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Radenković N, Nikodijević D, Jovankić J, Blagojević S, Milutinović M. Resistance to 5-fluorouracil: The molecular mechanisms of development in colon cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 983:176979. [PMID: 39241942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a significant health problem worldwide as it is one of the most common and deadliest cancers. The standard approach for the treatment of colon cancer is 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) based chemotherapy, which is limited by the development of resistance to this drug. Therefore, our study aimed to establish 5-FU resistance in SW-480 and HT-29 colon cancer cells and to precisely determine the molecular mechanisms and biomarkers that contribute to its development, both after short-term exposure and in cells with already developed resistance (SW-480-5FUR and HT-29-5FUR). The expression of various molecules involved in the different mechanisms of resistance development was monitored at the gene (qPCR) and protein (immunocytochemistry) levels. Based on the obtained results, alterations in the 5-FU anabolic pathway, biotransformation, drug efflux, mismatch repair, and apoptosis process together contributed to the development of 5-FU resistance in SW-480 and HT-29 colon cancer cells. In addition, UMPS, ABCC1, ABCC5, and MLH1, as well as the disturbed ratio of pro-apoptotic BAX and anti-apoptotic BCL2, should be taken into consideration as potential targets for the discovery of 5-FU resistance-related biomarkers in colon cancer cells. We suggest that future investigations focus on further validation of these findings by additional in vitro and in vivo testing, which is a limitation of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Radenković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Danijela Nikodijević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Jovankić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Stefan Blagojević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milena Milutinović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Ma Y, Shi Z, Wei Y, Shi F, Qin G, Zhou Z. Exploring the value of multiple preprocessors and classifiers in constructing models for predicting microsatellite instability status in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20305. [PMID: 39218940 PMCID: PMC11366760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) exhibit a distinct molecular phenotype known as microsatellite instability (MSI). Accurate and non-invasive prediction of MSI status is crucial for cost savings and guiding clinical treatment strategies. The retrospective study enrolled 307 CRC patients between January 2020 and October 2022. Preoperative images of computed tomography and postoperative status of MSI information were available for analysis. The stratified fivefold cross-validation was used to avoid sample bias in grouping. Feature extraction and model construction were performed as follows: first, inter-/intra-correlation coefficients and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithm were used to identify the most predictive feature subset. Subsequently, multiple discriminant models were constructed to explore and optimize the combination of six feature preprocessors (Box-Cox, Yeo-Johnson, Max-Abs, Min-Max, Z-score, and Quantile) and three classifiers (logistic regression, support vector machine, and random forest). Selecting the one with the highest average value of the area under the curve (AUC) in the test set as the radiomics model, and the clinical screening model and combined model were also established using the same processing steps as the radiomics model. Finally, the performances of the three models were evaluated and analyzed using decision and correction curves.We observed that the logistic regression model based on the quantile preprocessor had the highest average AUC value in the discriminant models. Additionally, tumor location, the clinical of N stage, and hypertension were identified as independent clinical predictors of MSI status. In the test set, the clinical screening model demonstrated good predictive performance, with the average AUC of 0.762 (95% confidence interval, 0.635-0.890). Furthermore, the combined model showed excellent predictive performance (AUC, 0.958; accuracy, 0.899; sensitivity, 0.929) and favorable clinical applicability and correction effects. The logistic regression model based on the quantile preprocessor exhibited excellent performance and repeatability, which may further reduce the variability of input data and improve the model performance for predicting MSI status in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co., Ltd., 701 Yunjin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co., Ltd., 701 Yunjin Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Guochu Qin
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Averill JR, Lin JC, Jung J, Jung H. Novel insights into the role of translesion synthesis polymerase in DNA incorporation and bypass of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:4295-4312. [PMID: 38416579 PMCID: PMC11077093 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent in colorectal cancer, and resistance to 5-FU easily emerges. One of the mechanisms of drug action and resistance of 5-FU is through DNA incorporation. Our quantitative reverse-transcription PCR data showed that one of the translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, DNA polymerase η (polη), was upregulated within 72 h upon 5-FU administration at 1 and 10 μM, indicating that polη is one of the first responding polymerases, and the only TLS polymerase, upon the 5-FU treatment to incorporate 5-FU into DNA. Our kinetic studies revealed that 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine triphosphate (5FdUTP) was incorporated across dA 41 and 28 times more efficiently than across dG and across inosine, respectively, by polη indicating that the mutagenicity of 5-FU incorporation is higher in the presence of inosine and that DNA lesions could lead to more mutagenic incorporation of 5-FU. Our polη crystal structures complexed with DNA and 5FdUTP revealed that dA:5FdUTP base pair is like dA:dTTP in the active site of polη, while 5FdUTP adopted 4-enol tautomer in the base pairs with dG and HX increasing the insertion efficiency compared to dG:dTTP for the incorrect insertions. These studies confirm that polη engages in the DNA incorporation and bypass of 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson R Averill
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jackson C Lin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - John Jung
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Hunmin Jung
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Paul S, Chatterjee S, Sinha S, Dash SR, Pradhan R, Das B, Goutam K, Kundu CN. Veliparib (ABT-888), a PARP inhibitor potentiates the cytotoxic activity of 5-fluorouracil by inhibiting MMR pathway through deregulation of MSH6 in colorectal cancer stem cells. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:999-1015. [PMID: 37787493 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2266572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sensitization of mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient colorectal cancer (CRC) cells by 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is well-documented. But not much is known about the treatment of MMR-proficient CRC cancer stem cells (CRC-CSCs). Here, we investigated whether a PARP inhibitor (ABT-888) can enhance the 5-FU-mediated apoptosis in CRC-CSCs through MMR pathway inhibition. METHODS The anti-cancer action of 5-FU+ABT-888 combination in CRC-CSCs has been studied by using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo preclinical model systems. RESULTS 5-FU caused DNA damage in CRC-CSCs, and ABT-888 enhanced the accumulation of DNA mismatches by downregulating the MMR pathway, triggering S-phase arrest, and finally apoptosis and cell death in 5-FU-pre-treated MMR-proficient-CRC-CSCs at much lower concentrations than their individual treatments. After 5-FU treatment, PARylated-PARP1 activated MMR pathway by interacting with MSH6. But, upon ABT-888 treatment in 5-FU-pre-exposed CSCs, PARylation was inhibited, as a result of which PARP1 could not interact with MSH6, and other MMR proteins were downregulated. The role of MSH6 in PARP1-mediated MMR activation, was confirmed by silencing MSH6 gene, which resulted in MMR pathway shutdown. Similar results were obtained in ex vivo and in vivo model systems. CONCLUSIONS 5-FU+ABT-888 combination enhanced CRC-CSCs death by increasing DNA damage accumulation and simultaneously inhibiting the MMR pathway in MMR-proficient cells. But this study does not discuss whether the combination treatment will increase the sensitivity of MMR-deficient CSCs, for which further research will be performed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarno Paul
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhajit Chatterjee
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Saptarshi Sinha
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Somya Ranjan Dash
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rajalaxmi Pradhan
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Kunal Goutam
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Acharya Harihar Regional Cancer Centre, Cuttack, India
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- Cancer Biology Division, School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Zhan Y, Ni K, Liu Z, Xin R, Han Q, Ping H, Liu Y, Zhao X, Wang W, Yan S, Sun J, Zhang Q, Wang G, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Hu X, Li G, Zhang C. Stage III deficient mismatch repair colon patients get greater benefit from earlier starting oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy regimen. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8969. [PMID: 37268749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluate the prognostic value of chemotherapy and other prognostic factors on overall survival among colon patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), and determine the optimum time to start chemotherapy after surgery. Data of 306 colon cancer patients with dMMR who received radical surgery were collected from three Chinese centers between August 2012 and January 2018. Overall survival (OS) was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank. Cox regression analysis were used to assess influencing prognosis factors. The median follow-up time for all patients was 45.0 months (range, 1.0-100). There was a nonsignificant OS benefit from chemotherapy for patients with stage I and stage II disease, including high-risk stage II disease (log-rank p: 0.386, 0.779, 0.921), and a significant OS benefit for patients with stage III and stage IV disease for receiving post-operation chemotherapy (log-rank p = 0.002, 0.019). Stage III patients benefitted from chemotherapy regimens that contained oxaliplatin (log-rank p = 0.004), and Starting chemotherapy with oxaliplatin treatment earlier resulted in better outcomes (95% CI 0.013-0.857; p = 0.035). Chemotherapy regimens containing oxaliplatin can prolong the survival time of stage III and IV dMMR colon cancer patients. This beneficial manifestation was more pronounced after starting chemotherapy treatment early post operation. High risk stage II dMMR colon patients including T4N0M0 cannot benefit from chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Zhan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kemin Ni
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaoce Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Xin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiurong Han
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hangyu Ping
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaohong Liu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuanzhu Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanting Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Suying Yan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qinghuai Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- The Third Central, Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xipeng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Agriculture Insect, Institute of Plant Protection, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoxun Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China.
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China.
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chunze Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, China.
- Tianjin Institute of Coloproctology, Tianjin, China.
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Wang Q, Xu J, Wang A, Chen Y, Wang T, Chen D, Zhang J, Brismar TB. Systematic review of machine learning-based radiomics approach for predicting microsatellite instability status in colorectal cancer. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2023; 128:136-148. [PMID: 36648615 PMCID: PMC9938810 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-023-01593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically summarize the performance of the machine learning-based radiomics models in the prediction of microsatellite instability (MSI) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). It was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA) guideline and was registered at the PROSPERO website with an identifier CRD42022295787. Systematic literature searching was conducted in databases of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library up to November 10, 2022. Research which applied radiomics analysis on preoperative CT/MRI/PET-CT images for predicting the MSI status in CRC patients with no history of anti-tumor therapies was eligible. The radiomics quality score (RQS) and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) were applied to evaluate the research quality (full score 100%). Twelve studies with 4,320 patients were included. All studies were retrospective, and only four had an external validation cohort. The median incidence of MSI was 19% (range 8-34%). The area under the receiver operator curve of the models ranged from 0.78 to 0.96 (median 0.83) in the external validation cohort. The median sensitivity was 0.76 (range 0.32-1.00), and the median specificity was 0.87 (range 0.69-1.00). The median RQS score was 38% (range 14-50%), and half of the studies showed high risk in patient selection as evaluated by QUADAS-2. In conclusion, while radiomics based on pretreatment imaging modalities had a high performance in the prediction of MSI status in CRC, so far it does not appear to be ready for clinical use due to insufficient methodological quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Room 601, Novum PI 6, Hiss F, Hälsovägen 7, 141 86, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Songshan Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Anrong Wang
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China ,Department of Interventional Therapy, People’s Hospital of Dianjiang County, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tian Wang
- grid.517910.bDepartment of Gastroenterology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Danyu Chen
- grid.412536.70000 0004 1791 7851Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- grid.459540.90000 0004 1791 4503Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Torkel B. Brismar
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Room 601, Novum PI 6, Hiss F, Hälsovägen 7, 141 86 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhang C, Zhan Y, Ni K, Liu Z, Xin R, Han Q, Li G, Ping H, Liu Y, Zhao X, Wang W, Yan S, Sun J, Zhang Q, Wang G, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Hu X. Effects of deficient mismatch repair on the prognosis of patients with stage II and stage III colon cancer during different postoperative periods. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1156. [DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
We evaluated the prognostic role of deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) systems in stage II and stage III colon cancer patients during different postoperative periods. We also assessed whether patients aged ≥75 could benefit from chemotherapy.
