs/HPCs through ST8SiaIV. PolySia weakens cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, facilitating HGF-induced migration. Differentiation of HPCs to hepatocytes in vitro results in both transcriptional down-regulation of polySia and cleavage of polySia-NCAM. Cleavage of polySia by endosialidase (endoN) during liver regeneration reduces migration of DRs into parenchyma. CONCLUSION PolySia modification of NCAM+ ductules weakens cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, allowing DRs/HPCs to migrate for normal development and regeneration. Modulation of polySia levels may provide a therapeutic option in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Medical Research Council Center for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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10
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Stem/Progenitor Cells in Liver Development, Homeostasis, Regeneration, and Reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:561-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Subramanian K, Owens DJ, Raju R, Firpo M, O'Brien TD, Verfaillie CM, Hu WS. Spheroid culture for enhanced differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to hepatocyte-like cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:124-31. [PMID: 24020366 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells hold great potential for the treatment of liver disease and for drug toxicity screening. The success of these applications hinges on the generation of differentiated cells with high liver specific activities. Many protocols have been developed to guide human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to differentiate to the hepatic lineage. Here we report cultivation of hESCs as three-dimensional aggregates that enhances their differentiation to hepatocyte-like cells. Differentiation was first carried out in monolayer culture for 20 days. Subsequently cells were allowed to self-aggregate into spheroids. Significantly higher expression of liver-specific transcripts and proteins, including Albumin, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 was observed. The differentiated phenotype was sustained for more than 2 weeks in the three-dimensional spheroid culture system, significantly longer than in monolayer culture. Cells in spheroids exhibit morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of primary hepatocytes by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in addition to mature functions, such as biliary excretion of metabolic products and cytochrome P450 activities. This three-dimensional spheroid culture system may be appropriate for generating high quality, functional hepatocyte-like cells from ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Subramanian
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota
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12
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Kim SE, An SY, Woo DH, Han J, Kim JH, Jang YJ, Son JS, Yang H, Cheon YP, Kim JH. Engraftment potential of spheroid-forming hepatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1818-29. [PMID: 23373441 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation and drug discovery programs for liver diseases are hampered by the shortage of donor tissue. While recent studies have shown that hepatic cells can be derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), few cases have shown selective enrichment of hESC-derived hepatocytes and their integration into host liver tissues. Here we demonstrate that the dissociation and reaggregation procedure after an endodermal differentiation of hESC produces spheroids mainly consisted of cells showing hepatic phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. A combined treatment with Wnt3a and bone morphogenic protein 4 efficiently differentiated hESCs into definitive endoderm in an adherent culture. Dissociation followed by reaggregation of these cells in a nonadherent condition lead to the isolation of spheroid-forming cells that preferentially expressed early hepatic markers from the adherent cell population. Further differentiation of these spheroid cells in the presence of the hepatocyte growth factor, oncostatin M, and dexamethasone produced a highly enriched population of cells exhibiting characteristics of early hepatocytes, including glycogen storage, indocyanine green uptake, and synthesis of urea and albumin. Furthermore, we show that grafted spheroid cells express hepatic features and attenuate the serum aspartate aminotransferase level in a model of acute liver injury. These data suggest that hepatic progenitor cells can be enriched by the spheroid formation of differentiating hESCs and that these cells have engraftment potential to replace damaged liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Eun Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Tsai ST, Tsou CC, Mao WY, Chang WC, Han HY, Hsu WL, Li CL, Shen CN, Chen CH. Label-free quantitative proteomics of CD133-positive liver cancer stem cells. