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Sánchez-Alonzo K, Silva-Mieres F, Arellano-Arriagada L, Parra-Sepúlveda C, Bernasconi H, Smith CT, Campos VL, García-Cancino A. Nutrient Deficiency Promotes the Entry of Helicobacter pylori Cells into Candida Yeast Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:426. [PMID: 34065788 PMCID: PMC8151769 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative bacterium, has as a natural niche the human gastric epithelium. This pathogen has been reported to enter into Candida yeast cells; however, factors triggering this endosymbiotic relationship remain unknown. The aim of this work was to evaluate in vitro if variations in nutrient concentration in the cultured medium trigger the internalization of H. pylori within Candida cells. We used H. pylori-Candida co-cultures in Brucella broth supplemented with 1%, 5% or 20% fetal bovine serum or in saline solution. Intra-yeast bacteria-like bodies (BLBs) were observed using optical microscopy, while intra-yeast BLBs were identified as H. pylori using FISH and PCR techniques. Intra-yeast H. pylori (BLBs) viability was confirmed using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. Intra-yeast H. pylori was present in all combinations of bacteria-yeast strains co-cultured. However, the percentages of yeast cells harboring bacteria (Y-BLBs) varied according to nutrient concentrations and also were strain-dependent. In conclusion, reduced nutrients stresses H. pylori, promoting its entry into Candida cells. The starvation of both H. pylori and Candida strains reduced the percentages of Y-BLBs, suggesting that starving yeast cells may be less capable of harboring stressed H. pylori cells. Moreover, the endosymbiotic relationship between H. pylori and Candida is dependent on the strains co-cultured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Sánchez-Alonzo
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Fabiola Silva-Mieres
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Luciano Arellano-Arriagada
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Cristian Parra-Sepúlveda
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | | | - Carlos T. Smith
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
| | - Víctor L. Campos
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Apolinaria García-Cancino
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenicity, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile; (K.S.-A.); (F.S.-M.); (L.A.-A.); (C.P.-S.); (C.T.S.)
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The Puzzle of Coccoid Forms of Helicobacter pylori: Beyond Basic Science. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9060293. [PMID: 32486473 PMCID: PMC7345126 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) may enter a non-replicative, non-culturable, low metabolically active state, the so-called coccoid form, to survive in extreme environmental conditions. Since coccoid forms are not susceptible to antibiotics, they could represent a cause of therapy failure even in the absence of antibiotic resistance, i.e., relapse within one year. Furthermore, coccoid forms may colonize and infect the gastric mucosa in animal models and induce specific antibodies in animals and humans. Their detection is hard, since they are not culturable. Techniques, such as electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, flow cytometry and metagenomics, are promising even if current evidence is limited. Among the options for the treatment, some strategies have been suggested, such as a very high proton pump inhibitor dose, high-dose dual therapy, N-acetycysteine, linolenic acid and vonoprazan. These clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainties will represent fascinating challenges in the future.
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Martin DR, Hanson JA, Gullapalli RR, Schultz FA, Sethi A, Clark DP. A Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Network Can Recognize Common Patterns of Injury in Gastric Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:370-378. [PMID: 31246112 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0004-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Most deep learning (DL) studies have focused on neoplastic pathology, with the realm of inflammatory pathology remaining largely untouched. OBJECTIVE.— To investigate the use of DL for nonneoplastic gastric biopsies. DESIGN.— Gold standard diagnoses were blindly established by 2 gastrointestinal pathologists. For phase 1, 300 classic cases (100 normal, 100 Helicobacter pylori, 100 reactive gastropathy) that best displayed the desired pathology were scanned and annotated for DL analysis. A total of 70% of the cases for each group were selected for the training set, and 30% were included in the test set. The software assigned colored labels to the test biopsies, which corresponded to the area of the tissue assigned a diagnosis by the DL algorithm, termed area distribution (AD). For Phase 2, an additional 106 consecutive nonclassical gastric biopsies from our archives were tested in the same fashion. RESULTS.— For Phase 1, receiver operating curves showed near perfect agreement with the gold standard diagnoses at an AD percentage cutoff of 50% for normal (area under the curve [AUC] = 99.7%) and H pylori (AUC = 100%), and 40% for reactive gastropathy (AUC = 99.9%). Sensitivity/specificity pairings were as follows: normal (96.7%, 86.7%), H pylori (100%, 98.3%), and reactive gastropathy (96.7%, 96.7%). For phase 2, receiver operating curves were slightly less discriminatory, with optimal AD cutoffs reduced to 40% across diagnostic groups. The AUCs were 91.9% for normal, 100% for H pylori, and 94.0% for reactive gastropathy. Sensitivity/specificity parings were as follows: normal (73.7%, 79.6%), H pylori (95.7%, 100%), reactive gastropathy (100%, 62.5%). CONCLUSIONS.— A convolutional neural network can serve as an effective screening tool/diagnostic aid for H pylori gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Martin
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Martin, Hanson, Gullapalli, Sethi, and Clark, and Mr Schultz) and Chemical and Biological Engineering (Dr Gullapalli), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Joshua A Hanson