Methods
This retrospective study was conducted across three medical centers in China. Kaplan–Meier survival methods and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the differences in overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates. Propensity score matching was performed to reduce imbalances in the baseline characteristics of the patients. Landmark analysis was performed to evaluate the role of dMMR during different postoperative periods.
Results
The median follow-up time for all patients was 45.0 months (25–75 IQR: 38.0–82.5). There was no significant OS (p = 0.350) or DFS (p = 0.752) benefit associated with dMMR for stage II and III patients during the first postoperative year. However, significant OS (p < 0.001) and DFS (p < 0.001) benefits were observed from the second postoperative year until the end of follow-up. These differences remained after propensity score matching. Moreover, chemotherapy produced no OS (HR = 0.761, 95% CI: 0.43–1.34, p = 0.341) or DFS (HR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.51–1.88, p = 0.961) benefit for patients aged ≥75 years.
Conclusion
The benefits of dMMR in stage III patients were observed from the second postoperative year until the end of follow-up. However, the prognosis of patients with dMMR is not different from that of patients with proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) during the first postoperative year. In addition, elderly patients aged ≥75 years obtained no significant survival benefits from postoperative chemotherapy.
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Ma Y, Lin C, Liu S, Wei Y, Ji C, Shi F, Lin F, Zhou Z. Radiomics features based on internal and marginal areas of the tumor for the preoperative prediction of microsatellite instability status in colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1020349. [PMID: 36276101 PMCID: PMC9583004 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore whether the preoperative CT radiomics can predict the status of microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and identify the region with the most stable and high-efficiency radiomics features. Methods This retrospective study involved 230 CRC patients with preoperative computed tomography scans and available MSI status between December 2019 and October 2021. Image segmentation and radiomic feature extraction were performed as follows. First, slices with the maximum tumor area (region of interest, ROI) were manually contoured. Subsequently, each ROI was shrunk inward by 1, 2, and 3 mm, respectively, where the remaining ROIs were considered as the internal region of the tumor (named as IROI1, IROI2, and IROI3), and the shrunk regions were considered as marginal regions of the tumor (named as MROI1, MROI2, and MROI3). Finally, radiomics features were extracted from each of the ROI. The intraclass correlation coefficient and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method were used to choose the most reliable and relevant features of MSI status. Clinical, radiomics, and combined clinical radiomics models have been established. Calibration curve and decision curve analyses (DCA) were generated to explore the correction effect and assess the clinical applicability of the above models, respectively. Results In the testing cohort, the radiomics model based on IROI3 yielded the highest average area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.908, compared with the remaining radiomics models. Additionally, hypertension and N stage were considered as clinically independent factors of MSI status. The combined clinical radiomics model achieved excellent diagnostic efficacy (AUC: 0.928; sensitivity: 0.840; specificity: 0.867) in the testing cohort, as well as favorable calibration and clinical utility by calibration curve and DCA analyses. Conclusions The IROI3 model, which is based on a 3-mm shrink in the largest areas of the tumor, could noninvasively reflect the heterogeneity and genetic instability within the tumor. This suggests that it is an important biomarker for the preoperative prediction of MSI status. The model can extract more robust and effective radiomics features, which lays a foundation for the radiomics study of hollow organs, such as in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changsong Lin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Changfeng Ji
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of Research and Development, Shanghai United Imaging Intelligence Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Lin, ; Zhengyang Zhou,
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Lin, ; Zhengyang Zhou,
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9
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Qiu W, Yang J, Wang B, Yang M, Tian G, Wang P, Yang J. Evaluating the Microsatellite Instability of Colorectal Cancer Based on Multimodal Deep Learning Integrating Histopathological and Molecular Data. Front Oncol 2022; 12:925079. [PMID: 35865460 PMCID: PMC9295995 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.925079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI), an important biomarker for immunotherapy and the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome, refers to the change of microsatellite (MS) sequence length caused by insertion or deletion during DNA replication. However, traditional wet-lab experiment-based MSI detection is time-consuming and relies on experimental conditions. In addition, a comprehensive study on the associations between MSI status and various molecules like mRNA and miRNA has not been performed. In this study, we first studied the association between MSI status and several molecules including mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, DNA methylation, and copy number variation (CNV) using colorectal cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Then, we developed a novel deep learning framework to predict MSI status based solely on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining images, and combined the H&E image with the above-mentioned molecules by multimodal compact bilinear pooling. Our results showed that there were significant differences in mRNA, miRNA, and lncRNA between the high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) patient group and the low microsatellite instability or microsatellite stability (MSI-L/MSS) patient group. By using the H&E image alone, one can predict MSI status with an acceptable prediction area under the curve (AUC) of 0.809 in 5-fold cross-validation. The fusion models integrating H&E image with a single type of molecule have higher prediction accuracies than that using H&E image alone, with the highest AUC of 0.952 achieved when combining H&E image with DNA methylation data. However, prediction accuracy will decrease when combining H&E image with all types of molecular data. In conclusion, combining H&E image with deep learning can predict the MSI status of colorectal cancer, the accuracy of which can further be improved by integrating appropriate molecular data. This study may have clinical significance in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Qiu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
- Science System Department, Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jiasheng Yang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
- Science System Department, Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Science System Department, Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- Qingdao Genesis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Peizhen Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, China
- *Correspondence: Peizhen Wang, ; Jialiang Yang,
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Science System Department, Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- Qingdao Genesis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Peizhen Wang, ; Jialiang Yang,
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10
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Maderer A, Fiteni F, Tanis E, Mauer M, Schmitt T, Aust DE, Lutz MP, Roelofson F, Gog C, Weinmann A, Koehne CH, Moehler M, Thomaidis T. CXCR4 and hif-1α as prognostic molecular markers for stage 3 colon cancer patients: post hoc analysis of the randomized, multicenter phase 3 PETACC-2 trial dataset. Acta Oncol 2021; 60:1543-1547. [PMID: 34355650 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2021.1959057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annett Maderer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederic Fiteni
- Fellowship Programme Unit, EORTC Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erik Tanis
- Fellowship Programme Unit, EORTC Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Murielle Mauer
- Statistics Department, EORTC Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela E. Aust
- Molekulare/Prädiktive Diagnostik, Koordination UCC Tumor- und Normalgewebebank Institut für Pathologie, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Christiane Gog
- Klinikum der JW Goethe, Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Arndt Weinmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus H. Koehne
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg/Groningen, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Moehler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Thomaidis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Second Department of Gastroenterology, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece
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11
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Chalabi-Dchar M, Fenouil T, Machon C, Vincent A, Catez F, Marcel V, Mertani HC, Saurin JC, Bouvet P, Guitton J, Venezia ND, Diaz JJ. A novel view on an old drug, 5-fluorouracil: an unexpected RNA modifier with intriguing impact on cancer cell fate. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab032. [PMID: 34409299 PMCID: PMC8364333 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapeutic drug widely used to treat patients with solid tumours, such as colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death and half of patients experience tumour recurrence. Used for over 60 years, 5-FU was long thought to exert its cytotoxic effects by altering DNA metabolism. However, 5-FU mode of action is more complex than previously anticipated since 5-FU is an extrinsic source of RNA modifications through its ability to be incorporated into most classes of RNA. In particular, a recent report highlighted that, by its integration into the most abundant RNA, namely ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 5-FU creates fluorinated active ribosomes and induces translational reprogramming. Here, we review the historical knowledge of 5-FU mode of action and discuss progress in the field of 5-FU-induced RNA modifications. The case of rRNA, the essential component of ribosome and translational activity, and the plasticity of which was recently associated with cancer, is highlighted. We propose that translational reprogramming, induced by 5-FU integration in ribosomes, contributes to 5-FU-driven cell plasticity and ultimately to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounira Chalabi-Dchar
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Tanguy Fenouil
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Christelle Machon
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Anne Vincent
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Frédéric Catez
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Virginie Marcel
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Hichem C Mertani
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Saurin
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Philippe Bouvet
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Nicole Dalla Venezia
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Diaz
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
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12
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Pei Q, Yi X, Chen C, Pang P, Fu Y, Lei G, Chen C, Tan F, Gong G, Li Q, Zai H, Chen BT. Pre-treatment CT-based radiomics nomogram for predicting microsatellite instability status in colorectal cancer. Eur Radiol 2021; 32:714-724. [PMID: 34258636 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stratification of microsatellite instability (MSI) status in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) improves clinical decision-making for cancer treatment. The present study aimed to develop a radiomics nomogram to predict the pre-treatment MSI status in patients with CRC. METHODS A total of 762 patients with CRC confirmed by surgical pathology and MSI status determined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method were retrospectively recruited between January 2013 and May 2019. Radiomics features were extracted from routine pre-treatment abdominal pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans acquired as part of the patients' clinical care. A radiomics nomogram was constructed using multivariate logistic regression. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated using discrimination, calibration, and decision curves. RESULTS The radiomics nomogram incorporating radiomics signatures, tumor location, patient age, high-density lipoprotein expression, and platelet counts showed good discrimination between patients with non-MSI-H and MSI-H, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.74 [95% CI, 0.68-0.80] in the training cohort and 0.77 [95% CI, 0.68-0.85] in the validation cohort. Favorable clinical application was observed using decision curve analysis. The addition of pathological characteristics to the nomogram failed to show incremental prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS We developed a radiomics nomogram incorporating radiomics signatures and clinical indicators, which could potentially be used to facilitate the individualized prediction of MSI status in patients with CRC. KEY POINTS • There is an unmet need to non-invasively determine MSI status prior to treatment. However, the traditional radiological evaluation of CT is limited for evaluating MSI status. • Our non-invasive CT imaging-based radiomics method could efficiently distinguish patients with high MSI disease from those with low MSI disease. • Our radiomics approach demonstrated promising diagnostic efficiency for MSI status, similar to the commonly used IHC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Pei
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Yi
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Radiology, 331 Hospital of Zhuzhou City, Zhuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Pang
- GE Healthcare, Hangzhou, 310000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders (Xiangya Hospital), Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangwu Lei
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengbo Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Gong
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyan Zai
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bihong T Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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13