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:69. [PMID: 23170877 PMCID: PMC3576254 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND CD133-positive liver cancer stem cells, which are characterized by their resistance to conventional chemotherapy and their tumor initiation ability at limited dilutions, have been recognized as a critical target in liver cancer therapeutics. In the current work, we developed a label-free quantitative method to investigate the proteome of CD133-positive liver cancer stem cells for the purpose of identifying unique biomarkers that can be utilized for targeting liver cancer stem cells. Label-free quantitation was performed in combination with ID-based Elution time Alignment by Linear regression Quantitation (IDEAL-Q) and MaxQuant. RESULTS Initially, IDEAL-Q analysis revealed that 151 proteins were differentially expressed in the CD133-positive hepatoma cells when compared with CD133-negative cells. We then analyzed these 151 differentially expressed proteins by MaxQuant software and identified 10 significantly up-regulated proteins. The results were further validated by RT-PCR, western blot, flow cytometry or immunofluorescent staining which revealed that prominin-1, annexin A1, annexin A3, transgelin, creatine kinase B, vimentin, and EpCAM were indeed highly expressed in the CD133-positive hepatoma cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirmed that mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics can be used to gain insights into liver cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ta Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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14
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Increased susceptibility to severe chronic liver damage in CXCR4 conditional knock-out mice. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2892-900. [PMID: 22674400 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 are essential for the proper functioning of multiple organs. In the liver, cholangiocytes and hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are the main cells that produce SDF-1, and SDF-1 is thought to be essential for HPC-stimulated liver regeneration. AIMS In this study, CXCR4 conditionally targeted mice were used to analyze the role of SDF-1 in chronically damaged liver. METHODS Chronic liver damage was induced in MxCre CXCR4(f/null) mice and the control MxCre CXCR4(f/wt) mice by CCl(4). Serum markers were analyzed to assess liver function and damage, the number of cytokeratin-positive cells as a measure of HPCs, and the extent of liver fibrosis. Additional parameters relating to liver damage, such as markers of HPCs, liver function, MMPs, and TIMPs were measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS Serum ALT was significantly higher in MxCre CXCR4(f/null) mice than MxCre CXCR4(f/wt) mice. The number of cytokeratin-positive cells and the area of fibrosis were also increased in the MxCre CXCR4(f/null) mice. The expression of mRNAs for several markers related to hepatic damage and regeneration was also increased in the liver of MxCre CXCR4(f/null) mice, including primitive HPC marker prominin-1, MMP9, TNF-α, and α-SMA. CONCLUSIONS MxCre CXCR4(f/null) mice were susceptible to severe chronic liver damage, suggesting that SDF-1-CXCR4 signals are important for liver regeneration and preventing the progression of liver disease. Modulation of SDF-1 may therefore be a promising treatment strategy for patients with chronic liver disease.
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Gabriel E, Schievenbusch S, Kolossov E, Hengstler JG, Rotshteyn T, Bohlen H, Nierhoff D, Hescheler J, Drobinskaya I. Differentiation and selection of hepatocyte precursors in suspension spheroid culture of transgenic murine embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44912. [PMID: 23028675 PMCID: PMC3454367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocyte precursor cells represent a promising model for clinical transplantations to diseased livers, as well as for establishment of in vitro systems for drug metabolism and toxicology investigations. This study aimed to establish an in vitro culture system for scalable generation of hepatic progenitor cells. We used stable transgenic clones of murine embryonic stem cells possessing a reporter/selection vector, in which the enhanced green fluorescent protein- and puromycin N-acetyltransferase-coding genes are driven by a common alpha-fetoprotein gene promoter. This allowed for "live" monitoring and puromycin selection of the desired differentiating cell type possessing the activated alpha-fetoprotein gene. A rotary culture system was established, sequentially yielding initially partially selected hepatocyte lineage-committed cells, and finally, a highly purified cell population maintained as a dynamic suspension spheroid culture, which progressively developed the hepatic gene expression phenotype. The latter was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis, which showed a progressive up-regulation of hepatic genes during spheroid culture, indicating development of a mixed hepatocyte precursor-/fetal hepatocyte-like cell population. Adherent spheroids gave rise to advanced differentiated hepatocyte-like cells expressing hepatic proteins such as albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, cytokeratin 18, E-cadherin, and liver-specific organic anion transporter 1, as demonstrated by fluorescent immunostaining. A fraction of adherent cells was capable of glycogen storage and of reversible up-take of indocyanine green, demonstrating their hepatocyte-like functionality. Moreover, after transplantation of spheroids into the mouse liver, the spheroid-derived cells integrated into recipient. These results demonstrate that large-scale hepatocyte precursor-/hepatocyte-like cultures can be established for use in clinical trials, as well as in in vitro screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gabriel