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Martin, Hanson, Gullapalli, Sethi, and Clark, and Mr Schultz) and Chemical and Biological Engineering (Dr Gullapalli), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Rama R Gullapalli
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Martin, Hanson, Gullapalli, Sethi, and Clark, and Mr Schultz) and Chemical and Biological Engineering (Dr Gullapalli), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Fred A Schultz
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Martin, Hanson, Gullapalli, Sethi, and Clark, and Mr Schultz) and Chemical and Biological Engineering (Dr Gullapalli), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Aisha Sethi
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Martin, Hanson, Gullapalli, Sethi, and Clark, and Mr Schultz) and Chemical and Biological Engineering (Dr Gullapalli), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Douglas P Clark
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Martin, Hanson, Gullapalli, Sethi, and Clark, and Mr Schultz) and Chemical and Biological Engineering (Dr Gullapalli), University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
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Lee J, Roberts JS, Atanasova KR, Chowdhury N, Han K, Yilmaz Ö. Human Primary Epithelial Cells Acquire an Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition Phenotype during Long-Term Infection by the Oral Opportunistic Pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:493. [PMID: 29250491 PMCID: PMC5717492 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a host-adapted oral pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis that successfully survives and persists in the oral epithelium. Recent studies have positively correlated periodontitis with increased risk and severity of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Intriguingly, the presence of P. gingivalis enhances tumorigenic properties independently of periodontitis and has therefore been proposed as a potential etiological agent for OSCC. However, the initial host molecular changes induced by P. gingivalis infection which promote predisposition to cancerous transformation through EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal-transition), has never been studied in human primary cells which more closely mimic the physiological state of cells in vivo. In this study, we examine for the first time in primary oral epithelial cells (OECs) the expression and activation of key EMT mediators during long-term P. gingivalis infection in vitro. We examined the inactive phosphorylated state of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (p-GSK3β) over 120 h P. gingivalis infection and found p-GSK3β, an important EMT regulator, significantly increases over the course of infection (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we examined the expression of EMT-associated transcription factors, Slug, Snail, and Zeb1 and found significant increases (p < 0.01) over long-term P. gingivalis infection in protein and mRNA expression. Additionally, the protein expression of mesenchymal intermediate filament, Vimentin, was substantially increased over 120 h of P. gingivalis infection. Analysis of adhesion molecule E-cadherin showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in expression and a loss of membrane localization along with β-catenin in OECs. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 7, and 9 are all markedly increased with long-term P. gingivalis infection. Finally, migration of P. gingivalis infected cells was evaluated using scratch assay in which primary OEC monolayers were wounded and treated with proliferation inhibitor, Mitomycin C. The cellular movement was determined by microscopy. Results displayed P. gingivalis infection promoted cell migration which was slightly enhanced by co-infection with Fusobacterium nucleatum, another oral opportunistic pathogen. Therefore, this study demonstrates human primary OECs acquire initial molecular/cellular changes that are consistent with EMT induction during long-term infection by P. gingivalis and provides a critically novel framework for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungnam Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - JoAnn S Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nityananda Chowdhury
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kyudong Han
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.,DKU-Theragen Institute for NGS Analysis, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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Reshetnyak VI, Reshetnyak TM. Significance of dormant forms of Helicobacter pylori in ulcerogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4867-4878. [PMID: 28785141 PMCID: PMC5526757 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of the global population are carriers of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a Gram-negative bacterium that persists in the healthy human stomach. H. pylori can be a pathogen and causes development of peptic ulcer disease in a certain state of the macroorganism. It is well established that H. pylori infection is the main cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Decontamination of the gastric mucosa with various antibiotics leads to H. pylori elimination and longer remission in this disease. However, the reasons for repeated detection of H. pylori in recurrent PUD after its successful eradication remain unclear. The reason for the redetection of H. pylori in recurrent PUD can be either reinfection or ineffective anti-Helicobacter therapy. The administration of antibacterial drugs can lead not only to the emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms, but also contribute to the conversion of H. pylori into the resting (dormant) state. The dormant forms of H. pylori have been shown to play a potential role in the development of relapses of PUD. The paper discusses morphological H. pylori forms, such as S-shaped, C-shaped, U-shaped, and coccoid ones. The authors proposes the classification of H. pylori according to its morphological forms and viability.