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Christenson ES, Gizzi A, Cui J, Egleston M, Seamon KJ, DePasquale M, Orris B, Park BH, Stivers JT. Inhibition of Human Uracil DNA Glycosylase Sensitizes a Large Fraction of Colorectal Cancer Cells to 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine and Raltitrexed but Not Fluorouracil. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:412-425. [PMID: 33795350 PMCID: PMC11033954 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous short-hairpin RNA knockdown studies have established that depletion of human uracil DNA glycosylase (hUNG) sensitizes some cell lines to 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdU). Here, we selectively inhibit the catalytic activity of hUNG by lentiviral transduction of uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitor protein into a large panel of cancer cell lines under control of a doxycycline-inducible promoter. This induced inhibition strategy better assesses the therapeutic potential of small-molecule targeting of hUNG. In total, 6 of 11 colorectal lines showed 6- to 70-fold increases in FdU potency upon hUNG inhibition ("responsive"). This hUNG-dependent response was not observed with fluorouracil (FU), indicating that FU does not operate through the same DNA repair mechanism as FdU in vitro. Potency of the thymidylate synthase inhibitor raltitrexed (RTX), which elevates deoxyuridine triphosphate levels, was only incrementally enhanced upon hUNG inhibition (<40%), suggesting that responsiveness is associated with incorporation and persistence of FdU in DNA rather than deoxyuridine. The importance of FU/A and FU/G lesions in the toxicity of FdU is supported by the observation that dT supplementation completely rescued the toxic effects of U/A lesions resulting from RTX, but dT only increased the IC50 for FdU, which forms both FU/A and FU/G mismatches. Contrary to previous reports, cellular responsiveness to hUNG inhibition did not correlate with p53 status or thymine DNA glycosylase expression. A model is suggested in which the persistence of FU/A and FU/G base pairs in the absence of hUNG activity elicits an apoptotic DNA damage response in both responsive and nonresponsive colorectal lines. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The pyrimidine base 5-fluorouracil is a mainstay chemotherapeutic for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Here, this study shows that its deoxynucleoside form, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdU), operates by a distinct DNA incorporation mechanism that is strongly potentiated by inhibition of the DNA repair enzyme human uracil DNA glycosylase. The hUNG-dependent mechanism was present in over 50% of colorectal cell lines tested, suggesting that a significant fraction of human cancers may be sensitized to FdU in the presence of a small-molecule hUNG inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Christenson
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (E.S.C., A.G., J.C., M.E., K.J.S., B.O., J.T.S.); Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland (M.D.); and Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee (B.H.P.)
| | - Anthony Gizzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (E.S.C., A.G., J.C., M.E., K.J.S., B.O., J.T.S.); Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland (M.D.); and Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee (B.H.P.)
| | - Junru Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (E.S.C., A.G., J.C., M.E., K.J.S., B.O., J.T.S.); Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland (M.D.); and Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee (B.H.P.)
| | - Matthew Egleston
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (E.S.C., A.G., J.C., M.E., K.J.S., B.O., J.T.S.); Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland (M.D.); and Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee (B.H.P.)
| | - Kyle J Seamon
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (E.S.C., A.G., J.C., M.E., K.J.S., B.O., J.T.S.); Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland (M.D.); and Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee (B.H.P.)
| | - Michael DePasquale
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (E.S.C., A.G., J.C., M.E., K.J.S., B.O., J.T.S.); Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland (M.D.); and Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee (B.H.P.)
| | - Benjamin Orris
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (E.S.C., A.G., J.C., M.E., K.J.S., B.O., J.T.S.); Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland (M.D.); and Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee (B.H.P.)
| | - Ben H Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (E.S.C., A.G., J.C., M.E., K.J.S., B.O., J.T.S.); Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland (M.D.); and Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee (B.H.P.)
| | - James T Stivers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (E.S.C., A.G., J.C., M.E., K.J.S., B.O., J.T.S.); Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland (M.D.); and Vanderbilt University Medical Center/Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee (B.H.P.)
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14
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de Castro E Gloria H, Jesuíno Nogueira L, Bencke Grudzinski P, da Costa Ghignatti PV, Guecheva TN, Motta Leguisamo N, Saffi J. Olaparib-mediated enhancement of 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity in mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:448. [PMID: 33888065 PMCID: PMC8063290 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The advances in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment include the identification of deficiencies in Mismatch Repair (MMR) pathway to predict the benefit of adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin for stage II CRC and immunotherapy. Defective MMR contributes to chemoresistance in CRC. A growing body of evidence supports the role of Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, such as Olaparib, in the treatment of different subsets of cancer beyond the tumors with homologous recombination deficiencies. In this work we evaluated the effect of Olaparib on 5-FU cytotoxicity in MMR-deficient and proficient CRC cells and the mechanisms involved. Methods Human colon cancer cell lines, proficient (HT29) and deficient (HCT116) in MMR, were treated with 5-FU and Olaparib. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and clonogenic assays, apoptosis induction and cell cycle progression by flow cytometry, DNA damage by comet assay. Adhesion and transwell migration assays were also performed. Results Our results showed enhancement of the 5-FU citotoxicity by Olaparib in MMR-deficient HCT116 colon cancer cells. Moreover, the combined treatment with Olaparib and 5-FU induced G2/M arrest, apoptosis and polyploidy in these cells. In MMR proficient HT29 cells, the Olaparib alone reduced clonogenic survival, induced DNA damage accumulation and decreased the adhesion and migration capacities. Conclusion Our results suggest benefits of Olaparib inclusion in CRC treatment, as combination with 5-FU for MMR deficient CRC and as monotherapy for MMR proficient CRC. Thus, combined therapy with Olaparib could be a strategy to overcome 5-FU chemotherapeutic resistance in MMR-deficient CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena de Castro E Gloria
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite st 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Jesuíno Nogueira
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/ University Foundation of Cardiology (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bencke Grudzinski
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/ University Foundation of Cardiology (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Temenouga Nikolova Guecheva
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/ University Foundation of Cardiology (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalia Motta Leguisamo
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul/ University Foundation of Cardiology (ICFUC), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite st 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Nguyen MT, Moiani D, Ahmed Z, Arvai AS, Namjoshi S, Shin DS, Fedorov Y, Selvik EJ, Jones DE, Pink J, Yan Y, Laverty DJ, Nagel ZD, Tainer JA, Gerson SL. An effective human uracil-DNA glycosylase inhibitor targets the open pre-catalytic active site conformation. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 163:143-159. [PMID: 33675849 PMCID: PMC8722130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human uracil DNA-glycosylase (UDG) is the prototypic and first identified DNA glycosylase with a vital role in removing deaminated cytosine and incorporated uracil and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from DNA. UDG depletion sensitizes cells to high APOBEC3B deaminase and to pemetrexed (PEM) and floxuridine (5-FdU), which are toxic to tumor cells through incorporation of uracil and 5-FU into DNA. To identify small-molecule UDG inhibitors for pre-clinical evaluation, we optimized biochemical screening of a selected diversity collection of >3,000 small-molecules. We found aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) as an inhibitor of purified UDG at an initial calculated IC50 < 100 nM. Subsequent enzymatic assays confirmed effective ATA inhibition but with an IC50 of 700 nM and showed direct binding to the human UDG with a KD of <700 nM. ATA displays preferential, dose-dependent binding to purified human UDG compared to human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase. ATA did not bind uracil-containing DNA at these concentrations. Yet, combined crystal structure and in silico docking results unveil ATA interactions with the DNA binding channel and uracil-binding pocket in an open, destabilized UDG conformation. Biologically relevant ATA inhibition of UDG was measured in cell lysates from human DLD1 colon cancer cells and in MCF-7 breast cancer cells using a host cell reactivation assay. Collective findings provide proof-of-principle for development of an ATA-based chemotype and “door stopper” strategy targeting inhibitor binding to a destabilized, open pre-catalytic glycosylase conformation that prevents active site closing for functional DNA binding and nucleotide flipping needed to excise altered bases in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- My T Nguyen
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biochemistry, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Davide Moiani
- Departments of Cancer Biology and of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcomb Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- Departments of Cancer Biology and of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcomb Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew S Arvai
- Integrative Structural & Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sarita Namjoshi
- Departments of Cancer Biology and of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcomb Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dave S Shin
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yuriy Fedorov
- Case Small-Molecule Screening Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44016, USA
| | - Edward J Selvik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Darin E Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - John Pink
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Daniel J Laverty
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zachary D Nagel
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John A Tainer
- Departments of Cancer Biology and of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcomb Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biochemistry, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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16
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Tomasova K, Kroupa M, Forsti A, Vodicka P, Vodickova L. Telomere maintenance in interplay with DNA repair in pathogenesis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:261-271. [PMID: 32083302 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be one of the leading malignancies and causes of tumour-related deaths worldwide. Both impaired DNA repair mechanisms and disrupted telomere length homeostasis represent key culprits in CRC initiation, progression and prognosis. Mechanistically, altered DNA repair results in the accumulation of mutations in the genome and, ultimately, in genomic instability. DNA repair also determines the response to chemotherapeutics in CRC treatment, suggesting its utilisation in the prediction of therapy response and individual approach to patients. Telomere attrition resulting in replicative senescence, simultaneously by-passing cell cycle checkpoints, is a hallmark of malignant transformation of the cell. Telomerase is almost ubiquitous in advanced solid cancers, including CRC, and its expression is fundamental to cell immortalisation. Therefore, there is a persistent effort to develop therapeutics, which are telomerase-specific and gentle to non-malignant tissues. However, in practice, we are still at the level of clinical trials. The current state of knowledge and the route, which the research takes, gives us a positive perspective that the problem of molecular models of telomerase activation and telomere length stabilisation will finally be solved. We summarise the current literature herein, by pointing out the crosstalk between proteins involved in DNA repair and telomere length homeostasis in relation to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Tomasova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Praha, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Alej Svobody, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kroupa
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Praha, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Alej Svobody, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Forsti
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Praha, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Alej Svobody, Plzeň, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská, Praha, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Alej Svobody, Plzeň, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov, Praha, Czech Republic
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17
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Hu H, Wu Z, Wang C, Huang Y, Zhang J, Cai Y, Xie X, Li J, Shen C, Li W, Ling J, Xu X, Deng Y. Duration of FOLFOX Adjuvant Chemotherapy in High-Risk Stage II and Stage III Colon Cancer With Deficient Mismatch Repair. Front Oncol 2020; 10:579478. [PMID: 33344234 PMCID: PMC7747753 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.579478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We evaluated the impact of 3 months of mFOLFOX6 adjuvant chemotherapy or surgery alone in comparison with 6 months of mFOLFOX6 on disease-free survival (DFS) in deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) colon cancer (CC) patients. Methods This retrospective study identified a cohort of patients with high-risk stage II and III dMMR CC who underwent curative surgery between May 2011 and July 2019. DFS was compared using the Kaplan-Meier survival methods and Cox proportional hazards models. Propensity-score matching was performed to reduce imbalance in baseline characteristics. Results A total of 242 dMMR CC patients were identified; 66 patients received 6 months of mFOLFOX6, 87 patients received 3 months of mFOLFOX6, and 89 patients were treated with surgery alone. The 3-year DFS rate was 72.8% in 3-month therapy group and 86.1% in 6-month therapy group, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.78 (95CI%, 1.18 to 6.47; P= 0.019). The difference in DFS between surgery alone group and 6-month therapy group was also observed but was nonsignificant (HR= 2.30, 95%CI, 0.99 to 5.38; P=0.054). The benefit of 6-month therapy in DFS compared with 3-month therapy group was pronounced for patients with stage III (HR=2.81, 95%CI, 1.03 to 7.67; P=0.044) but not for high-risk stage II patients. Propensity score matched analysis confirmed a DFS benefit in the 6-month therapy group. Conclusion This study suggested that a 6-month duration of mFOLFOX6 adjuvant chemotherapy in dMMR CC patients may be associated with improved DFS compared with 3-month therapy, particularly in patients with stage III. The observational nature of the study implies caution should be taken in the interpretation of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxia Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cailu Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Ling