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tamara Rotshteyn
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Nierhoff
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Irina Drobinskaya
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Liu WH, Li R, Dou KF. Convenient and efficient enrichment of the CD133+ liver cells from rat fetal liver cells as a source of liver stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:94-102. [PMID: 20180050 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the stem cells are commonly isolated by FACS or MACS, they are very expensive and these is no specific marker for liver stem/progentior cells (LSPCs). This paper applied a convenient and efficient method to enrich LSPCs. The fetal liver cells (FLCs) were firstly enriched by Percoll discontinuous gradient centrifugation (PDGC) from the rat fetal liver. Then the FLCs in culture were purified to be homogeneous in size by differential trypsinization and differential adherence (DTDA). Flow cytometric analysis revealed more than half of the purified FLCs expressed alternative markers of LSPCs (CD117, c-Met, Sca-1, CD90, CD49f and CD133). In other words, the purified FLCs were heterogeneous. Therefore, they were sequentially layered into six fractions by Percoll continuous gradient centrifugation (PCGC). Both CD133 and CD49f expressed decreasingly from fraction 1 to 6. In fraction 1 and 2, about 85% FLCs expressed CD133, which were revealed to be LSPCs by high expressions of AFP and CK-19, low expressions of G-6-P and ALB. To conclude, the purity of CD133(+) LSPCs enriched by combination of PDGC, DTDA and PCGC is close to that obtained by MACS. This study will greatly contribute to two important biological aspects: liver stem cells isolation and liver cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-hui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
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17
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Detzel CJ, Larkin AL, Rajagopalan P. Polyelectrolyte multilayers in tissue engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2011; 17:101-13. [PMID: 21210759 PMCID: PMC3062467 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The layer-by-layer assembly of sequentially adsorbed, alternating polyelectrolytes has become increasingly important over the past two decades. The ease and versatility in assembling polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) has resulted in numerous wide ranging applications of these materials. More recently, PEMs are being used in biological applications ranging from biomaterials, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. The ability to manipulate the chemical, physical, surface, and topographical properties of these multilayer architectures by simply changing the pH, ionic strength, thickness, and postassembly modifications render them highly suitable to probe the effects of external stimuli on cellular responsiveness. In the field of regenerative medicine, the ability to sequester growth factors and to tether peptides to PEMs has been exploited to direct the lineage of progenitor cells and to subsequently maintain a desired phenotype. Additional novel applications include the use of PEMs in the assembly of three-dimensional layered architectures and as coatings for individual cells to deliver tunable payloads of drugs or bioactive molecules. This review focuses on literature related to the modulation of chemical and physical properties of PEMs for tissue engineering applications and recent research efforts in maintaining and directing cellular phenotype in stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Detzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Adam L. Larkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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18
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Ji S, Jin L, Guo X, Ji W. Culture of newborn monkey liver epithelial progenitor cells in chemical defined serum-free medium. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 46:693-701. [PMID: 20568020 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies with hepatic progenitor cells from non-human primates would allow better understanding of their human counterparts. In this study, rhesus monkey liver epithelial progenitor cells (mLEPCs) were derived from a small piece of newborn livers in chemical defined serum-free medium. Digested hepatic cells were treated in Ca(2+)-containing medium to form cell aggregates. Two types of cell aggregates were generated: elongated spindle cells and polygonal epithelial cells. Elongated spindle cells were expressed as vimentin and brachyury, and they were disappeared within 5 d in our cultures. The remaining type consisted of small polygonal epithelial cells that expressed cytokeratin 7 (CK7), CK8, CK18, nestin, CD49f, and E-cad, the markers of hepatic stem cells, but were negative for alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, and CK19. They can proliferate and be passaged, if on laminin or rat tail collagen gel, to initiate colonies. When cultured with dexamethasone and oncostatin M, the expression of mature hepatocyte markers, such as alpha-1-antitrypsin, intracytoplasmic glycogen storage, indocyanine green uptake, and lipid droplet generation, were induced in differentiated cells. If transferred onto mouse embryonic fibroblasts feeders, they gave rise to CK19-positive cholangiocytes with formation of doughnut-like structure. Thus, mLEPCs with bipotency were derived from newborn monkey liver and may serve as a preclinical model for assessment of cell therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Ji
- Kunming Primate Research Center, and Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32# Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
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Tsai HA, Wu RR, Lee IC, Chang HY, Shen CN, Chang YC. Selection, Enrichment, and Maintenance of Self-Renewal Liver Stem/Progenitor Cells Utilizing Polypeptide Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:994-1001. [DOI: 10.1021/bm901461e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Ang Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ruei-Ren Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Chi Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Yuan Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ying-Chih Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica Taipei 115, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C., and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
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20
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van Zijl F, Mikulits W. Hepatospheres: Three dimensional cell cultures resemble physiological conditions of the liver. World J Hepatol 2010; 2:1-7. [PMID: 21160950 PMCID: PMC2998947 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms in the liver on a molecular basis is a challenging task. During two dimensional (2D) culture conditions hepatocytes dedifferentiate rapidly by losing metabolic functions and structural integrity. Hence, inappropriate 2D hepatocellular models hamper studies on the xenobiotic metabolism of the liver which strongly influences drug potency. Also, the lack of effective therapies against hepatocellular carcinoma shows the urgent need for robust models to investigate liver functions in a defined hepatic microenvironment. Here, we summarize and discuss three-dimensional cultures of hepatocytes, herein referred to as hepatospheres, which provide versatile tools to investigate hepatic metabolism, stemness and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska van Zijl
- Franziska van Zijl, Wolfgang Mikulits, Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Yoshimoto M, Heike T, Chang H, Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Baba S, Varnau JT, Shinohara T, Yoder MC, Nakahata T. Bone marrow engraftment but limited expansion of hematopoietic cells from multipotent germline stem cells derived from neonatal mouse testis. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:1400-10. [PMID: 19782120 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multipotent germline stem (mGS) cells derived from neonatal mouse testis, similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells, differentiate into various types of somatic cells in vitro and produce teratomas after inoculation into mice. In the present work, we examined mGS cells for hematopoietic progenitor potential in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS mGS cells were differentiated on OP9 stromal cells and induced into Flk1(+) cells. Flk1(+) cells were sorted and replated on OP9 stromal cells with various cytokines and emerging hematopoietic cells were analyzed for lineage marker expression by fluorescein-activated cell sorting, progenitor activity by colony assay, and stem cell transplantation assay. RESULTS mGS cells, like ES cells, produce hematopoietic progenitors, including both primitive and definitive erythromyeloid, megakaryocyte, and B- and T-cell lineages via Flk1(+) progenitors. When transplanted into the bone marrow (BM) of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) gammac(null) mice directly, mGS-derived green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells were detected 4 months later in the BM and spleen. GFP(+) donor cells were also identified in the Hoechst33342 side population, a feature of hematopoietic stem cells. However, these mGS-derived hematopoietic cells did not proliferate in vivo, even after exposure to hematopoietic stressors, such as 5-fluorouracil (5FU) injection or serial transplantation. CONCLUSION mGS cells produced multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cells with myeloid and lymphoid lineage potential in vitro and localized in the BM after intra-BM injection but, like ES cells, failed to expand or show stem cell repopulating ability in vivo.