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Tanaka S, Nagashima H, Uotani T, Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. Autophagy-related genes in Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2017; 22:10.1111/hel.12376. [PMID: 28111844 PMCID: PMC5422124 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection induces autophagy in gastric epithelial cells. However, prolonged exposure to H. pylori reduces autophagy by preventing maturation of the autolysosome. The alterations of the autophagy-related genes in H. pylori infection are not yet fully understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed autophagy-related gene expression in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa compared with uninfected gastric mucosa obtained from 136 Bhutanese volunteers with mild dyspeptic symptoms. We also studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of autophagy-related gene in 283 Bhutanese participants to identify the influence on susceptibility to H. pylori infection. RESULTS Microarray analysis of 226 autophagy-related genes showed that 16 genes were upregulated (7%) and nine were downregulated (4%). We used quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to measure mRNA levels of the downregulated genes (ATG16L1, ATG5, ATG4D, and ATG9A) that were core molecules of autophagy. ATG16L1 and ATG5 mRNA levels in H. pylori-positive specimens (n=86) were significantly less than those in H. pylori-negative specimens (n=50). ATG16L1 mRNA levels were inversely related to H. pylori density. We also compared SNPs of ATG16L1 (rs2241880) among 206 H. pylori-positive and 77 H. pylori-negative subjects. The odds ratio for the presence of H. pylori in the GG genotype was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.18-0.91) relative to the AA/AG genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy-related gene expression profiling using high-throughput microarray analysis indicated that downregulation of core autophagy machinery genes may depress autophagy functions and possibly provide a better intracellular habit for H. pylori in gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tanaka
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagashima
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Takahiro Uotani
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - David Y. Graham
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu 879-5593, Japan,Correspondence: Yoshio Yamaoka MD, PhD, Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593, Japan. Tel.: + 81-97-586-5740, Fax: + 81-97-586-5749,
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Clinicopathological characteristics of invasive gastric Helicobacter pylori. Hum Pathol 2016; 61:19-25. [PMID: 27771376 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori organisms have been observed deep within the stomach mucosa with an "intracellular" appearance, although the clinicopathological characteristics of such cases remain poorly understood. We analyzed 18 cases of deep mucosal H pylori and associated clinical (sex, age, history of H pylori infection, or proton pump inhibitor [PPI] use, medications, smoking, alcohol use, comorbidities, treatment response) and pathological (presence of lymphoid aggregates, intestinal metaplasia, PPI effect, active and/or chronic inflammation, quantity of invasive versus surface H pylori) characteristics. Electron microscopy was performed on 6 cases with the highest burden of invasive H pylori. Within our sample, 3 of 16 had a history of H pylori infection, 10 of 15 were receiving PPIs at the time of biopsy, and 12 of 13 had a negative posttreatment follow-up. Histology revealed that invasive H pylori were more commonly associated with chronic inflammation, in both the antrum (15/15 chronic, 8/15 acute) and fundus (17/18 chronic, 8/18 acute). Electron microscopy showed organisms within intercellular and luminal spaces, but no intracellular organisms. Deep mucosal H pylori often have an intracellular appearance but are contained within intercellular and luminal spaces and are responsive to standard therapy.
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Niller HH, Minarovits J. Patho-epigenetics of Infectious Diseases Caused by Intracellular Bacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 879:107-130. [PMID: 26659266 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24738-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular eukaryotes including plants, animals and humans, epigenetic reprogramming may play a role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases. Recent studies revealed that in addition to viruses, pathogenic bacteria are also capable to dysregulate the epigenetic machinery of their target cells. In this chapter we focus on epigenetic alterations induced by bacteria infecting humans. Most of them are obligate or facultative intracellular bacteria that produce either bacterial toxins and surface proteins targeting the host cell membrane, or synthesise effector proteins entering the host cell nucleus. These bacterial products typically elicit histone modifications, i.e. alter the "histone code". Bacterial pathogens are capable to induce alterations of host cell DNA methylation patterns, too. Such changes in the host cell epigenotype and gene expression pattern may hinder the antibacterial immune response and create favourable conditions for bacterial colonization, growth, or spread. Epigenetic dysregulation mediated by bacterial products may also facilitate the production of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators affecting the epigenotype of their target cells. Such indirect epigenetic changes as well as direct interference with the epigenetic machinery of the host cells may contribute to the initiation and progression of malignant tumors associated with distinct bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Janos Minarovits
- Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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Immune Homeostasis of Human Gastric Mucosa in Helicobacter pylori Infection. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:157-63. [PMID: 26033608 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of electron microscopic, microbiological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic studies of gastric biopsy specimens taken for diagnostic purposes according by clinical indications during examination of patients with gastrointestinal pathology. Immune homeostasis of the gastric mucosa against the background of infection with various pathogen strains of Helicobacter pylori was studied in patients of different age groups with peptic ulcer, gastritis, metaplasia, and cancer. Some peculiarities of Helicobacter pylori contamination in the gastric mucosa were demonstrated. Immune homeostasis of the gastric mucosa in different pathologies was analyzed depending on the Helicobacter pylori genotype.