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuehu Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Elsakrmy N, Zhang-Akiyama QM, Ramotar D. The Base Excision Repair Pathway in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598860. [PMID: 33344454 PMCID: PMC7744777 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous and endogenous damage to the DNA is inevitable. Several DNA repair pathways including base excision, nucleotide excision, mismatch, homologous and non-homologous recombinations are conserved across all organisms to faithfully maintain the integrity of the genome. The base excision repair (BER) pathway functions to repair single-base DNA lesions and during the process creates the premutagenic apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites. In this review, we discuss the components of the BER pathway in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and delineate the different phenotypes caused by the deletion or the knockdown of the respective DNA repair gene, as well as the implications. To date, two DNA glycosylases have been identified in C. elegans, the monofunctional uracil DNA glycosylase-1 (UNG-1) and the bifunctional endonuclease III-1 (NTH-1) with associated AP lyase activity. In addition, the animal possesses two AP endonucleases belonging to the exonuclease-3 and endonuclease IV families and in C. elegans these enzymes are called EXO-3 and APN-1, respectively. In mammalian cells, the DNA polymerase, Pol beta, that is required to reinsert the correct bases for DNA repair synthesis is not found in the genome of C. elegans and the evidence indicates that this role could be substituted by DNA polymerase theta (POLQ), which is known to perform a function in the microhomology-mediated end-joining pathway in human cells. The phenotypes observed by the C. elegans mutant strains of the BER pathway raised many challenging questions including the possibility that the DNA glycosylases may have broader functional roles, as discuss in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Elsakrmy
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar
| | - Qiu-Mei Zhang-Akiyama
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dindial Ramotar
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar
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19
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Ito SS, Nakagawa Y, Matsubayashi M, Sakaguchi YM, Kobashigawa S, Matsui TK, Nanaura H, Nakanishi M, Kitayoshi F, Kikuchi S, Kajihara A, Tamaki S, Sugie K, Kashino G, Takahashi A, Hasegawa M, Mori E, Kirita T. Inhibition of the ATR kinase enhances 5-FU sensitivity independently of nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination repair pathways. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12946-12961. [PMID: 32675286 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is cytotoxic and often used to treat various cancers. 5-FU is thought to inhibit the enzyme thymidylate synthase, which plays a role in nucleotide synthesis and has been found to induce single- and double-strand DNA breaks. ATR Ser/Thr kinase (ATR) is a principal kinase in the DNA damage response and is activated in response to UV- and chemotherapeutic drug-induced DNA replication stress, but its role in cellular responses to 5-FU is unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of ATR inhibition on 5-FU sensitivity of mammalian cells. Using immunoblotting, we found that 5-FU treatment dose-dependently induced the phosphorylation of ATR at the autophosphorylation site Thr-1989 and thereby activated its kinase. Administration of 5-FU with a specific ATR inhibitor remarkably decreased cell survival, compared with 5-FU treatment combined with other major DNA repair kinase inhibitors. Of note, the ATR inhibition enhanced induction of DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis in 5-FU-treated cells. Using gene expression analysis, we found that 5-FU induced the activation of the intra-S cell-cycle checkpoint. Cells lacking BRCA2 were sensitive to 5-FU in the presence of ATR inhibitor. Moreover, ATR inhibition enhanced the efficacy of the 5-FU treatment, independently of the nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination repair pathways. These findings suggest that ATR could be a potential therapeutic target in 5-FU-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro S Ito
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masaya Matsubayashi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko M Sakaguchi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Shinko Kobashigawa
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Takeshi K Matsui
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan; Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hitoki Nanaura
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan; Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Mari Nakanishi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Fumika Kitayoshi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Sotaro Kikuchi
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Atsuhisa Kajihara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Tamaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugie
- Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Genro Kashino
- Radioisotope Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Masatoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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20
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3D Printed Laminated CaCO 3-Nanocellulose Films as Controlled-Release 5-Fluorouracil. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040986. [PMID: 32340327 PMCID: PMC7240736 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery constitutes the formulations, technologies, and systems for the transport of pharmaceutical compounds to specific areas in the body to exert safe therapeutic effects. The main criteria for selecting the correct medium for drug delivery are the quantity of the drug being carried and the amount of time required to release the drug. Hence, this research aimed to improve the aforementioned criteria by synthesizing a medium based on calcium carbonate-nanocellulose composite and evaluating its efficiency as a medium for drug delivery. Specifically, the efficiency was assessed in terms of the rates of uptake and release of 5-fluorouracil. Through the evaluation of the morphological and chemical properties of the synthesized composite, the established 3D printing profiles of nanocellulose and CaCO3 took place following the layer-by-layer films. The 3D printed double laminated CaCO3-nanocellulose managed to release the 5-fluorouracil as an effective single composition and in a time-controlled manner.
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21
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Vodicka P, Vodenkova S, Buchler T, Vodickova L. DNA repair capacity and response to treatment of colon cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:1225-1233. [PMID: 31691643 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair, a complex biological process, ensures genomic integrity. Alterations in DNA repair, occurring in many cancers, contribute to the accumulation of mutations in the genome, resulting in genomic instability and cancer progression. DNA repair also plays a substantial role in response to chemotherapeutics: rapidly dividing colon cancer cells, vulnerable to DNA-damaging agents and overcoming DNA repair, undergo cell death. DNA repair capacity represents a complex biomarker, integrating gene variants, gene expressions, the stability of gene products, the effect of inhibitors/stimulators, lifestyle and environmental factors. Here, we discuss DNA repair capacity in sporadic colon cancer, a frequent malignancy worldwide, in relation to tumor heterogeneity, prognosis and prediction, measurements in surrogate and target tissues and suggest important tasks to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology & Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Vodenkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology & Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 2411/87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University & Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biology & Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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22
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Rao S, Peri S, Hoffmann J, Cai KQ, Harris B, Rhodes M, Connolly DC, Testa JR, Wiest DL. RPL22L1 induction in colorectal cancer is associated with poor prognosis and 5-FU resistance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222392. [PMID: 31581233 PMCID: PMC6776433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that loss of the tumor suppressive activity of ribosomal protein (RP) RPL22 predisposes to development of leukemia in mouse models and aggressive disease in human patients; however, the role of RPL22 in solid tumors, specifically colorectal cancer (CRC), had not been explored. We report here that RPL22 is either deleted or mutated in 36% of CRC and provide new insights into its mechanism of action. Indeed, Rpl22 inactivation causes the induction of its highly homologous paralog, RPL22L1, which serves as a driver of cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in CRC cells. Moreover, RPL22L1 protein is highly expressed in patient CRC samples and correlates with poor survival. Interestingly, the association of high RPL22L1 expression with poor prognosis appears to be linked to resistance to 5-Fluorouracil, which is a core component of most CRC therapeutic regimens. Indeed, in an avatar trial, we found that human CRC samples that were unresponsive to 5-Fluorouracil in patient-derived xenografts exhibited elevated expression levels of RPL22L1. This link between RPL22L1 induction and 5-Fluorouracil resistance appears to be causal, because ectopic expression or knockdown of RPL22L1 in cell lines increases and decreases 5-Fluorouracil resistance, respectively, and this is associated with changes in expression of the DNA-repair genes, MGMT and MLH1. In summary, our data suggest that RPL22L1 might be a prognostic marker in CRC and predict 5-FU responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Rao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Surgery, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DW); (SR)
| | - Suraj Peri
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jens Hoffmann
- Experimental Pharmacology & Oncology Berlin-Buch GMBH, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Kathy Q. Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Bryan Harris
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michele Rhodes
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Denise C. Connolly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - David L. Wiest
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DW); (SR)
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23
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Song H, Zeng J, Roychoudhury S, Biswas P, Mohapatra B, Ray S, Dowlatshahi K, Wang J, Band V, Talmon G, Bhakat KK. Targeting Histone Chaperone FACT Complex Overcomes 5-Fluorouracil Resistance in Colon Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:258-269. [PMID: 31575655 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorouracil (5-FU) remains a first-line chemotherapeutic agent for colorectal cancer. However, a subset of colorectal cancer patients who have defective mismatch-repair (dMMR) pathway show resistance to 5-FU. Here, we demonstrate that the efficacy of 5-FU in dMMR colorectal cancer cells is largely dependent on the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. Downregulation of APE1, a key enzyme in the BER pathway, decreases IC50 of 5-FU in dMMR colorectal cancer cells by 10-fold. Furthermore, we discover that the facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) complex facilitates 5-FU repair in DNA via promoting the recruitment and acetylation of APE1 (AcAPE1) to damage sites in chromatin. Downregulation of FACT affects 5-FU damage repair in DNA and sensitizes dMMR colorectal cancer cells to 5-FU. Targeting the FACT complex with curaxins, a class of small molecules, significantly improves the 5-FU efficacy in dMMR colorectal cancer in vitro (∼50-fold decrease in IC50) and in vivo xenograft models. We show that primary tumor tissues of colorectal cancer patients have higher FACT and AcAPE1 levels compared with adjacent nontumor tissues. Additionally, there is a strong clinical correlation of FACT and AcAPE1 levels with colorectal cancer patients' response to chemotherapy. Together, our study demonstrates that targeting FACT with curaxins is a promising strategy to overcome 5-FU resistance in dMMR colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Song
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jiping Zeng
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shrabasti Roychoudhury
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Pranjal Biswas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Bhopal Mohapatra
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Sutapa Ray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kayvon Dowlatshahi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jing Wang
- Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Vimla Band
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Geoffrey Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kishor K Bhakat
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska. .,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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24
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Evaluation of a Fully Automated Idylla Test System for Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2019; 18:e316-e323. [PMID: 31375292 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a phenotype commonly observed in colorectal cancer, and is caused by a deficient mismatch repair system. Determining MSI status greatly aids tumor prognosis and treatment plans in colorectal cancer, and plays a critical role in recent United States Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapies. As recognition of its importance grows, MSI has been identified in more types of cancers, underscoring the importance of accurate assays for determining MSI status in tumor cells. Currently, tumor MSI status is detected via polymerase chain reaction-based methods or immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we tested a new, fully automated MSI detection system (Idylla MSI detection kit) released by Biocartis. We evaluated 42 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues, which were clinically tested for MSI status using the polymerase chain reaction or immunohistochemistry method, with the Idylla MSI detection system. RESULTS The Idylla MSI detection system showed an overall 97.62% concordance rate with previously used methods. Moreover, this fully automated system requires less than 5 minutes "hands on" preparation time and 150 minutes total run time per sample. CONCLUSION The Biocartis Idylla MSI kit proves a powerful tool to accurately detect MSI status in tumor cells in a rapid and almost labor-free manner.