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22
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Zhao D, Chen S, Cai J, Guo Y, Song Z, Che J, Liu C, Wu C, Ding M, Deng H. Derivation and characterization of hepatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6468. [PMID: 19649295 PMCID: PMC2714184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The derivation of hepatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem (hES) cells is of value both in the study of early human liver organogenesis and in the creation of an unlimited source of donor cells for hepatocyte transplantation therapy. Here, we report for the first time the generation of hepatic progenitor cells derived from hES cells. Hepatic endoderm cells were generated by activating FGF and BMP pathways and were then purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting using a newly identified surface marker, N-cadherin. After co-culture with STO feeder cells, these purified hepatic endoderm cells yielded hepatic progenitor colonies, which possessed the proliferation potential to be cultured for an extended period of more than 100 days. With extensive expansion, they co-expressed the hepatic marker AFP and the biliary lineage marker KRT7 and maintained bipotential differentiation capacity. They were able to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, which expressed ALB and AAT, and into cholangiocyte-like cells, which formed duct-like cyst structures, expressed KRT19 and KRT7, and acquired epithelial polarity. In conclusion, this is the first report of the generation of proliferative and bipotential hepatic progenitor cells from hES cells. These hES cell–derived hepatic progenitor cells could be effectively used as an in vitro model for studying the mechanisms of hepatic stem/progenitor cell origin, self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, The University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, The University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Che
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, The University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, The University Town, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingxiao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongkui Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, The University Town, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Clayton E, Forbes SJ. The isolation and in vitro expansion of hepatic Sca-1 progenitor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:549-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Jin L, Ji S, Tang X, Guo X, Lu Y, Chen H, Deng H, Zhou Q, Ji W. Isolation and characterization of liver epithelial progenitor cells from normal adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Cell Res 2009; 19:268-70. [PMID: 19153594 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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25
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Shikanai M, Asahina K, Iseki S, Teramoto K, Nishida T, Shimizu-Saito K, Ota M, Eto K, Teraoka H. A novel method of mouse ex utero transplantation of hepatic progenitor cells into the fetal liver. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:276-82. [PMID: 19217885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Avoiding the limitations of the adult liver niche, transplantation of hepatic stem/progenitor cells into fetal liver is desirable to analyze immature cells in a hepatic developmental environment. Here, we established a new monitor tool for cell fate of hepatic progenitor cells transplanted into the mouse fetal liver by using ex utero surgery. When embryonic day (ED) 14.5 hepatoblasts were injected into the ED14.5 fetal liver, the transplanted cells expressed albumin abundantly or alpha-fetoprotein weakly, and contained glycogen in the neonatal liver, indicating that transplanted hepatoblasts can proliferate and differentiate in concord with surrounding recipient parenchymal cells. The transplanted cells became mature in the liver of 6-week-old mice. Furthermore, this method was applicable to transplantation of hepatoblast-like cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. These data indicate that this unique technique will provide a new in vivo experimental system for studying cell fate of hepatic stem/progenitor cells and liver organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mima Shikanai
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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26
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Wu Y, Shatapathy CC, Minger SL. Isolation, in vitro cultivation and characterisation of foetal liver cells. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 481:181-192. [PMID: 19096801 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-201-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation has recently become an efficient clinical method in the treatment of patients with metabolic liver diseases. The shortage of donor cells remains an obstacle to treat more patients. Foetal liver tissues may therefore be useful as an alternative source of generating functional hepatocytes after in vitro culture and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases King's College London, London, UK