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Makobongo MO, Einck L, Peek RM, Merrell DS. In vitro characterization of the anti-bacterial activity of SQ109 against Helicobacter pylori. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68917. [PMID: 23935905 PMCID: PMC3723868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The most evident challenge to treatment of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium responsible for gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, is the increasing rate of resistance to all currently used therapeutic antibiotics. Thus, the development of novel therapies is urgently required. N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl) ethane-1, 2-diamine (SQ109) is an ethylene diamine-based antitubercular drug that is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Previous pharmacokinetic studies of SQ109 revealed that persistently high concentrations of SQ109 remain in the stomach 4 hours post oral administration in rats. This finding, combined with the need for new anti-Helicobacter therapies, prompted us to define the in vitro efficacy of SQ109 against H. pylori. Liquid broth micro-dilution was used for susceptibility studies to determine the antimicrobial activity of SQ109 against a total of 6 laboratory strains and 20 clinical isolates of H. pylori; the clinical isolates included a multi-drug resistant strain. All strains tested were susceptible to SQ109 with MIC and MBC ranges of 6-10 µM and 50-60 µM, respectively. SQ109 killing kinetics were concentration- and time-dependent. SQ109 killed H. pylori in 8-10 h at 140 µM (2MBCs) or 4-6 h at 200 µM (~3MBCs). Importantly, though the kinetics of killing were altered, SQ109 retained potent bactericidal activity against H. pylori at low pH. Additionally, SQ109 demonstrated robust thermal stability and was effective at killing slow growing or static bacteria. In fact, pretreatment of cultures with a bacteriostatic concentration of chloramphenicol (Cm) synergized the effects of typically bacteriostatic concentrations of SQ109 to the level of five-logs of bacterial killing. A molar-to-molar comparison of the efficacy of SQ109 as compared to metronidazole (MTZ), amoxicillin (AMX), rifampicin (RIF) and clarithromycin (CLR), revealed that SQ109 was superior to MTZ, AMX and RIF but not to CLR. Finally, the frequency of resistance to SQ109 was low and electron microscopy studies revealed that SQ109 interacted with bacterial inner membrane and cytoplasmic content(s). Collectively, our in vitro data demonstrate that SQ109 is an effective monotherapy against susceptible and multi-drug resistant strains of H. pylori and may be useful alone or in combination with other antibiotics for development as a new class of anti-Helicobacter drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris O. Makobongo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leo Einck
- Sequella, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - D. Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Can Helicobacter pylori invade human gastric mucosa?: an in vivo study using electron microscopy, immunohistochemical methods, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44:416-22. [PMID: 19904218 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e3181c21c69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND-GOALS: We used transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to investigate how Helicobacter pylori affects the gastric mucosa of humans. STUDY Gastric biopsy specimens were obtained from 15 patients with gastric discomfort. The samples were processed using both microscopic examinations and a real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect H. pylori DNA. IHC staining was performed with an avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase kit for paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Polyclonal rabbit anti-H. pylori was used as a primary antibody. RESULTS IHC-applied slides with brown-stained spiral bacteria on the luminal surface and in the intercellular spaces of the gastric epithelium; electron-dense spiral H. pylori of approximately 200 to 300 nm in diameter both in the gastric lumen and between the gastric epithelial cells; coccoid or ellipsoid H. pylori attached to the epithelial cells through egg-cup-like pedestals; coccoid H. pylori within the endocytotic vesicles in the apical cytoplasmic part of the epithelial cells, thus suggesting their internalization by phagocytosis; electron-dense spiral H. pylori within the membrane-bounded vacuoles of both the gastric epithelial cells, and the lamina propria; a prominent vacuolization of gastric epithelial cells invaded by H. pylori; and swollen and lytic gastric epithelial cells that suggest a mucosal erosion and may lead to peptic ulcer. All of these microscopic findings were not present in the H. pylori DNA-negative specimens that were used as the control group. CONCLUSION This is the first histomicrobiologic study to show gastric cells invaded by H. pylori in patients with H. pylori infection confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
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