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25
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Gupta D, Heinen CD. The mismatch repair-dependent DNA damage response: Mechanisms and implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:60-69. [PMID: 30959407 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An important role for the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway in maintaining genomic stability is embodied in its conservation through evolution and the link between loss of MMR function and tumorigenesis. The latter is evident as inheritance of mutations within the major MMR genes give rise to the cancer predisposition condition, Lynch syndrome. Nonetheless, how MMR loss contributes to tumorigenesis is not completely understood. In addition to preventing the accumulation of mutations, MMR also directs cellular responses, such as cell cycle checkpoint or apoptosis activation, to different forms of DNA damage. Understanding this MMR-dependent DNA damage response may provide insight into the full tumor suppressing capabilities of the MMR pathway. Here, we delve into the proposed mechanisms for the MMR-dependent response to DNA damaging agents. We discuss how these pre-clinical findings extend to the clinical treatment of cancers, emphasizing MMR status as a crucial variable in selection of chemotherapeutic regimens. Also, we discuss how loss of the MMR-dependent damage response could promote tumorigenesis via the establishment of a survival advantage to endogenous levels of stress in MMR-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Gupta
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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26
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Yang J, Huang Y, Feng Y, Li H, Feng T, Chen J, Yin L, Wang W, Wang S, Liu Y, Song Y, Li Y, Jin J, Tan W, Lin D. Associations of Genetic Variations in Mismatch Repair Genes MSH3 and PMS1 with Acute Adverse Events and Survival in Patients with Rectal Cancer Receiving Postoperative Chemoradiotherapy. Cancer Res Treat 2018; 51:1198-1206. [PMID: 30590005 PMCID: PMC6639227 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2018.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency plays a critical role in rectal cancer. This study aimed to explore the associations between genetic variations in seven MMR genes and adverse events (AEs) and survival of patients with rectal cancer treated with postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Materials and Methods Fifty single nucleotide polymorphisms in seven MMR (MLH1, MLH3, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, PMS1 and PMS2) genes were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY method in 365 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer receiving postoperative CRT. The associations between genotypes and AEs were measured by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by unconditional logistic regression model. The associations between genetic variations and survival were computed by the hazard ratios and 95% CIs by Cox proportional regression model. Results The most common grade ≥ 2 AEs in those 365 patients, in decreasing order, were diarrhea (44.1%), leukopenia (29.6%), and dermatitis (18.9%). Except 38 cases missing, 61 patients (18.7%) died during the follow-up period. We found MSH3 rs12513549, rs33013 and rs6151627 significantly associated with the risk of grade ≥ 2 diarrhea. PMS1 rs1233255 had an impact on the occurrence of grade ≥2 dermatitis. Meanwhile, PMS1 rs4920657, rs5743030, and rs5743100 were associated with overall survival (OS) time of rectal cancer. Conclusion These results suggest that MSH3 and PMS1 polymorphisms may play important roles in AEs prediction and prognosis of rectal cancer patients receiving postoperative CRT, which can be potential genetic biomarkers for rectal cancer personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanru Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinna Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Luxi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weihu Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shulian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yueping Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongwen Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yexiong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Beijing Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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27
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Vodenkova S, Jiraskova K, Urbanova M, Kroupa M, Slyskova J, Schneiderova M, Levy M, Buchler T, Liska V, Vodickova L, Vymetalkova V, Collins A, Opattova A, Vodicka P. Base excision repair capacity as a determinant of prognosis and therapy response in colon cancer patients. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 72:77-85. [PMID: 30314738 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-damaging agent 5-fluorouracil represents the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drug for colorectal cancer patients. DNA lesions associated with 5-fluorouracil therapy are primarily repaired by base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR) pathways. Published evidence suggests that the individual DNA repair capacity (DRC) may affect a patient's prognosis and response to chemotherapy. With this in mind, we designed a prospective study of which the main aim was to investigate BER-DRC in relation to 5-fluorouracil response as potential predictive and/or prognostic biomarker. BER-DRC was supplemented by a microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis which represents an indirect marker of MMR activity in the tumor. All parameters were measured in paired samples of tumor tissue and non-malignant adjacent mucosa of 123 incident colon cancer patients. Our results indicate that BER-DRC in non-malignant adjacent mucosa was positively associated with overall survival (P = 0.007) and relapse-free survival (P = 0.04). Additionally, in multivariate analysis, good therapy responders in TNM stage II and III with an elevated BER-DRC in mucosa exhibited better overall survival. Moreover, the overall survival of these patients was even better in the presence of a decreased BER-DRC in tumor tissue. The ratio of BER-DRC in tumor tissue over BER-DRC in mucosa positively correlated with advanced tumor stage (P = 0.003). With respect to MSI, we observed that MSI-high tumors were mostly localized in proximal colon; however, in our cohort, the MSI status affected neither patients' prognosis nor survival. In summary, the results of the present study suggest that the level of BER-DRC is associated with patients' survival. BER-DRC represents a potential prognostic biomarker, applicable for prediction of therapy response and useful for individual approach to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Vodenkova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 2411/87, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Jiraskova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Urbanova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kroupa
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Slyskova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Schneiderova
- Department of Surgery, General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 499/2, 128 08, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Levy
- Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Thomayerova 815/5, 140 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Videnska 800, 140 59, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Liska
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 80, 304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alena Opattova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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28
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Tsesmetzis N, Paulin CBJ, Rudd SG, Herold N. Nucleobase and Nucleoside Analogues: Resistance and Re-Sensitisation at the Level of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070240. [PMID: 30041457 PMCID: PMC6071274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimetabolites, in particular nucleobase and nucleoside analogues, are cytotoxic drugs that, starting from the small field of paediatric oncology, in combination with other chemotherapeutics, have revolutionised clinical oncology and transformed cancer into a curable disease. However, even though combination chemotherapy, together with radiation, surgery and immunotherapy, can nowadays cure almost all types of cancer, we still fail to achieve this for a substantial proportion of patients. The understanding of differences in metabolism, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tumour biology between patients that can be cured and patients that cannot, builds the scientific basis for rational therapy improvements. Here, we summarise current knowledge of how tumour-specific and patient-specific factors can dictate resistance to nucleobase/nucleoside analogues, and which strategies of re-sensitisation exist. We revisit well-established hurdles to treatment efficacy, like the blood-brain barrier and reduced deoxycytidine kinase activity, but will also discuss the role of novel resistance factors, such as SAMHD1. A comprehensive appreciation of the complex mechanisms that underpin the failure of chemotherapy will hopefully inform future strategies of personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsesmetzis
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cynthia B J Paulin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sean G Rudd
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nikolas Herold
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Paediatric Oncology, Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Mismatch repair status as a beneficial predictor of fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Surgery 2018; 163:1080-1089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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30
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Chang SY, Kuo CC, Wu CC, Hsiao CW, Hu JM, Hsu CH, Chou YC, Shih YL, Lin YW. NKX6.1 hypermethylation predicts the outcome of stage II colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 57:268-277. [PMID: 29363224 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy worldwide. CRC patients in the same stage often present with dramatically different clinical scenarios. Thus, robust prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed to guide therapies and improve treatment outcomes. The NKX6.1 gene has been identified as a hypermethylation marker in cervical cancer, functioning as a metastasis suppressor by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Here, we investigated whether hypermethylation of NKX6.1 might be a prognostic biomarker for CRC. By analyzing the methylation and expression of NKX6.1 in CRC tissues and CRC cell lines. We quantitatively examined the NKX6.1 methylation levels in 151 pairs of CRC tissues by using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction analysis and found that NKX6.1 was hypermethylated in 35 of 151 CRC tissues (23%). NKX6.1 gene expression was inversely correlated with the DNA methylation level in CRC cell lines in vitro. Then, we analyzed the association of NKX6.1 methylation with clinical characteristics of these CRC patients. Our data demonstrated that patients with NKX6.1 methylation presented poorer 5-year overall survival (P = 0.0167) and disease-free survival (P = 0.0083) than patients without NKX6.1 methylation after receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Most importantly, these data revealed that stage II CRC patients with NKX6.1 methylation had poorer 5-year disease-free survival (P = 0.0322) than patients without NKX6.1 methylation after adjuvant chemotherapy. Our results demonstrate that methylation of NKX6.1 is a novel prognostic biomarker in CRC and that it may be used as a predictor of the response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Chi Kuo
- Teaching and Research Office, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Chieh Wu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wen Hsiao
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Je-Ming Hu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hsiung Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lueng Shih
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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31
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Olinski R, Gackowski D, Cooke MS. Endogenously generated DNA nucleobase modifications source, and significance as possible biomarkers of malignant transformation risk, and role in anticancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1869:29-41. [PMID: 29128527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The DNA of all living cells undergoes continuous structural and chemical alteration, which may be derived from exogenous sources, or endogenous, metabolic pathways, such as cellular respiration, replication and DNA demethylation. It has been estimated that approximately 70,000 DNA lesions may be generated per day in a single cell, and this has been linked to a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. However, it is puzzling why potentially mutagenic DNA modifications, occurring at a similar level in different organs/tissue, may lead to organ/tissue specific cancers, or indeed non-malignant disease - what is the basis for this differential response? We suggest that it is perhaps the precise location of damage, within the genome, that is a key factor. Finally, we draw attention to the requirement for reliable methods for identification and quantification of DNA adducts/modifications, and stress the need for these assays to be fully validated. Once these prerequisites are satisfied, measurement of DNA modifications may be helpful as a clinical parameter for treatment monitoring, risk group identification and development of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Olinski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85-095 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Daniel Gackowski
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karlowicza 24, 85-095 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, AHC5 355 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, United States
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32
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. CRC develops as a consequence of genomic instability, characterized by various genetic and epigenetic alterations. Its molecular heterogeneity explains the large variability in patient prognosis and treatment response, emphasizing the need for development of accurate prognostic and predictive biomarkers. This article delineates the different pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis and its molecular subtype classification. With this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current and future biomarkers guiding clinical decision-making and CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Cuyle