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27
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Tsuji S, Yoshimoto M, Takahashi K, Noda Y, Nakahata T, Heike T. Side population cells contribute to the genesis of human endometrium. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:1528-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Drobinskaya I, Linn T, Saric T, Bretzel RG, Bohlen H, Hescheler J, Kolossov E. Scalable selection of hepatocyte- and hepatocyte precursor-like cells from culture of differentiating transgenically modified murine embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2245-56. [PMID: 18556507 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Potential therapeutic applications of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived hepatocytes are limited by their relatively low output in differentiating ESC cultures, as well as by the danger of contamination with tumorigenic undifferentiated ESCs. To address these problems, we developed transgenic murine ESC clones possessing bicistronic expression vector that contains the alpha-fetoprotein gene promoter driving a cassette for the enhanced green "live" fluorescent reporter protein (eGFP) and a puromycin resistance gene. Under established culture conditions these clones allowed for both monitoring of differentiation and for puromycin selection of hepatocyte-committed cells in a suspension mass culture of transgenic ESC aggregates ("embryoid bodies" [EBs]). When plated on fibronectin, the selected eGFP-positive cells formed colonies, in which intensely proliferating hepatocyte precursor-like cells gave rise to morphologically differentiated cells expressing alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-fetoprotein, and albumin. A number of cells synthesized glycogen and in some of the cells cytokeratin 18 microfilaments were detected. Major hepatocyte marker genes were expressed in the culture, along with the gene and protein expression of stem/progenitor markers, suggesting the features of both hepatocyte precursors and more advanced differentiated cells. When cultured in suspension, the EB-derived puromycin-selected cells formed spheroids capable of outgrowing on an adhesive substrate, resembling the behavior of fetal mouse hepatic progenitor cells. The established system based on the highly efficient selection/purification procedure could be suitable for scalable generation of ESC-derived hepatocyte- and hepatocyte precursor-like cells and offers a potential in vitro source of cells for transplantation therapy of liver diseases, tissue engineering, and drug and toxicology screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Drobinskaya
- Institute for Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Str. 39, D-50931 Cologne, Germany.
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29
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Bird TG, Lorenzini S, Forbes SJ. Activation of stem cells in hepatic diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 331:283-300. [PMID: 18046579 PMCID: PMC3034134 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver has enormous regenerative capacity. Following acute liver injury, hepatocyte division regenerates the parenchyma but, if this capacity is overwhelmed during massive or chronic liver injury, the intrinsic hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) termed oval cells are activated. These HPCs are bipotential and can regenerate both biliary epithelia and hepatocytes. Multiple signalling pathways contribute to the complex mechanism controlling the behaviour of the HPCs. These signals are delivered primarily by the surrounding microenvironment. During liver disease, stem cells extrinsic to the liver are activated and bone-marrow-derived cells play a role in the generation of fibrosis during liver injury and its resolution. Here, we review our current understanding of the role of stem cells during liver disease and their mechanisms of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Bird
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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30
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Sca-1+ endothelial cells (SPECs) reside in the portal area of the liver and contribute to rapid recovery from acute liver disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 365:595-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wright N, Samuelson L, Walkup MH, Chandrasekaran P, Gerber DA. Enrichment of a bipotent hepatic progenitor cell from naïve adult liver tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 366:367-72. [PMID: 18062915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Recent interest in the liver stem cell field has led to the identification and characterization of several hepatic progenitor cell populations from fetal and adult tissues. We isolated a hepatic progenitor cell from naïve adult liver and the current studies focus on differentiation and growth. RESULTS A Sca-1(+) hepatic progenitor cell was identified within the liver parenchyma. This cell expresses numerous liver related genes and transcription found in the developing and/or adult liver. It is located in the peri-portal region and expresses markers associated with undifferentiated hepatic cell populations, mature hepatocytes and biliary cells which distinguish it from the Sca-1(-) fraction. CONCLUSION This hepatic progenitor cell from uninjured liver has features of both hepatocytic and biliary populations and demonstrates proliferative potential. Further studies will focus on sca-HPC subsets and conditions that regulate differentiation towards hepatic or biliary lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Wright