- Department of Gastroenterology/Digestive Oncology, Imelda General Hospital, Bonheiden, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology/Digestive Oncology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- Department of Gastroenterology/Digestive Oncology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Melvin RL, Thompson WG, Godwin RC, Gmeiner WH, Salsbury FR. MutS α's Multi-Domain Allosteric Response to Three DNA Damage Types Revealed by Machine Learning. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2017; 5:10. [PMID: 31938712 PMCID: PMC6959842 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2017.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MutSα is a key component in the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. This protein is responsible for initiating the signaling pathways for DNA repair or cell death. Herein we investigate this heterodimer's post-recognition, post-binding response to three types of DNA damage involving cytotoxic, anti-cancer agents-carboplatin, cisplatin, and FdU. Through a combination of supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques along with more traditional structural and kinetic analysis applied to all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, we predict that MutSα has a distinct response to each of the three damage types. Via a binary classification tree (a supervised machine learning technique), we identify key hydrogen bond motifs unique to each type of damage and suggest residues for experimental mutation studies. Through a combination of a recently developed clustering (unsupervised learning) algorithm, RMSF calculations, PCA, and correlated motions we predict that each type of damage causes MutSα to explore a specific region of conformation space. Detailed analysis suggests a short range effect for carboplatin-primarily altering the structures and kinetics of residues within 10 angstroms of the damaged DNA-and distinct longer-range effects for cisplatin and FdU. In our simulations, we also observe that a key phenylalanine residue-known to stack with a mismatched or unmatched bases in MMR-stacks with the base complementary to the damaged base in 88.61% of MD frames containing carboplatinated DNA. Similarly, this Phe71 stacks with the base complementary to damage in 91.73% of frames with cisplatinated DNA. This residue, however, stacks with the damaged base itself in 62.18% of trajectory frames with FdU-substituted DNA and has no stacking interaction at all in 30.72% of these frames. Each drug investigated here induces a unique perturbation in the MutSα complex, indicating the possibility of a distinct signaling event and specific repair or death pathway (or set of pathways) for a given type of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Melvin
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William G. Thompson
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ryan C. Godwin
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - William H. Gmeiner
- Gmeiner Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Freddie R. Salsbury
- Salsbury Group, Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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34
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Copija A, Waniczek D, Witkoś A, Walkiewicz K, Nowakowska-Zajdel E. Clinical Significance and Prognostic Relevance of Microsatellite Instability in Sporadic Colorectal Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010107. [PMID: 28067827 PMCID: PMC5297741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a marker of the replication error phenotype. It is caused by impaired DNA mismatch repair processes (MMR), resulting in ineffectiveness of the mechanisms responsible for the DNA replication precision and postreplicative DNA repair. MSI underlies the pathogenesis of 10%-20% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases. The data about the potential value of MMR status as a predictive factor for 5-fluorouracil (FU)-based chemotherapy remain unclear. According to National Comprehensive Cancer Network updated guidelines, MSI testing is recommended for all patients with stage II CRC because patients with MSI-H (high-frequency MSI) tumour may have a good prognosis and obtain no benefit from 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy. The significance of the MSI status as a predictive factor for patients with metastatic disease was not confirmed. The association between the MSI status and the efficacy of the therapy based on anti-programmed death-1 receptor inhibitors requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Copija
- Department of Nutrition Related Disease Prevention, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Regional Specialised Hospital No. 4 in Bytom, 41-900 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Waniczek
- Department of Propaedeutics Surgery, Chair of General, Colorectal and Polytrauma Surgery, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Witkoś
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Regional Specialised Hospital No. 4 in Bytom, 41-900 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Walkiewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
| | - Ewa Nowakowska-Zajdel
- Department of Nutrition Related Disease Prevention, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia, 41-902 Bytom, Poland.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Regional Specialised Hospital No. 4 in Bytom, 41-900 Bytom, Poland.
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35
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Gelsomino F, Barbolini M, Spallanzani A, Pugliese G, Cascinu S. The evolving role of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer: A review. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 51:19-26. [PMID: 27838401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a molecular marker of a deficient mismatch repair (MMR) system and occurs in approximately 15% of colorectal cancers (CRCs), more frequently in early than late-stage of disease. While in sporadic cases (about two-thirds of MSI-H CRCs) MMR deficiency is caused by an epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 gene, the remainder are associated with Lynch syndrome, that is linked to a germ-line mutation of one of the MMR genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2). MSI-H colorectal cancers have distinct clinical and pathological features such as proximal location, early-stage (predominantly stage II), poor differentiation, mucinous histology and association with BRAF mutations. In early-stage CRC, MSI can select a group of tumors with a better prognosis, while in metastatic disease it seems to confer a negative prognosis. Although with conflicting results, a large amount of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests a possible resistance to 5-FU in these tumors. The higher mutational load in MSI-H CRC can elicit an endogenous immune anti-tumor response, counterbalanced by the expression of immune inhibitory signals, such as PD-1 or PD-L1, that resist tumor elimination. Based on these considerations, MSI-H CRCs seem to be particularly responsive to immunotherapy, such as anti-PD-1, opening a new era in the treatment landscape for patients with metastatic CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gelsomino
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Monica Barbolini
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Spallanzani
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
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36
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Kawakami H, Zaanan A, Sinicrope FA. Microsatellite instability testing and its role in the management of colorectal cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2016; 16:30. [PMID: 26031544 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-015-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Opinion statement: TNM stage remains the key determinant of patient prognosis after surgical resection of colorectal cancer (CRC), and informs treatment decisions. However, there is considerable stage-independent variability in clinical outcome that is likely due to molecular heterogeneity. This variability underscores the need for robust prognostic and predictive biomarkers to guide therapeutic decision-making including the use of adjuvant chemotherapy. Although the majority of CRCs develop via a chromosomal instability pathway, approximately 12-15 % have deficient DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) which is characterized in the tumor by microsatellite instability (MSI). Tumors with the dMMR/MSI develop from a germline mutation in an MMR gene (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2), i.e., Lynch syndrome, or more commonly from epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 MMR gene. CRCs with dMMR/MSI status have a distinct phenotype that includes predilection for the proximal colon, poor differentiation, and abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Consistent data indicate that these tumors have a better stage-adjusted survival compared to proficient MMR or microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors and may respond differently to 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy. To increase the identification of dMMR/MSI patients in clinical practice that includes those with Lynch syndrome, it is recommended that all resected CRCs to be analyzed for MMR status. Available data indicate that patients with stage II dMMR CRCs have an excellent prognosis and do not benefit from 5-fluorouracil (FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy which supports their recommended management by surgery alone. In contrast, the benefit of standard adjuvant chemotherapy with the FOLFOX regiment in stage III dMMR CRC patients awaits further study and therefore, all patients should be treated with standard adjuvant FOLFOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kawakami
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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37
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Suzuki S, Iwaizumi M, Tseng-Rogenski S, Hamaya Y, Miyajima H, Kanaoka S, Sugimoto K, Carethers JM. Production of truncated MBD4 protein by frameshift mutation in DNA mismatch repair-deficient cells enhances 5-fluorouracil sensitivity that is independent of hMLH1 status. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:760-8. [PMID: 27115207 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1178430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 4 (MBD4) is a DNA glycosylase that can remove 5-fluorodeoxyuracil from DNA as well as repair T:G or U:G mismatches. MBD4 is a target for frameshift mutation with DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, creating a truncated MBD4 protein (TruMBD4) that lacks its glycosylase domain. Here we show that TruMBD4 plays an important role for enhancing 5-fluorouracil (5FU) sensitivity in MMR-deficient colorectal cancer cells. We found biochemically that TruMBD4 binds to 5FU incorporated into DNA with higher affinity than MBD4. TruMBD4 reduced the 5FU affinity of the MMR recognition complexes that determined 5FU sensitivity by previous reports, suggesting other mechanisms might be operative to trigger cytotoxicity. To analyze overall 5FU sensitivity with TruMBD4, we established TruMBD4 overexpression in hMLH1-proficient or -deficient colorectal cancer cells followed by treatment with 5FU. 5FU-treated TruMBD4 cells demonstrated diminished growth characteristics compared to controls, independently of hMLH1 status. Flow cytometry revealed more 5FU-treated TruMBD4 cells in S phase than controls. We conclude that patients with MMR-deficient cancers, which show characteristic resistance to 5FU therapy, may be increased for 5FU sensitivity via secondary frameshift mutation of the base excision repair gene MBD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Suzuki
- a First Department of Medicine , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Moriya Iwaizumi
- a First Department of Medicine , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka , Japan.,b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MA , USA
| | - Stephanie Tseng-Rogenski
- b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MA , USA
| | - Yasushi Hamaya
- a First Department of Medicine , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka , Japan.,b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MA , USA
| | - Hiroaki Miyajima
- a First Department of Medicine , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Shigeru Kanaoka
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Hamamatsu Medical Center , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- a First Department of Medicine , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - John M Carethers
- b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MA , USA
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Grin I, Ishchenko AA. An interplay of the base excision repair and mismatch repair pathways in active DNA demethylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3713-27. [PMID: 26843430 PMCID: PMC4856981 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Active DNA demethylation (ADDM) in mammals occurs via hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) by TET and/or deamination by AID/APOBEC family enzymes. The resulting 5mC derivatives are removed through the base excision repair (BER) pathway. At present, it is unclear how the cell manages to eliminate closely spaced 5mC residues whilst avoiding generation of toxic BER intermediates and whether alternative DNA repair pathways participate in ADDM. It has been shown that non-canonical DNA mismatch repair (ncMMR) can remove both alkylated and oxidized nucleotides from DNA. Here, a phagemid DNA containing oxidative base lesions and methylated sites are used to examine the involvement of various DNA repair pathways in ADDM in murine and human cell-free extracts. We demonstrate that, in addition to short-patch BER, 5-hydroxymethyluracil and uracil mispaired with guanine can be processed by ncMMR and long-patch BER with concomitant removal of distant 5mC residues. Furthermore, the presence of multiple mispairs in the same MMR nick/mismatch recognition region together with BER-mediated nick formation promotes proficient ncMMR resulting in the reactivation of an epigenetically silenced reporter gene in murine cells. These findings suggest cooperation between BER and ncMMR in the removal of multiple mismatches that might occur in mammalian cells during ADDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Grin
- Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse» CNRS, UMR 8200, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif, France Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, F-94805 Villejuif, France SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexander A Ishchenko
- Laboratoire «Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse» CNRS, UMR 8200, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-94805 Villejuif, France Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, F-94805 Villejuif, France
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Li Z, Pearlman AH, Hsieh P. DNA mismatch repair and the DNA damage response. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 38:94-101. [PMID: 26704428 PMCID: PMC4740233 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the role of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) in the DNA damage response (DDR) that triggers cell cycle arrest and, in some cases, apoptosis. Although the focus is on findings from mammalian cells, much has been learned from studies in other organisms including bacteria and yeast [1,2]. MMR promotes a DDR mediated by a key signaling kinase, ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), in response to various types of DNA damage including some encountered in widely used chemotherapy regimes. An introduction to the DDR mediated by ATR reveals its immense complexity and highlights the many biological and mechanistic questions that remain. Recent findings and future directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongdao Li
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA
| | - Alexander H Pearlman
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA
| | - Peggy Hsieh
- Genetics & Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 5 Rm. 324, 5 Memorial Dr. MSC 0538, Bethesda, MD 20892-0538, USA.
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40
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Bregenhorn S, Kallenberger L, Artola-Borán M, Peña-Diaz J, Jiricny J. Non-canonical uracil processing in DNA gives rise to double-strand breaks and deletions: relevance to class switch recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:2691-705. [PMID: 26743004 PMCID: PMC4824095 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During class switch recombination (CSR), antigen-stimulated B-cells rearrange their immunoglobulin constant heavy chain (CH) loci to generate antibodies with different effector functions. CSR is initiated by activation-induced deaminase (AID), which converts cytosines in switch (S) regions, repetitive sequences flanking the CH loci, to uracils. Although U/G mispairs arising in this way are generally efficiently repaired to C/Gs by uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG)-initiated base excision repair (BER), uracil processing in S-regions of activated B-cells occasionally gives rise to double strand breaks (DSBs), which trigger CSR. Surprisingly, genetic experiments revealed that CSR is dependent not only on AID and UNG, but also on mismatch repair (MMR). To elucidate the role of MMR in CSR, we studied the processing of uracil-containing DNA substrates in extracts of MMR-proficient and –deficient human cells, as well as in a system reconstituted from recombinant BER and MMR proteins. Here, we show that the interplay of these repair systems gives rise to DSBs in vitro and to genomic deletions and mutations in vivo, particularly in an S-region sequence. Our findings further suggest that MMR affects pathway choice in DSB repair. Given its amenability to manipulation, our system represents a powerful tool for the molecular dissection of CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bregenhorn
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lia Kallenberger
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariela Artola-Borán
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Peña-Diaz
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Josef Jiricny
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kawakami H, Zaanan A, Sinicrope FA. Implications of mismatch repair-deficient status on management of early stage colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 6:676-84. [PMID: 26697201 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For primary colorectal cancers (CRCs), tumor stage has been the best predictor of survival after resection and the key determinant of patient management. However, considerable stage-independent variability in clinical outcome is observed that is likely due to molecular heterogeneity. This is particularly important in early stage CRCs where patients can be cured by surgery alone and only a proportion derives benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Thus, the identification of molecular prognostic markers to supplement conventional pathologic staging systems has the potential to guide patient management and influence outcomes. CRC is a heterogeneous disease with molecular phenotypes reflecting distinct forms of genetic instability. The chromosomal instability pathway (CIN) is the most common phenotype, accounting for 85% of all sporadic CRCs. Alternatively, the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype represents ~15% of all CRCs and is caused by deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR) as a consequence of germline mutations in MMR genes or, more commonly, epigenetic silencing of the MLH1 gene with frequent mutations in the BRAF oncogene. MSI tumors have distinct phenotypic features and are consistently associated with a better stage-adjusted prognosis compared with microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. Among non-metastatic CRCs, the difference in prognosis between MSI and MSS tumors is larger for stage II than stage III patients. On the other hand, the predictive impact of MMR status for adjuvant chemotherapy remains a contentious issue in that most studies demonstrate a lack of benefit for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II MSI-H CRCs, whereas it remains unclear in MSI-H stage III tumors. Here, we describe the molecular aspects of the MMR system and discuss the implications of MMR-deficient/MSI-H status in the clinical management of patients with early stage CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kawakami
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aziz Zaanan
- Mayo Clinic and Mayo Cancer Center, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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42
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Das D, Preet R, Mohapatra P, Satapathy SR, Siddharth S, Tamir T, Jain V, Bharatam PV, Wyatt MD, Kundu CN. 5-Fluorouracil mediated anti-cancer activity in colon cancer cells is through the induction of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli: Implication of the long-patch base excision repair pathway. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 24:15-25. [PMID: 25460919 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with APC mutations do not benefit from 5-FU therapy. It was reported that APC physically interacts with POLβ and FEN1, thus blocking LP-BER via APC's DNA repair inhibitory (DRI) domain in vitro. The aim of this study was to elucidate how APC status affects BER and the response of CRC to 5-FU. HCT-116, HT-29, and LOVO cells varying in APC status were treated with 5-FU to evaluate expression, repair, and survival responses. HCT-116 expresses wild-type APC; HT-29 expresses an APC mutant that contains DRI domain; LOVO expresses an APC mutant lacking DRI domain. 5-FU increased the expression of APC and decreased the expression of FEN1 in HCT-116 and HT-29 cells, which were sensitized to 5-FU when compared to LOVO cells. Knockdown of APC in HCT-116 rendered cells resistant to 5-FU, and FEN1 levels remained unchanged. Re-expression of full-length APC in LOVO cells caused sensitivity to 5-FU, and decreased expression of FEN1. These knockdown and addback studies confirmed that the DRI domain is necessary for the APC-mediated reduction in LP-BER and 5-FU. Modelling studies showed that 5-FU can interact with the DRI domain of APC via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. 5-FU resistance in CRC occurs with mutations in APC that disrupt or eliminate the DRI domain's interaction with LP-BER. Understanding the type of APC mutation should better predict 5-FU resistance in CRC than simply characterizing APC status as wild-type or mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipon Das
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Ranjan Preet
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Purusottam Mohapatra
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Shakti Ranjan Satapathy
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Sumit Siddharth
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Tigist Tamir
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chanakya Nath Kundu
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-11, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India.
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Matsuoka K, Iimori M, Niimi S, Tsukihara H, Watanabe S, Kiyonari S, Kiniwa M, Ando K, Tokunaga E, Saeki H, Oki E, Maehara Y, Kitao H. Trifluridine Induces p53-Dependent Sustained G2 Phase Arrest with Its Massive Misincorporation into DNA and Few DNA Strand Breaks. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1004-13. [PMID: 25700705 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trifluridine (FTD) is a key component of the novel oral antitumor drug TAS-102, which consists of FTD and a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor. Like 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUrd), a deoxynucleoside form of 5-fluorouracil metabolite, FTD is sequentially phosphorylated and not only inhibits thymidylate synthase activity, but is also incorporated into DNA. Although TAS-102 was effective for the treatment of refractory metastatic colorectal cancer in clinical trials, the mechanism of FTD-induced cytotoxicity is not completely understood. Here, we show that FTD as well as FdUrd induce transient phosphorylation of Chk1 at Ser345, and that this is followed by accumulation of p53 and p21 proteins in p53-proficient human cancer cell lines. In particular, FTD induced p53-dependent sustained arrest at G2 phase, which was associated with a proteasome-dependent decrease in the Cyclin B1 protein level and the suppression of CCNB1 and CDK1 gene expression. In addition, a p53-dependent increase in p21 protein was associated with an FTD-induced decrease in Cyclin B1 protein. Although numerous ssDNA and dsDNA breaks were induced by FdUrd, few DNA strand breaks were detected in FTD-treated HCT-116 cells despite massive FTD misincorporation into genomic DNA, suggesting that the antiproliferative effect of FTD is not due to the induction of DNA strand breaks. These distinctive effects of FTD provide insights into the cellular mechanism underlying its antitumor effect and may explain the clinical efficacy of TAS-102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Matsuoka
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Iimori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Niimi
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsukihara
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sugiko Watanabe
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kiyonari
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University; Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kiniwa
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koji Ando
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Eriko Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitao
- Innovative Anticancer Strategy for Therapeutics and Diagnosis Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan. Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan.