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, CB#7211, 4024 Burnett-Womack Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7211, USA
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Tsuchiya A, Heike T, Baba S, Fujino H, Umeda K, Matsuda Y, Nomoto M, Ichida T, Aoyagi Y, Nakahata T. Long-term culture of postnatal mouse hepatic stem/progenitor cells and their relative developmental hierarchy. Stem Cells 2007; 25:895-902. [PMID: 17218396 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Few studies on the long-term culture of postnatal mouse hepatic stem/progenitor cells have been reported. We successfully adapted a serum-free culture system that we employed previously to expand fetal mouse hepatic stem/progenitor cells and maintained them in culture over long periods. The expanded postnatal cells contained immature alpha-fetoprotein-positive cells along with hepatocytic and cholangiocytic lineage-committed cells. These cells expressed CD49f but not CD45, CD34, Thy-1, c-kit, CD31, or flk-1, and oncostatin M induced their differentiation. This heterogeneous population contained side population (SP) cells, which express the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2, and sca-1+ cells. As mice aged, the frequency of SP and sca-1+ cells decreased along with the ability of cultured cells to expand. Approximately 20%-40% of the SP cells expressed sca-1, but only a few sca-1+ cells were also SP cells. Analysis of colonies derived from single SP or sca-1+ cells revealed that, although both cells had dual differentiation potential and self-renewal ability, SP cells formed colonies more efficiently and gave rise to SP and sca-1+ cells, whereas sca-1+ cells generated only sca-1+ progeny. Thus, SP cells are more characteristic of stem cells than are sca-1+ cells. In regenerating livers, ABCG2+ cells and sca-1+ cells were detected around or in the portal area (the putative hepatic stem cell niche). The expanded cells share many features of fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells or oval cells and may be useful in determining the mechanisms whereby hepatic stem cells self-renew and differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Tsuchiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Koch KS, Son KH, Maehr R, Pellicciotta I, Ploegh HL, Zanetti M, Sell S, Leffert HL. Immune-privileged embryonic Swiss mouse STO and STO cell-derived progenitor cells: major histocompatibility complex and cell differentiation antigen expression patterns resemble those of human embryonic stem cell lines. Immunology 2006; 119:98-115. [PMID: 16836618 PMCID: PMC1782333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic mouse STO (S, SIM; T, 6-thioguanine resistant; O, ouabain resistant) and 3(8)21-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cell lines exhibit long-term survival and hepatic progenitor cell behaviour after xenogeneic engraftment in non-immunosuppressed inbred rats, and were previously designated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I- and class II-negative lines. To determine the molecular basis for undetectable MHC determinants, the expression and haplotype of H-2K, H-2D, H-2L and I-A proteins were reassessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cDNA sequencing, RNA hybridization, immunoblotting, quantitative RT-PCR (QPCR), immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. To detect cell differentiation (CD) surface antigens characteristic of stem cells, apoptotic regulation or adaptive immunity that might facilitate progenitor cell status or immune privilege, flow cytometry was also used to screen untreated and cytokine [interferon (IFN)-gamma]-treated cultures. Despite prior PCR genotyping analyses suggestive of H-2q haplotypes in STO, 3(8)21-EGFP and parental 3(8)21 cells, all three lines expressed H-2K cDNA sequences identical to those of d-haplotype BALB/c mice, as well as constitutive and cytokine-inducible H-2K(d) determinants. In contrast, apart from H-2L(d[LOW]) display in 3(8)21 cells, H-2Dd, H-2Ld and I-Ad determinants were undetectable. All three lines expressed constitutive and cytokine-inducible CD34; however, except for inducible CD117([LOW]) expression in 3(8)21 cells, no expression of CD45, CD117, CD62L, CD80, CD86, CD90.1 or CD95L/CD178 was observed. Constitutive and cytokine-inducible CD95([LOW]) expression was detected in STO and 3(8)21 cells, but not in 3(8)21-EGFP cells. MHC (class I(+[LOW])/class II-) and CD (CD34+/CD80-/CD86-/CD95L-) expression patterns in STO and STO cell-derived progenitor cells resemble patterns reported for human embryonic stem cell lines. Whether these patterns reflect associations with mechanisms that are regulatory of immune privilege or functional tissue-specific plasticity is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Koch
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.
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