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44
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Zhao H, Thienpont B, Yesilyurt BT, Moisse M, Reumers J, Coenegrachts L, Sagaert X, Schrauwen S, Smeets D, Matthijs G, Aerts S, Cools J, Metcalf A, Spurdle A, Amant F, Lambrechts D. Mismatch repair deficiency endows tumors with a unique mutation signature and sensitivity to DNA double-strand breaks. eLife 2014; 3:e02725. [PMID: 25085081 PMCID: PMC4141275 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication errors that persist as mismatch mutations make up the molecular fingerprint of mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient tumors and convey them with resistance to standard therapy. Using whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing, we here confirm an MMR-deficient mutation signature that is distinct from other tumor genomes, but surprisingly similar to germ-line DNA, indicating that a substantial fraction of human genetic variation arises through mutations escaping MMR. Moreover, we identify a large set of recurrent indels that may serve to detect microsatellite instability (MSI). Indeed, using endometrial tumors with immunohistochemically proven MMR deficiency, we optimize a novel marker set capable of detecting MSI and show it to have greater specificity and selectivity than standard MSI tests. Additionally, we show that recurrent indels are enriched for the ‘DNA double-strand break repair by homologous recombination’ pathway. Consequently, DSB repair is reduced in MMR-deficient tumors, triggering a dose-dependent sensitivity of MMR-deficient tumor cultures to DSB inducers. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02725.001 Before a cell divides, it must first copy all of its genetic material. Any mistakes that are made during this process are called mutations. Mutations can give rise to new traits but are mostly harmful to the cells, or cause cancer; therefore, cells have evolved tools that can efficiently spot these mistakes and repair them. One of the main tools is called mismatch repair (MMR). Defects in the cell's mismatch repair tools can wreak havoc as this allows many mutations to accumulate. Zhao et al. looked at the genomes of tumors where mismatch repair was not working properly to see what makes these ‘MMR-deficient tumors’ different from other tumors. This revealed that MMR-deficient tumors have similar patterns of mutations to those seen in egg and sperm cells. This was unexpected and suggests that mutations that are not corrected by mismatch repair are an important source of the genetic differences found between different humans, and between humans and their ancestors. Identifying cancerous tumors that are MMR-deficient is vital, as these tumors tend not to respond to commonly used cancer treatments. However, current clinical methods to identify MMR-deficient tumors often fail or produce results that are difficult to interpret. MMR-deficient tumors commonly contain mutations called indels, where short fragments of DNA are inserted or deleted into longer DNA sequences. Zhao et al. have found 59 indels that can be used to detect MMR-deficient tumors, where each indel had been identified in several tumors taken from different tissues. This new approach allowed MMR-deficiency to be identified in several types of tumor, including colon and ovarian cancers, with greater sensitivity and accuracy than the existing methods. Zhao et al. also found that the indels in MMR-deficient tumors reduce the ability of the tumors to repair a type of DNA damage called double-strand breaks. In these, both strands of DNA that make up the double helix are broken and the DNA chain is severed. As this kind of damage is very harmful to a cell, making more double-strand breaks could therefore form part of a more effective treatment against MMR-deficient tumors; further research is needed to investigate this possibility. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02725.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Betül Tuba Yesilyurt
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke Reumers
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Coenegrachts
- Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Division of Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Schrauwen
- Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Smeets
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stein Aerts
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alex Metcalf
- Division of Genetics and Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amanda Spurdle
- Division of Genetics and Computational Biology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Frederic Amant
- Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Base excision repair AP endonucleases and mismatch repair act together to induce checkpoint-mediated autophagy. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2674. [PMID: 24154628 PMCID: PMC3826653 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses to DNA damage involve distinct DNA repair pathways, such as mismatch repair (MMR) and base excision repair (BER). Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, we present genetic and molecular evidence of a mechanistic link between processing of DNA damage and activation of autophagy. Here we show that the BER AP endonucleases APN-1 and EXO-3 function in the same pathway as MMR, to elicit DNA-directed toxicity in response to 5-fluorouracil, a mainstay of systemic adjuvant treatment of solid cancers. Immunohistochemical analyses suggest that EXO-3 generates the DNA nicks required for MMR activation. Processing of DNA damage via this pathway, in which both BER and MMR enzymes are required, leads to induction of autophagy in C. elegans and human cells. Hence, our data show that MMR- and AP endonuclease-dependent processing of 5-fluorouracil-induced DNA damage leads to checkpoint activation and induction of autophagy, whose hyperactivation contributes to cell death.
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46
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Shin US, Cho SS, Moon SM, Park SH, Jee SH, Jung EJ, Hwang DY. Is microsatellite instability really a good prognostic factor of colorectal cancer? Ann Coloproctol 2014; 30:28-34. [PMID: 24639968 PMCID: PMC3953166 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2014.30.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic features of and the prognosis for colorectal cancers (CRCs) with microsatellite instabilities (MSIs). METHODS Between 2006 and 2009, genotyping was performed on 245 patients with stage II/III CRCs to establish the MSI status. The clinicopathologic differences and the prognostic value of MSI were analyzed. The median follow-up period was 38 months (range, 7-68 months). RESULTS Of the total 245 patients, 20 (8.2%) had MSI-high (H) and 225 (91.8%) had MSI-low (L) or stable (S) CRCs. Adjuvant chemotherapies were performed on 101 stage II (87.8%) and 107 stage III patients (82.3%). Patients with MSI-H CRCs more frequently had a family history of colon cancer (10% vs. 2.7%, P = 0.003), more frequently had a cancer located at the proximal colon (90.0% vs. 19.1%, P < 0.0001), and more often showed a mucinous phenotype or poor differentiation (35.0% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.001). Despite less frequent lymph node metastasis (25% vs. 55.6%, P = 0.01), the number of retrieved lymph nodes was higher (26.3 ± 13.1 vs. 20.7 ± 1.2, P = 0.04) in the MSI-H group. The overall survival and the disease-free survival (DFS) did not differ with respect to MSI status. However, in the stage II subgroup, the DFS for patients with MSI-H CRCs was significantly worse (72.2% vs. 90.7%, P = 0.03). The multivariate analysis performed on this subgroup revealed that MSI-H was an independent poor prognostic factor (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-15.6, P = 0.046). CONCLUSION MSI-H CRCs had distinct clinicopathologic features, and MSI-H was an independent poor prognostic factor in stage II CRCs. Considering the majority of stage II patients were administrated adjuvant chemotherapy, the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy for treating MSI CRCs might be different from that for treating MSI-L/S tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui Sup Shin
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Sik Cho
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Mi Moon
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hoo Park
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Jee
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Jung
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Cancer Center, Kunkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Colorectal Cancer Center, Kunkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Bellizzi AM. Contributions of molecular analysis to the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol 2013; 30:329-61. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Iwaizumi M, Tseng-Rogenski S, Carethers JM. Acidic tumor microenvironment downregulates hMLH1 but does not diminish 5-fluorouracil chemosensitivity. Mutat Res 2013; 747-748:19-27. [PMID: 23643670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and binds 5-fluorouracil (5FU) incorporated into DNA and triggers a MMR-dependent cell death. Absence of MMR in a patient's colorectal tumor abrogates 5FU's beneficial effects on survival. Changes in the tumor microenvironment like low extracellular pH (pHe) may diminish DNA repair, increasing genomic instability. Here, we explored if low pHe modifies MMR recognition of 5FU, as 5FU can exist in ionized and non-ionized forms depending on pH. We demonstrate that MMR-proficient cells at low pHe show downregulation of hMLH1, whereas expression of TDG and MBD4, known DNA glycosylases for base excision repair (BER) that can remove 5FU from DNA, were unchanged. We show in vitro that 5FU within DNA pairs with adenine (A) at high and low pH (in absence of MMR and BER). Surprisingly, 5FdU:G was repaired to C:G in hMLH1-deficient cells cultured at both low and normal pHe, similar to MMR-proficient cells. Moreover, both hMSH6 and hMSH3, components of hMutSα and hMutSβ, respectively, bound 5FU within DNA (hMSH6>hMSH3) but is influenced by hMLH1. We conclude that an acidic tumor microenvironment triggers downregulation of hMLH1, potentially removing the execution component of MMR for 5FU cytotoxicity, whereas other mechanisms remain stable to implement overall 5FU sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriya Iwaizumi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) corrects DNA damage from oxidation, deamination and alkylation. Such base lesions cause little distortion to the DNA helix structure. BER is initiated by a DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes the damaged base, leaving an abasic site that is further processed by short-patch repair or long-patch repair that largely uses different proteins to complete BER. At least 11 distinct mammalian DNA glycosylases are known, each recognizing a few related lesions, frequently with some overlap in specificities. Impressively, the damaged bases are rapidly identified in a vast excess of normal bases, without a supply of energy. BER protects against cancer, aging, and neurodegeneration and takes place both in nuclei and mitochondria. More recently, an important role of uracil-DNA glycosylase UNG2 in adaptive immunity was revealed. Furthermore, other DNA glycosylases may have important roles in epigenetics, thus expanding the repertoire of BER proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E Krokan
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
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Campo VA, Patenaude AM, Kaden S, Horb L, Firka D, Jiricny J, Di Noia JM. MSH6- or PMS2-deficiency causes re-replication in DT40 B cells, but it has little effect on immunoglobulin gene conversion or on repair of AID-generated uracils. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:3032-46. [PMID: 23314153 PMCID: PMC3597665 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian antibody repertoire is shaped by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) of the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci of B lymphocytes. SHM and CSR are triggered by non-canonical, error-prone processing of G/U mismatches generated by activation-induced deaminase (AID). In birds, AID does not trigger SHM, but it triggers Ig gene conversion (GC), a ‘homeologous’ recombination process involving the Ig variable region and proximal pseudogenes. Because recombination fidelity is controlled by the mismatch repair (MMR) system, we investigated whether MMR affects GC in the chicken B cell line DT40. We show here that Msh6−/− and Pms2−/− DT40 cells display cell cycle defects, including genomic re-replication. However, although IgVλ GC tracts in MMR-deficient cells were slightly longer than in normal cells, Ig GC frequency, donor choice or the number of mutations per sequence remained unaltered. The finding that the avian MMR system, unlike that of mammals, does not seem to contribute towards the processing of G/U mismatches in vitro could explain why MMR is unable to initiate Ig GC in this species, despite initiating SHM and CSR in mammalian cells. Moreover, as MMR does not counteract or govern Ig GC, we report a rare example of ‘homeologous’ recombination insensitive to MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina A Campo
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Division of Immunity and Viral Infections, Montréal, H2W 1R7 Québec, Canada
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